Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

Rapid degradation of bensulfuron-methyl upon repeated application in paddy soils

Rapid degradation of bensulfuron-methyl upon repeated application in paddy soils was studied. The results showed that the DT50 of bensulfuron-methyl was reduced from 16 d to 9 d in soil with one-year bensulfuron-methyl application. Rapid bensulfuron-methyl degradation was happened to previously untreated soil by addition 5% rapid bensulfuron-methyl adapted soil and was inhibited following pre-treatrnent with broad-spectrum antibiotic chloramphenicol. In bensulfuron-methyl adapted soil mineralisation of ^14C labeled bensulfuronmethyl to ^14CO2 occurred at a faster rate than with previously untreated soil. It was concluded that rapid bensulfuron-methyl degradation upon repeated application is probably linked to the adaptation of soil bacteria which can utilize bensulfuron-methyl as a source of carbon and energy.     

CTMAB-蒙脱石-细菌复合体对水中Pb~(2+)的吸附

研究了CTMAB-蒙脱石-恶臭假单胞菌复合体吸附Pb2+的物理化学特性,考察了时间Pb2+浓度、pH、温度对吸附的影响,结合FTIR探讨了其作用机理。结果表明,CTMAB-蒙脱石、细菌及其复合体对Pb2+的吸附是一个先快后慢的过程,90min时可基本达到平衡。Pb2+在细菌表面的吸附动力学以Elovich方程为最佳模型,其次为一级动力学方程。改性矿物-细菌复合体和CTMAB-蒙脱石对Pb2+的吸附均以一级动力学方程为最佳模型。Langmuir方程能很好地描述三种表面对Pb2+的吸附热力学。随着体系pH值和温度的升高,CTMAB-蒙脱石、细菌及其复合体对Pb2+的吸附率均逐渐升高。与CTMAB-蒙脱石相比较,EDTA对复合体表面Pb2+的解吸率较大,而去离子水和NH4Cl对Pb2+的解吸率较小。复合体与Pb2+之间可能存在络合、静电力和离子交换等作用力。     

Analysis of culturable and unculturable microbial community in bensulfuron-methyl contaminated paddy soils

To investigate the influence of bensulfuron-methyl(BSM)on culturable microbial quantities and unculturable microbial community structures,conventional and molecular biological methods were employed in five BSM treated soils with three replications,respectively. The results obtained with traditional culture-dependent methods showed that a low-level of BSM had slight and transient effects on culturable microorganisms;nevertheless,high concentration of BSM resulted in a dramatic decrease in bacterial colony fo...     

Adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) in paddy soils cultivated for various years in the subtropical China

The adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) on upland red soil,and paddy soils which were originated from the upland soil and cultivated for 8,15,35 and 85 years,were investigated using the batch method.The study showed that the organic matter content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soils are important factors controlling the adsorption and desorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).The 15-Year paddy soil had the highest adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ),followed by the 35-Year paddy soil.Both the 35-Year paddy soil and 15-Year paddy soil adsorbed more Cu(Ⅱ) than the upland soil and other paddy soils.The 15-Year paddy soils exhibited the highest desorption percentage for both Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ).These results are consistent with the trend for the CEC of the soils tested.The high soil CEC contributes not only to the adsorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) but also to the electrostatic adsorption of the two heavy metals by the soils.Lower desorption percentages for Cu(Ⅱ) (36.7% to 42.2%) and Pb(Ⅱ) (50.4% to 57.9%) were observed for the 85-Year paddy soil.The highest content of organic matter in the soil was responsible for the low desorption percentages for the two metals because the formation of the complexes between the organic matter and the metals could increase the stability of the heavy metals in the soils.     

城郊小河流沉积物吸附Pb2+的动力学过程

采用分批试验法,对城郊小河流沉积物吸附Pb2+过程进行了研究,探讨了Pb2+吸附的动力学过程和机制.结果表明,随着溶液中沉积物质量增大,达到吸附平衡所需时间变短,单位沉积物吸附量和达到吸附平衡后溶液中Pb2+浓度变低;沉积物含量>0.6 g.L-1时对溶液中Pb2+的去除率超过95%;Pb2+在沉积物上吸附的动力学过程符合假二级动力学模型,该模型拟合的平衡吸附量也更接近真实值;Pb2+初始吸附速率与初始溶液中沉积物质量无明显的相关性;随溶液中沉积物浓度的增加,吸附速率常数逐渐增大,化学吸附所起的作用也越显著;较高浓度沉积物吸附Pb2+的动力学机制能较好符合Elovich方程,但较低浓度沉积物时则相对较差;从吸附速率来看,溶液中沉积物质量较高时,内扩散是整个吸附过程速率的控制步骤,沉积物含量较低时,吸附速率存在多级线性过程,初始阶段非均相扩散是主要控制步骤,但随着时间的延长,其吸附过程转变为沉积物内部的扩散过程.     

电气石粉吸附Pb2+的实验研究

以黑色电气石粉为原料,探讨了电气石粉对Pb2 的吸附作用,研究了吸附时间、用量、粒度、溶液初始浓度以及pH值对吸附的影响。实验结果表明,超细电气石粉对Pb2 有好的吸附效果,电气石粉吸附Pb2 的最佳条件是:吸附时间60min,电气石用量为20g·L-1,pH值为6.5,粒度为48μm。     

掺硅碳羟基磷灰石的制备及其对Pb2+的吸附性能

以废弃蛋壳、硅酸钠为原料,采用水热法制备掺硅碳羟基磷灰石(Ca10(PO4)6-x-y(SiO4)x(CO3)y(OH)2-x-y,Si-CHAP),研究其对溶液中Pb2+子的吸附性能.采用BET比表面积、红外光谱、X光衍射、扫描电镜等分析手段对样品进行表征,实验考察了pH值、反应时间以及温度等对Si-CHAP吸附Pb2+的影响.结果表明,Si-CHAP是一种具有较大比表面积的介孔材料,其比表面积为323.25m2/g.Pb2+初始浓度为300mg/L并加入2g/L的吸附剂,室温下反应时间90min后,Si-CHAP对溶液中铅离子去除率和吸附容量分别为99.39%和149.09mg/g. Langmuir等温吸附方程能较好描述铅离子在Si-CHAP上的吸附平衡,准二级动力学方程式描述铅离子在Si-CHAP上吸附的最佳吸附动力学模型,热力学参数表明Si-CHAP吸附铅离子是自发、吸热和熵值增加过程.     

铝钛改性MCM-41材料对污水中铅镉的吸附研究

研究了改性MCM-41材料对污水中重金属铅、镉离子的吸附行为。在MCM-41材料中加入Al、Ti两种诱因金属离子来合成新的Al-Ti-MCM-41及Ti-Al-MCM-41改性材料,通过氮气吸附-脱附等温线对Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=1∶1)及Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=2∶1)样品进行了表征,并采用改性后的MCM-41材料为吸附剂对含有二价铅、镉离子的溶液进行吸附实验,考察了吸附剂投加量,Pb2+、Cd2+初始质量浓度和吸附温度对吸附的影响。结果表明:改性Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=1∶1)材料的最可几孔径和比孔容分别为16.68 nm和0.046 cm3/g,由BJH计算得到的平均孔径为17.02 nm;Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=2∶1)的最可几孔径和比孔容分别为16.88 nm和0.083 cm3/g,由BJH计算得到的平均孔径为17.08 nm。Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=1∶1)对Cd2+的吸附率为99.8%;Al-Ti-MCM-41(Al/Ti=2∶1)对Pb2+的吸附率为99.96%;Pb2+和Cd2+的吸附容量随吸附剂投加量的增加而降低,随离子初始浓度的增大而增加;温度越高越有利于吸附。该研究重点考察改性MCM-41材料在重金属铅镉离子污染治理中的性能,从而为解决重金属铅镉的污染,加强环境保护提供理论支撑和技术支持,具有明确的现实意义。     

小球藻对Pb2+吸附及其亚细胞分布研究

通过溶液培养小球藻Pb2+暴露实验分析小球藻对Pb的富集以及亚细胞分布情况.结果表明:小球藻对Pb的富集总量随暴露浓度、暴露时间的增加而增加.运用差速离心法研究了小球藻中Pb在亚细胞中的分布,热力学实验与动力学实验的细胞分布结果均表明含细胞壁等残渣部分(组分I)中Pb的浓度远高于含细胞核、叶绿体、线粒体等细胞器膜系统(组分II)和可溶蛋白等细胞溶质部分(组分III)中Pb的浓度.采用动力学模型与等温线方程对实验数据进行拟合,结果表明小球藻对于Pb2+的生物吸附过程适宜用Elovich方程和二级吸附速率方程采描述,生物吸附平衡可用Langmiur等温式和Freundlich等温式来描述,小球藻对于Pb2+的生物吸附为非均相的扩散过程.     

硅藻土基多孔吸附填料的制备及其对Pb2+的吸附

以硅藻土为主要原料,添加超细碳粉、烧结助剂和粘结剂,按一定比例混合、搅拌、造粒,在设定程序下煅烧,制备了硅藻土基多孔吸附填料(DBPAF),探讨了烧成温度、造孔剂添加量、硅藻土粉体粒径对DBPAF孔隙特征的影响,运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对DBPAF的微观形貌和物相组成进行了观察和分析,采用动态吸附实验研究了DBPAF的可操作性,采用静态吸附实验研究了DBPAF吸附Pb2+的性能和机制.结果表明,最适烧成温度范围为900~1000℃,最适造孔剂添加量为7.0%,最适硅藻土粉体粒径为2.40μm;与硅藻土原土(粉体)相比,DBPAF的可操作性明显提高,孔隙结构得到了明显改善,物相组成以方石英相为主.研究还表明,烧制过程升温速率以2~5℃/min为宜以保证DBPAF气孔分布均匀;DBPAF对Pb2+吸附容量较硅藻土原土(粉体)提高了78.0%,吸附过程速率控制步骤为Pb2+与DBPAF孔道内的基团发生的化学反应,吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学模型.     

泥炭吸附水中Pb^2＋的研究

试验研究了泥炭对Pb^2＋的等温吸附特征,并探讨了泥炭的质量浓度,pH值,共存Cu^2＋对其吸附Pb^2＋性能的影响。结果表明：其吸附特征符合Freund lich等温吸附;泥炭对Pb^2＋及存在Cu^2＋干扰时吸附的最佳pH分别为5,6;最大吸附容量分别为59.41 mg/g,76.38 mg/g,且存在Cu^2＋干扰时,泥炭对Pb^2＋的吸附率始终较只存在Pb^2＋时大,当泥炭量为12 g时,吸附率分别为95.2%、93.5%,说明Cu^2＋的存在促进了泥炭对Pb^2＋的吸附。     

南京城市土壤Pb的含量及其化学形态

研究了南京城市土壤Pb的含量及其化学形态分布 ,结果表明 :土壤全Pb平均含量为 10 7 3mg kg ,变幅为 36 3— 472 6mg kg ,土壤Pb污染严重 .表层土壤Pb以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态为主 ,各形态比例为残渣态 >铁锰氧化物结合态 碳酸盐结合态 >有机结合态 >可交换态 .与非城区土壤比较 ,城市土壤中Pb不仅含量高 ,而且活性大 ,对环境危险性大     

氨基硫脲改性山竹壳对Cd2+. Pb2+的吸附

采用氨基硫脲改性山竹壳,制备新型的改性山竹壳吸附剂,研究其对Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附性能。结果表明,吸附Cd2+、Pb2+的适宜条件为:pH 6.0,吸附时间120 min。改性后山竹吸附剂对Cd2+、Pb2+的吸附容量能有了很大程度的提高,Cd2+、Pb2+最大吸附量分别达到39.37、57.14mg/g。吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述,吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich方程。     

改性累托石对废液中Pb2+吸附研究

通过采用HCl、Na2CO3、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)、十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(1631)等试剂对天然累托石进行改性研究,并将改性后的累托石用于吸附废液中过量Pb2+。实验结果表明单独采用无机改性的效果明显好于单独使用有机改性的效果。考虑到采用无机改性后的累托石在溶液中的沉降性很差,不利于沉淀分离,故而采取无机-有机相结合的方法改性累托石。此法对Pb2+的去除率基本达到100%,吸附容量可达到8.31mg/g,并且吸附后的混合液很容易实现两相分离,有利于提高吸附效果。     

湿地土壤对硝基苯的吸附-解吸作用

应用平衡法研究硝基苯在湿地土壤中的吸附-解吸特性.结果表明,湿地土壤对硝基苯具有较强的吸附能力,其吸附行为可以用Linear和Freundlich型吸附等温式描述,不同类型湿地土壤对硝基苯的吸附和解吸能力有所不同.将吸附常数Kf与湿地土壤的理化性质进行相关性分析表明,土壤有机质含量与硝基苯吸附系数显著相关(r=0.888,P<0.01,n=7),其中泥炭沼泽土表层有机质含量最高,其吸附系数也最大(86.44 mg·kg-1).硝基苯在湿地土壤中的吸附自由能变化量为10.68～13.45 kJ·mol-1,表明其吸附以物理吸附为主.不同类型湿地土壤对硝基苯的解吸能力也有一定的差别,其中草甸白浆土的解吸率最大(41.87%),泥炭沼泽土表层解吸率最小(11.79%).     

锰钾矿型化合物的合成和表征及对Pb2+的吸附

锰钾矿是一种对重金属离子有较强吸附作用的水处理剂。文章表征了由沉淀法合成的锰钾矿型化合物的多种理化特性,并应用于铅离子吸附的研究,对吸附反应机理进行了初步探讨。实验结果表明:合成的锰钾矿化合物属四方晶形,具有较大的比表面积和丰富的表面羟基,在中性pH值、低粒径条件下对铅离子具有较强的吸附能力。当铅离子的质量浓度<300mg/L时,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,最大理论吸附量为126.58mg/g。     

Paper sludge as a feasible soil amendment for the immobilization of Pb^2＋

The possibility of amending Pb 2+ contaminated soil (S) with paper sludge (P) was investigated through adsorption and desorption experiments. The adsorption process of Pb 2+ in soil containing paper sludge (SP) could be well described by pseudo second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model. After P addition, the equilibrium time decreased greatly (from 28 to 8 hr) and the Pb 2+ maximum adsorbed amount (Q max ) increased by a factor of more than three to 102.04 mg/g. Q max reached its maximum as...     

胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附特征

采用批平衡试验法,研究了胡敏酸-针铁矿复合胶体对Pb2+的等温吸附特征及pH值、离子强度、温度及共存Cd2+对复合胶体吸附Pb2+的影响.结果表明:在相同离子强度和温度条件下,pH值升高,最大吸附量(Smax)和吸附平衡常数(k)均增大,有利于吸附反应的进行.等温吸附方程以Langmuir方程拟合效果最好.当Pb2+平衡浓度为124.7mg/L时,吸附量增幅最大,达35mg/g.复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附动力学方程以Elovich方程拟合效果最好.pH值增大,平衡吸附速率提高.在相同pH值和离子强度条件下,温度升高,最大吸附量、吸附平衡常数、自由能变△G°的绝对值均增加,表明升高温度有利于吸附反应的进行.在相同温度和pH值条件下,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量随着离子强度的增加而增加.当存在Cd2+时,复合胶体对Pb2+的吸附量有所降低,但Cd2+对Pb2+竞争吸附影响不大.     

稻秸对Pb2+的吸附特性

为探讨稻秸对废水中Pb2+的吸附特性,通过静态试验研究了吸附时间、离子浓度、吸附剂用量、初始pH和温度对稻秸吸附Pb2+的影响,并分析了其吸附动力学、等温吸附平衡及热力学特征.结果表明:稻秸吸附Pb2+的过程进行得很快,60 min时去除率达到85.64%,其吸附动力学过程以准二级动力学方程拟合效果最好;吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型,其中以Freundlich模型为最优,与吸附强度有关的常数在2～10之间,吸附容易发生,而使用Langmuir模型拟合最大吸附量的理论值可达13.67 mg/g;随着稻秸投加量的增加,Pb2+的去除率逐渐增加,单位吸附量逐渐减小;溶液初始pH对稻秸吸附Pb2+的影响较大,pH在4～6时去除率可达92%以上;稻秸对Pb2+的吸附受温度影响较小,吸附过程具有自发性、放热性和熵增特性.