共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Surendra Suthar 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(3):329-335
Efforts have been made to convert the guar gum industrial waste into a value-added product, by employing a new earthworm species
for vermicomposting e.g. Perionyx sansibaricus (Perrier) (Megascolecidae), under laboratory conditions. Industrial lignocellulosic waste was amended with other organic
supplements (saw dust and cow dung); and three types of vermibeds were prepared: guar gum industrial waste + cow dung + saw
dust in 40: 30: 30 ratio (T1), guar gum industrial waste + cow dung + saw dust in 60: 20: 20 ratio (T2,), and guar gum industrial waste + cow dung + saw dust in 75: 15: 10 ratio (T3). As compared to initial concentrations, vermicomposts exhibited a decrease in organic C content (5.0–11.3%) and C:N ratio
(11.1–24.4%) and an increase in total N (18.4–22.8%), available P (39.7–92.4%), and exchangeable K (9.4–19.7%) contents, after
150 days of vermicomposting. A vermicomposting coefficient (VC) was used to compare of vermicomposting with the experimental control (composting). P. sansibaricus exhibited maximum value of mean individual live weight (742.8 ± 21.1 mg), biomass gain (442.94 ± 21.8 mg), growth rate (2.95 ± 0.15 mg
day−1), cocoon numbers (96.0 ± 5.1) and reproduction rate (cocoons worm−1 day−1) (0.034 ± 0.001) in T2 treatment. In T3 maximum mortality (30.0 ± 4.01 %) in earthworm population was observed. Overall, T2 vermibed appeared as an ideal substrate to manage guar gum industrial waste effectively. Vermicomposting can be proposed
as a low-input basis technology to convert industrial waste into value-added biofertilizer. 相似文献
2.
Surindra Suthar 《The Environmentalist》2009,29(1):78-84
Epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta) have been appeared as key organisms to convert organic waste resources into value-added products,
i.e., vermicompost and worm biomass. The assessment of reproduction potential of composting earthworm may be beneficial for
large-scale earthworm production. Although, the waste minimizing potential of Perionyx excavatus and Perionyx sansibaricus is well proved, but little information is available about their fecundity rate. In this study, the efforts have been made
to explore the growth and reproduction biology of P. excavatus and P. sansibaricus, using cattle waste solid as culture substrate, under laboratory conditions. Earthworms were weighed weekly and number of
cocoons produced per week assessed. Biomass productions, fecundity, maturation, natality all were significantly different
between P. excavatus and P. sansibaricus. The highest mean individual biomass was 767.7 ± 18.4 mg and 612.6 ± 20.6 mg, respectively in P. sansibaricus and P. excavatus. However, the highest cocoon numbers occurred in P. excavatus (492.3 ± 13.6), significantly higher than P. sansibaricus (269.6 ± 17.1). Fecundity was slightly different in both species: 1.38 ± 0.77 cocoons adult worm−1 week−1 (P. excavatus) and 1.58 ± 0.74 cocoons adult worm−1 week−1 (P. sansibaricus). The hatchling success rate (%) was highest in P. excavatus. Overall natality (juveniles adult−1 week−1) was highest in P. sansibaricus (1.52) than P. excavatus (1.26), which suggests that P. sansibaricus may be a better candidate for rapid propagation of earthworms in cattle waste solid. 相似文献
3.
This study investigated the genetic relationships between the rare terrestrial orchid Diuris fragrantissima and three closely related purple flowered species using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms. The purple-flowered species
were found to form individual phenetic clusters confirming recognition of D. fragrantissima at the rank of species. Levels of genetic variation were lower within D. fragrantissima than within its closest relatives but were higher than expected for severely bottlenecked species. Gene flow was detected
among all species (Nm = 2.34) and populations (Nm = 0.65) however low among population gene flow indicates that populations
may be at risk of divergence. This study has implications for the conservation of D. fragrantissima. 相似文献
4.
We examined the physiological and morphological response patterns of plains cottonwood [Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (Aiton) Eck.] to acute water stress imposed by groundwater pumping. Between 3 and 27 July 1996, four large pumps were used
to withdraw alluvial groundwater from a cottonwood forest along the South Platte River, near Denver, Colorado, USA. The study
was designed as a stand-level, split-plot experiment with factorial treatments including two soil types (a gravel soil and
a loam topsoil over gravel), two water table drawdown depths (∼0.5 m and >1.0 m), and one water table control (no drawdown)
per soil type. Measurements of water table depth, soil water potential (Ψs), predawn and midday shoot water potential (Ψpd and Ψmd), and D/H (deuterium/hydrogen) ratios of different water sources were made in each of six 600-m2 plots prior to, during, and immediately following pumping. Two additional plots were established and measured to examine
the extent to which surface irrigation could be used to mitigate the effects of deep drawdown on P. deltoides for each soil type. Recovery of tree water status following pumping was evaluated by measuring stomatal conductance (g
s
) and xylem water potential (Ψxp) on approximately hourly time steps from before dawn to mid-afternoon on 11 August 1996 in watered and unwatered, deep-drawdown
plots on gravel soils. P. deltoides responded to abrupt alluvial water table decline with decreased shoot water potential followed by leaf mortality. Ψpd and percent leaf loss were significantly related to the magnitude of water table declines. The onset and course of these
responses were influenced by short-term variability in surface and ground water levels, acting in concert with physiological
and morphological adjustments. Decreases in Ψpd corresponded with increases in Ψmd, suggesting shoot water status improved in response to stomatal closure and crown dieback. Crown dieback caused by xylem
cavitation likely occurred when Ψpd reached −0.4 to −0.8 MPa. The application of surface irrigation allowed trees to maintain favorable water status with little
or no apparent cavitation, even in deep-drawdown plots. Two weeks after the partial canopy dieback and cessation of pumping,
g
s
and Ψxp measurements indicated that water stress persisted in unwatered P. deltoides in deep-drawdown plots. 相似文献
5.
This paper communicates the effect of bioremediation on the performance of Okro plant (Abelmoshus esculentus) in a typical Niger Delta soil that has received 5% crude oil pollution level. Biodegrading bacteria such as Pseudomonas
fluorescen, Acinetobacteria iwofii, Bacillus
subtilus, Arthrobacter
globiformis that was isolated from previously polluted soils was introduced into the samples. The treatment combinations are as follows
(A) = control without crude oil; B = soil + crude oil, (C) = soil + crude oil + microbes, (D) = soil + crude oil + microbes,
(E) = soil + crude oil + microbes + fertilizer (F) soil + microbes and (G) = soil + fertilizer. The treatment (E) gave the
highest number of leaves, % crop emergence, plant biomass, microbial population and degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon compared
to any of the treatments that had received crude oil. This suggested that fertilizer application does not only stimulate microbial
growth but it provides the plant with more available nutrients required for plant growth. 相似文献
6.
R. Naraian R. K. Sahu S. Kumar S. K. Garg C. S. Singh R. S. Kanaujia 《The Environmentalist》2009,29(1):1-7
The cultivation of white rot edible fungus Pleurotus florida was performed in polybags. The corn cob was employed as basal substrate while eight different additives such as urea, ammonium
sulphate, gram flour, soybean meal, ground nut cake and molasses were used with corn cob. Three different levels of variable
combinations with corn cob were evaluated in response to different parameters of mushroom viz., mycelial growth, spawn running,
primordial initiation, fruit body yield and its biological efficiency. Each additive at different combinations showed variable
impact on the different stages of mushroom life cycle. The primordial initiation was observed for the first time during 20.2–35.1 days.
The biological efficiencies in every supplemented set were increased over un-supplemented control set. Increasing the level
of additives, the biological efficiency was negatively affected at higher levels. The cotton seed cake was found the best
supplement producing 93.75% biological efficiency while soybean meal was the second best additive producing 93.00% yield.
The highest growth rate, rapid mycelia run, early primordial initiation, highest yield and biological efficiency were recorded
in the combination of corn cob and cotton seed cake at 2% (98 + 2) level. 相似文献
7.
Jan J. de Vlieger 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(1):45-48
In the FAIR project “Pheromaize”, CT96-1302, the main objective is to provide European growers with a reliable, cost effective
and environmentally friendly technology based on pest mating disruption. The project is mainly focused on Mediterranean Corn
Borer (MCB), Sesamia nonagroides, the key pest of maize grown under Mediterranean conditions. TNO has developed a sprayable formulation consisting of a biodegradable
matrix in which␣the pheromone is dissolved, together with a UV––stabilizer, an antioxidant, a surfactant and a sticker material.
During outdoor exposure experiments release of pheromone was found to be high enough for more than 30 days. This formulation
has been tested in large scale field experiments by helicopter spraying on 5 ha maize by field partners in Spain, Greece and
France. 相似文献
8.
Summary The biomass and productivity of a montane grassland of Garhwal Himalaya were estimated with the objectives to compare these
values of the dominant exotic species, Eupatorium glandulosum HBK. (Asteraceae) with other species, and to compare the sites more dominated by this species with other study sites. The
effect of dominance of this species on other species was undertaken because of its continuous spread in the grasslands of
the Garhwal Himalaya causing replacement of some native grasses and economically important herbaceous plants. Out of six study
sites, SW1, SW2, and NE1 were more dominated by Eupatorium glandulosum. Total net primary productivity (TNP) ranged from 1528.5 to 2163.4 g m−2 yr−1. Eupatorium glandulosum showed individual highest biomass on all the study sites, and the sites more dominated by this species showed higher values
of primary productivity, thereby reducing the biomass and production of other species on these sites. 相似文献
9.
The vermicomposting ability of Lampito mauritii (Kinberg) and Perionyx ceylanensis Michaelsen was evaluated by using three different types of organic substrates such as leaf litter of Polyalthia longifolia, Pennisetum typhoides cobs (pearl millet) and a weed, Rottboellia exaltata (whole plant except the roots) in combination with cowdung (1:1). Vermicomposting studies (120 days) conducted to optimize
the number of worms required for efficient conversion based on the reduction of C/N ratio, percentage decomposition of organic
substrates, total number and biomass of earthworms recovered from the vermibed substrates clearly showed that vermibeds with
4 kg of organic materials can hold about 60–80 L. mauritii and about 90–120 P. ceylanensis for efficient decomposition. The percentage decomposition of each organic substrate treated with different numbers of L. mauritii (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 earthworms) and P. ceylanensis (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150) showed significant difference (P < 0.001) between numbers of worms introduced per vermibed but the difference between substrates was not significant within the treatments.
Vermicomposting resulted in significant increase in electrical conductivity (28.54–49.82%), total nitrogen (43.96–90.83%),
total phosphorus (27.42–68.10%) and total potassium (27.42–113.18%), whereas decrease in organic carbon (35.05–49.74%), C/N
ratio (55.48–73.18%) and C/P ratio (50.46–66.90%) in different vermibeds introduced with L. mauritii and P. ceylanensis. Both the earthworm species can be used for vermicomposting different organic substrates; however, duration of vermicomposting
with P. ceylanensis is not as much of L. mauritii. The use of L. mauritii for vermicomposting of other substrates has been well established by other workers also but standardization of P. ceylanensis, a locally available species, for vermicomposting of different organic substrates is a new finding and the species could be
useful for vermiconversion of organic substrates under local conditions. 相似文献
10.
Eichhornia crassipes was tested for its ability to bioconcentrate 8 toxic metals (Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) commonly found in wastewater
from industries. Young plants of equal size were grown hydroponically and amended with 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0
mM of each heavy metal individually for 21 days. The test plant had the lowest and the highest tolerance indices for Hg and
Zn, respectively. A significant (P ≤ .05) reduction in biomass production was observed in metal treated plants compared with the control. All strace elements
accumulated to higher concentrations in roots than in shoots. Trace element concentrations in tissues and the bioconcentration
factors (BCF) were proportional to the initial concentration of individual metal in the growth medium and the duration of
exposure. From a phytoremediation perspective, E. crassipes is a promising plant species for remediation of natural water bodies and/or wastewater polluted with low levels of Zn, Cr,
Cu, Cd, Pb, Ag and Ni. 相似文献
11.
FUENSANTA CARAVACA DINO FIGUEROA ANTONIO ROLDÁn CONCEPCIÓN AZCÓN-AGUILAR 《Environmental management》2003,31(3):0412-0420
The reestablisment of autochthonous plant species is an essential strategy for recovering degraded areas under semiarid conditions.
A field experiment was carried out to assess the short-term effect of two reafforestation methods involving mycorrhizal inoculation
and compost addition on soil quality parameters and Rhamnus lycioides seedling growth. The nutrient content (NPK) and enzymatic activities (dehydrogenase, urease, protease-BAA, acid phosphatase
and β-glucosidase) increased and bulk density decreased in the rhizosphere soil with the organic amendment. Biomass C of rhizosphere
soil increased by at least 240% with respect to the control soil after mycorrhizal inoculation and the combination of compost
addition + mycorrhizal inoculation. Both mycorrhizal inoculation and composted organic residue addition increased R. lycioides seedling growth in the same proportion. In the short term, we conclude that the application of both reafforestation methods
not only enhances the establishment of R. lycioides seedlings, but also improves soil quality. 相似文献
12.
Summary In this work we attained a successful cysticidal effect against Vahlkampfia hartmanni cysts using mild to moderate experimental conditions, regarding light energy delivered and concentrations of aluminium phthalocyanine
tetrasulfonate (AlPCS4). The dark and phototoxic activity of AlPCS4 towards the cyst forms of Vahlkampfia hartmanni, a freshwater amoeba previously isolated from keratitic patients, were tested. The photosensitized deactivation of the cyst
form of this amoeba depends mainly on the concentration of AlPCS4 and the light fluence rate as well as the total fluence
delivered during the irradiation process. Upon irradiation of the cyst suspension at 100 mW/cm2 for 10 minutes in the presence of 3 μ M AlPCS4, a complete photodamaging effect on the cysts was induced. The photodamaging
effect on Vahlkampfia cysts induces a state of inability of the cysts to excyst, vacuolation of the inner contents as well as a significant damage
of the outer cyst wall upon microscopic examination. 相似文献
13.
Faezeh Ghanati Parviz Abdolmaleki Majid Vaezzadeh Elham Rajabbeigi Mohammad Yazdani 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(4):429-434
In the present research, the effects of static magnetic field, with or without iron on the growth, the activity of certain
enzymes (like polyphenol oxidase and phenyle alanine ammonialyase), the content of phenolic compounds and the essential oil
composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) were studied. Treatment of plants with static magnetic field with or without iron led to decrease of the growth of plants
as well as decrease in the activity of phenyle alanine ammonialyase and of phenolic compounds content. In addition in those
plants exposed to magnetic field the amount of essential oils, notably of methyl chavicol, was increased. Exposure of plants
to the magnetic field decreased the activity of polyphenol oxidase, whereas treatment of plants with iron when exposed to
magnetic field increased polyphenol oxidase activity. In this group the content of essential oil was reduced. 相似文献
14.
Kirk W. Davies Jonathan D. Bates Dustin D. Johnson Aleta M. Nafus 《Environmental management》2009,44(1):84-92
Mowing is commonly implemented to Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis (Beetle & A. Young) S.L. Welsh (Wyoming big sagebrush) plant communities to improve wildlife habitat, increase forage production
for livestock, and create fuel breaks for fire suppression. However, information detailing the influence of mowing on winter
habitat for wildlife is lacking. This information is crucial because many wildlife species depended on A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis plant communities for winter habitat and consume significant quantities of Artemisia during this time. Furthermore, information is generally limited describing the recovery of A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis to mowing and the impacts of mowing on stand structure. Stand characteristics and Artemisia leaf tissue crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations were measured
in midwinter on 0-, 2-, 4-, and 6-year-old fall-applied mechanical (mowed at 20 cm height) treatments and compared to adjacent
untreated (control) areas. Mowing compared to the control decreased Artemisia cover, density, canopy volume, canopy elliptical area, and height (P < 0.05), but all characteristics were recovering (P < 0.05). Mowing A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis plant communities slightly increases the nutritional quality of Artemisia leaves (P < 0.05), but it simultaneously results in up to 20 years of decrease in Artemisia structural characteristics. Because of the large reduction in A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis for potentially 20 years following mowing, mowing should not be applied in Artemisia facultative and obligate wildlife winter habitat. Considering the decline in A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis-dominated landscapes, we caution against mowing these communities. 相似文献
15.
Isla Victoria (Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina), a large island dominated by native Nothofagus and Austrocedrus forest, has old plantations of many introduced tree species, some of which are famed invaders of native ecosystems elsewhere.
There are also large populations of introduced deer and shrubs that may interact in a complex way with the introduced trees,
as well as a recently arrived population of wild boar. Long-standing concern that the introduced trees will invade and transform
native forest may be unwarranted, as there is little evidence of progressive invasion, even close to the plantations, despite
over 50 years of opportunity. Introduced and native shrubs allow scattered introduced trees to achieve substantial size in
abandoned pastures, but in almost all areas neither the trees nor the shrubs appear to be spreading beyond these sites. These
shrub communities may be stable rather than successional, but the technology for restoring them to native forest is uncertain
and probably currently impractical. Any attempt to remove the exotic tree seedlings and saplings from native forest would
probably create the very conditions that would favor colonization by exotic plants rather than native trees, while simply
clear-cutting the plantations would be unlikely to lead to regeneration of Nothofagus or Austrocedrus. The key to maintaining native forest is preventing catastrophic fire, as several introduced trees and shrubs would be favored
over native dominant trees in recolonization. Deer undoubtedly interact with both native and introduced trees and shrubs,
but their net effect on native forest is not yet clear, and specific management of deer beyond the current hunting by staff
is unwarranted, at least if preventing tree invasion is the goal. The steep terrain and shallow soil make the recently arrived
boar a grave threat to the native forest. Eradication is probably feasible and should be attempted quickly. 相似文献
16.
VIRGINIA GALLEGOS PÉRULA RAFAEL M. NAVARRO CERRILLO PILAR FERNÁNDEZ REBOLLOo GEMADEL VALLE MURILLO 《Environmental management》2003,31(1):0086-0099
The objective of this study was to examine postfire regeneration of tree, shrub, and dwarf shrub species, in relation to levels
of damage in four planted pine forests (Pinus pinea, Pinus pinaster) in Andalusia. A prefire vegetation map was used for detailing species composition, vertical structure, and density and another
for detailing the extent and intensity of fire damage. Between 3 and 7 years after the fires, an inventory was made of the
vegetation in each area, using the step-point method. The information thus obtained was used to determine the amount of cover
in the dwarf/shrub and tree layers, the frequency of species in each of the layers, floristic richness, and diversity (Shannon
index). The botanical composition of the dwarf and shrub layer was analyzed using TWINSPAN. Variables were poorly correlated
with level of fire damage, which suggests that the forests in this study followed the autosuccession model. Because of the
artificial origin or seminatural condition, regeneration of the dominant tree species is poor, and it seems unlikely that
forests will recover to their prefire state. Therefore action is recommended to restore these ecosystems. 相似文献
17.
Clementina O. Adenipekun Olusola J. Oyetunji Luqman S. Kassim 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(4):446-450
The effect of spent engine oil on the height, leaf number, leaf area, stem girth, chlorophyll, and moisture contents of Corchorus olitorius grown on 0, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 3.0% (v/w oil/soil) oil-contaminated soil was investigated. The engine
oil at all concentrations delayed the germination of C. olitorius by 2 days (compared to control) and there was a general significant reduction in all the growth parameters in plants grown
on contaminated soil compared to control plants. The highest leaf area of 26.8 cm2 was found in the control plant and least was found in the 0.6% soil (0.11 cm2) after 3 weeks while no values were recorded on the 0.8–3.0% engine-oil-contaminated soil after 5 weeks of experiment. The
highest chlorophyll content was also found in the control plant (11.5 mg/l). This showed that spent engine oil has an adverse
effect on the growth of C. olitorius plant. 相似文献
18.
In the present study, chemically modified Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Miller) sawdust was used for the removal of phosphate from water. Biosorbent preparation process included size fractionation, extraction
for surface activation, acid prehydrolysis, and treatment with urea. Sorption of phosphate ions onto biosorbent was studied
using the batch technique. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, adsorbate concentration, and temperature
was investigated. The adsorption kinetics data were best described by the pseudo-second-order rate equation, and equilibrium
was achieved after 40 and 80 min for modified and unmodified sawdust, respectively. The Langmuir and Freundlich equations
for describing adsorption equilibrium were applied to data. The constants and correlation coefficients of these isotherm models
were calculated and compared. The adsorption isotherms obey the Freundlich equation. The thermodynamic parameters like free
energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes for the adsorption of phosphate ions have been evaluated, and it has been found that
the reaction was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The low value of activated energy of adsorption, 3.088–3.540 kJ mol−1, indicates that the phosphate ions are easily adsorbed on the sawdust. Results suggest that the prepared chemically modified
Aleppo pine sawdust has potential in remediation of contaminated waters by phosphate. 相似文献
19.
Salt marshes dominated by Spartina alterniflora and the associated networks of tidal creeks that drain them are characteristic geographical features of southeastern estuaries, important nursery habitat areas, and preferred sites for residential development. As the size of the coastal population increases, so has the number of requests for dock permits. With each new request for a dock permit, public concerns about the cumulative environmental impacts of dock proliferation on the coastal environment have increased. The objective of this particular study was to evaluate the impacts of shading by dock structures on stem densities of S. alterniflora in South Carolina coastal marshes. Shading impacts under individual docks were extrapolated to the tidal creek (local), county, and statewide scales. Dock structures were sampled both under and next to the walkway in the Charleston Harbor area of South Carolina. The density of S. alterniflora under docks was significantly lower than that which occurred next to the docks (i.e., 5 m away) for the short-form, tall-form, and both forms combined. We estimated that shading effects from dock structures in South Carolina decreased the stem density of S. alterniflora by 71%. Dock shading effects were small when evaluated from the perspective of the amount of marsh that occurs within specific tidal creeks (0.03–0.72%), in coastal counties at a maximum dock length (0.01–0.98%), or statewide (0.01–0.13%) at a maximum dock length. However, approximately 7,000 docks have been permitted over the last decade, resulting in a loss of salt marsh equivalent to 60 ha.1Denise M. Sangers present address: Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, 1362 McMillan Avenue, Suite 400 Charleston, South Carolina 29405, USA.
2 A. Frederick Hollands present address: Hollings Marine Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 331 Fort Johnson Road, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA. 相似文献
20.
Here we report N2O emission results for freshwater marshes isolated from human activities at the Sanjiang Experimental Station of Marsh Wetland
Ecology in northeastern China. These results are important for us to understand N2O emission in natural processes in undisturbed freshwater marsh. Two adjacent plots of Deyeuxia angustifolia freshwater marsh with different water regimes, i.e., seasonally waterlogged (SW) and not- waterlogged (NW), were chosen for
gas sampling, and soil and biomass studies. Emissions of N2O from NW plots were obviously higher than from the SW plots. Daily maximum N2O flux was observed at 13 o′clock and the seasonal maximum occurred in end July to early August. The annual average N2O emissions from the NW marsh were 4.45 μg m−2 h−1 in 2002 and 6.85 μg m−2 h−1 in 2003 during growing season. The SW marsh was overall a sink for N2O with corresponding annual emissions of −1.00 μg m−2 h−1 for 2002 and −0.76 μg m−2 h−1 for 2003. There were significant correlations between N2O fluxes and temperatures of both air and 5-cm-depth soil. The range of soil redox potential 200–400 mV appeared to be optimum
for N2O flux. Besides temperature and plant biomass, the freeze–thaw process is also an important factor for N2O emission burst. Our results show that the freshwater marsh isolated from human activity in northeastern China is not a major
source of N2O. 相似文献