油田开发区土壤受矿物油污染的预测

油田开发和生产过程中排入大气的主要污染物是甲烷烃,一部分随降尘输入土壤。本文通过对油田生命期产量与排污变化分析,采用累积残留系数法对采油区土壤污染进行预测。最大污染含量发生在密闭工艺流程尚未完善的生产建设期,数值虽低于土壤矿物油临界含量,若不限期完善工艺,长期积累会超出容量后对农作物造成危害。矿物油污染预评价应作为制定油田开发实施计划依据之一。     

污染土壤的淋洗法修复研究进展

污染土壤淋洗技术是修复污染土壤的一种新方法，是对污染土壤生物修复的一种补充，使污染土壤修复的系统化成为可能。淋洗法主要使用淋洗剂清洗土壤，使土壤中污染物随淋洗剂流出，然后对淋洗剂及土壤进行后续处理，从而达到修复污染土壤的目的。因为淋洗剂的种类和淋洗方式的不同，土壤淋洗法可分为许多种类。土壤淋洗法主要受土壤条件、污染物类型、淋洗剂的种类和运行方式等因素影响。综合考虑多方面因素，就有潜力设计出经济高效的土壤淋洗系统。土壤淋洗法有很多优点，尽管也存在一些问题，但其技术上的优势也是其他方法难以取代的，所以有良好的应用前景。     

环保疏浚的技术要求与环保绞刀的设计

湖泊底泥环保疏浚是消除内源性污染最快捷、最有效的方法，并为生态恢复创造条件，而环保绞刀是湖泊底泥环保疏浚的必要条件。阐述了环保疏浚的技术要求，设计了绞吸式挖泥船用环保绞刀，满足了湖泊底泥环保疏浚的需要。     

室内甲醛污染治理技术研究

鉴于室内空气甲醛污染的危害，使用市售的“家丁”牌甲醛消除剂，对其去除甲醛性能进行了测试研究。研究结果表明，甲醛消除剂可以快速、有效地消除室内空气中的甲醛，又可以减少室内装修材料中游离甲醛的释放，是治理室内空气甲醛污染的有效手段之一。     

中国水处理剂的研究现状和方向

介绍了中国水处理阻垢剂、缓蚀剂、絮凝剂的研究进展及现状,对市场前景进行了展望,并对水处理剂的发展方向“绿色水处理剂”作了展望,对其开发的热点将是开发多功能、高效、环保的绿色水处理剂,是环保领域研究的热点之一。     

利用氨水对液体烟幕残留物自净化的方法

针对军事上大量使用的液体烟幕的残留物所存在的严重污染问题，研究了利用氨水的自净化法。探讨了自净化的机理和氨水的不同浓度、不同用量对净化效果的影响。该方法简单、高效，既可保持烟幕本身的功用特性，又可解决其残留物的严重污染问题，具有重要的环保价值，也是在军事运用中强调环保的一种有益尝试。     

浙江奉化重视过期农药处理

为了处理已过期的三吨敌元粉混合剂农药,奉化市城建环保局邀集环保监测站、卫生防疫站和农资公司等部门进行座谈,讨论处理方案。根据《大气污染防治法》和《水污染防治法》的有关规定,以及1986年5月奉化茶场擅自处理过期农药造成地下水质污染的教训,具体分析了深埋、焚烧可能对环境带来污染。与会代表一致认为将已过期农药实行“封存”写上标签,是一种比较安全的措施,并     

木质碳源释碳能力的优化及其对地下水生物反硝化的强化效果

木质生物质碳源适用于防控农村地下水硝酸盐污染,但存在因释碳能力差而导致反硝化效率低的问题.为此,采用氢氧化钙和过氧乙酸对碎木进行了处理,测定了处理后碎木还原糖产量和化学组分,验证了处理碎木在作为碳源时的反硝化强化效能.结果 表明:0.1～1 mm的未处理碎木,其还原糖产量为13.9 mg·g-1;经氢氧化钙处理后,其还...     

还原剂添加的矿物聚合物对Cr(Ⅵ)的解毒/固化

在对现有Cr(Ⅵ)污染控制方法分析的基础上,提出用还原剂添加的矿物聚合物对Cr(Ⅵ)进行解毒/固化的研究思路。以煤矸石为原料,以水玻璃和Na OH为碱性激发剂,合成矿物聚合物;以Fe Cl2·4H2O为还原剂,用还原剂添加的矿物聚合物对Cr(Ⅵ)进行解毒/固化实验,并采用XRD、TEM/EDS、XPS对固化体进行检测。当添加的Fe(Ⅱ)与Cr(Ⅵ)的摩尔比≥3∶1时,矿物聚合物中总铬的浸出浓度小于1 mg/L,铬固化率大于99%。还原剂添加的矿物聚合物对Cr(Ⅵ)最大固化量为0.8%。在合成过程中,Fe(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)添加的矿物聚合物发生了氧化还原反应,Fe(Ⅱ)被氧化成了Fe(Ⅲ),Cr(Ⅵ)被还原成了Cr(Ⅲ),随后Fe(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅲ)同时被矿物聚合物中的—OAl(-)(OH)3吸引,并固化在非晶质结构中。     

堆肥法处理含油污泥研究进展

含油污染是炼油厂和石油化工厂的日产固体废弃物，是当前石化行业所面临的污染问题，本文结合了近期国内外对含油污泥的处理方法，并对堆肥法处理含油污泥进行了综述，含油污泥的堆肥处理需提供氧气，菌种和营养，为保持油泥的疏松状态，还需加入填充剂，本文对高速生物反应器的结构，运行，调控进行了详细介绍，并从经济核算角度指出了其运营可行性。     

dry coke quenching,air pollution and energy: a status report

Dry quenching of incandescent coke after it has been pushed from the coking ovens is a proved, reliable process that is presently being used in several industrialized countries. Foremost among dry quenching’s advantages are: (1) virtual elimination of air pollutants emitted during quenching; (2) elimination of potential water pollution associated with wet quenching; (3) improvements in the working environment; (4) saving substantial amounts of energy in usable forms; (5) producing more usable coke that is superior to wet-quenched coke. By continuously circulating inert gases through a cooling chamber that contains hot coke, dry quenching recovers waste-heat energy that can be used to produce steam, to produce electricity, to preheat combustion air, to preheat coal, to dry coal, and to preheat feed water supplied to fuel-fired boilers. The pay-out period on the capital investment (approximately $7,100,000) for an installation capable of processing 5500 tons of coke/day is less than four years.     

Review article: effects of oil pollution, chemically treated oil, and cleaning on thermal balance of birds

The acute effect of oil pollution on birds is on their thermal balance. Oil adheres to the plumage and causes a reduction in water repellant properties of the plumage, causing water to penetrate into the plumage to displace the insulating layer of air. The effect of oil on the plumage insulation is dose-dependent. The effect of oiling is greatly enhanced when the oil is spread in the plumage due to preening. In water, plumage oiling may cause the heat loss to exceed the bird's heat production capacity, resulting in hypothermia. If the oiled bird is ashore, with a dry plumage, it may have a normal thermal insulation. Bird species dependent upon feeding in water (such as diving birds) are therefore much more susceptible to the harmful effects of oil pollution than are semi-aquatic species that can feed ashore. It is possible to restore the water-repelling and insulative properties of the plumage by the process of cleaning if all the oil and soap is removed, and if the plumage is completely dry. Chemical treatment of oil has been suggested as a way to reduce the impact of oil spills on avian life. However, very few reports seem to have addressed the effects of chemically treated oil on the thermal balance of birds, and the results from one study actually indicate that oil treated with dispersants may be more harmful to birds than oil. The urgent need for more information about the effects of chemically treated oil on aquatic birds is therefore stressed.     

实用高效的油烟净化技术及设备

随着餐饮业的快速发展 ,油烟的污染日益严重。探讨分析了目前油烟污染的净化处理现状 ,论述了新型高效的油烟净化技术机理 ,从而开发研制出经济实用的油烟净化设备 ,为我国控制油烟污染开辟了新途径     

Marine oil pollution and beached bird surveys: the development of a sensitive monitoring instrument

One of the most obvious adverse effects of (chronic) pollution of the world's oceans and seas with mineral oil is the mortality of seabirds. Systematic surveys of beachcast corpses of birds ('beached bird surveys') have been used in many parts of the world to document the effect of oil pollution, but particularly so in Western Europe and in parts of North America. In this paper, the history, current schemes, methods and possible (future) use of beached bird surveys are described and discussed, because the value of beached bird surveys has been hotly disputed. Oil pollution is known since the late 19th century, while the first beached bird surveys were conducted in the 1920s. Due to the amount of man-power needed for these surveys, most beached bird survey programs thrived only through the work of a large number of volunteers. However, most programs have resulted in substantial amounts of high quality data, often covering many consecutive years. One of the main shortcomings of many beached bird survey programs was the emphasis on stranded bird numbers rather than on relative measures, such as oil rates (percentage of corpses oiled of all corpses found). Sources of pollution, particularly so in chronically polluted regions such as the North Sea, the Baltic, the Mediterranean and the waters around Newfoundland, are insufficiently known, but could be studied through a sampling program connected to beached bird surveys. Suggestions for standardization of methods are presented, which could lead to a global and highly sensitive monitoring instrument of marine oil pollution.     

饮食业油烟污染与治理技术现状

近几年来 ,饮食业油烟污染受到了越来越多的关注。分析了油烟中的主要污染物成分 ,介绍了油烟对人体健康的几种危害 ,同时对现有的 5种处理技术 :惯性分离、过滤分离、洗涤去除、静电沉积、复合技术进行了分析比较 ,并列举了一些应用实例。现有技术都有一定的局限性 ,应尽快研制出实用高效的新的处理技术 ,以减轻城市大气污染     

Lubricants based on renewable resources--an environmentally compatible alternative to mineral oil products

The development of lubricants like, e.g. engine and hydraulic oils was traditionally based on mineral oil as a base fluid. This fact is related to the good technical properties and the reasonable price of mineral oils. The Report to the Club of Rome (W.W. Behrens III, D.H. Meadows, D.I. Meadows, J. Randers, The limits of growth, A Report to the Club of Rome, 1972) and the two oil crises of 1979 and 1983, however, elucidated that mineral oil is on principle a limited resource. In addition, environmental problems associated with the production and use of chemicals and the limited capacity of nature to tolerate pollution became obvious (G.H. Brundtland, et al., in: Hauff, Volker (Ed.), World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Report of the Brundtland-Commission, Oxford, UK, 1987), and the critical discussion included besides acid rain, smog, heavy metals, and pesticides also mineral oil (especially oil spills like the case Exxon Valdes). A disadvantage of mineral oil is its poor biodegradability and thus its potential for long-term pollution of the environment. From the early development of lubricants for special applications (e.g. turbojet engine oils) it was known, that fatty acid polyol esters have comparable or even better technical properties than mineral oil. Subsequently, innumerable synthetic esters have been synthesized by systematic variation of the fatty acid and the alcohol components. Whereas the alcohol moiety of the synthetic esters are usually of petrochemical origin, the fatty acids are almost exclusively based on renewable resources. The physico-chemical properties of oleochemical esters can cover the complete spectrum of technical requirements for the development of high-performance industrial oils and lubricants (e.g. excellent lubricating properties, good heat stability, high viscosity index, low volatility and superior shear stability). For a comprehensive review of their technical properties see F. Bongardt, in: Jahrbuchfür Praktiker, H. Ziolkowsky (Ed.), Verlag für chemische Industrie GmbH, 1996, pp. 348-361. This article will focus on the ecological properties of oleochemical (synthetic) esters. The environmental relevance of oleochemicals in comparison to petrochemicals is discussed, and then the principles of an ecological assessment are described. The ecotoxicological properties and the biodegradability of oleochemical esters are presented. Finally, the ecological properties of the oleochemical esters are discussed with regard to existing environmental classification and labeling systems.     

Evaluation of modifications of the simple spectrofluorometry method for estimating petroleum hydrocarbon levels in fresh and waste water samples

The monitoring of petroleum hydrocarbons in the water environment is very often performed using complicated methods. There are many difficulties encountered in analyzing a long number of samples in the monitoring programme. In such cases, a simpler though less precise and specific technique using inexpensive equipment to monitor a large number of water samples, might be more desirable.

This idea was realized in the assessment of the state of pollution of the Mediterranean Sea by petroleum hydrocarbons where the pollution of sea water with oil (dissolved and/or dispersed in sea water) was measured by spectrofluorometry. The paper describes an analytical evaluation of three modifications of simple the spectrofluorometry method, applied on numerous river and waste water samples collected from various areas of Croatia.     

Distribution,origin, and transformation of metal and metalloid pollution in vegetable fields,irrigation water,and aerosols near a Pb-Zn mine

Pollution of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in vegetable fields was investigated near a Pb-Zn mine that has been exploited for over 50 years without a tailing reservoir. A total of 205 water, soil, and aerosol samples were taken and quantified by combined chemical, spectrometric, and mineral analytical methods. The pollution origins were identified by Pb isotopes and the pathways of transformation and transport of the elements and minerals was studied. The data showed that the vegetable fields were seriously polluted by As, Cd, and Pb. Some concentrations in the samples were beyond the regulatory levels and not suitable for agricultural activities. This study revealed that: (1) particulate matter is a major pollution source and an important carrier of mineral particles and pollutants; (2) the elements from the polluted water and soils were strongly correlated with each other; (3) Pb isotope ratios from the samples show that Pb minerals were the major pollution sources in the nearby vegetable fields, and the aerosols were the main carrier of mining pollution; (4) the alkaline, rich-carbonate, and wet conditions in this area promoted the weathering and transformation of galena into the secondary minerals, anglesite and cerussite, which are significant evidence of such processes; (5) the soil and the aerosols are a recycled secondary pollution source for each other when being re-suspended with wind. Highlights ? Mining activities generated heavy metal pollution in fields around a Pb-Zn mine ? The elements from water and soils are strongly correlated ? Anglesite and cerussite are evidence of galena transformation into secondary minerals ? Particulate matter is an important transport carrier of pollution     

絮凝-微纳气泡法处理采油废水

对采自胜利油田的采油废水,分别进行了聚硅硫酸铁(PFSS)絮凝法、微纳气泡法和絮凝-微纳气泡联合法处理,考察了处理过程对采油废水水质和所配制聚合物(部分水解聚丙烯酰胺)溶液粘度的影响。结果表明,均可有效降低废水的矿化度、油含量和悬浮物含量,明显提高用其配制的聚合物溶液的粘度;联合处理效果明显高于单独采用絮凝或微纳气泡处理的效果。所处理后的废水可有望代替淡水用于油田现场配制聚合物驱油体系,在消除油田污水环境污染的同时,可节约淡水资源。     

Perceived and measured levels of environmental pollution: interdisciplinary research in the subarctic lowlands of northeast European Russia

Using interdisciplinary field research in the Usa Basin, northeast European Russia, we compared local inhabitants' perception of environmental problems with chemical and remote-sensing signatures of environmental pollution and their local impacts. Extensive coal mining since the 1930s around Inta and Vorkuta has left a legacy of pollution, detected by measuring snowpack, topsoil, and lichen chemistry, together with remote-sensing techniques and analysis of lake water and sediments. Vorkuta and its environs suffered the worst impacts, with significant metal loading and alkalization in lakes and topsoils, elevated metals and cations in terricolous (reindeer) lichens, and changes in vegetation communities. Although the coal industry has declined recently, the area boasts a booming oil and gas industry, based around Usinsk. Local perceptions and concerns of environmental pollution and protection were higher in Usinsk, as a result of increased awareness after a major oil spill in 1994, compared with Vorkuta's inhabitants, who perceived air pollution as the primary environmental threat. Our studies indicate that the principal sources of atmospheric emissions and local deposition within 25 to 40 km of Vorkuta were coal combustion from power and heating plants, coal mines, and a cement factory. Local people evaluated air pollution from direct observations and personal experiences, such as discoloration of snow and respiratory problems, whereas scientific knowledge played a minor role in shaping these perceptions.