中西方国家环境影响评价中公众参与制度的对比分析

阐明了环境影响评价中公众参与的定义及特点,对中西方国家环境影响评价中公众参与的起源、法律规定、形式、内容与要求等方面进行了对比分析,并对我国公众参与制度的完善提出了建议。     

科技简讯

1996年2月5日至9日,国家环保局在中国科学院生态环境研究中心举办了“环境影响评价”岗位培训班(世行贷款第四期暨持证上岗第七期).国家环保局监督管理司乔致奇司长在培训班上介绍了我国环境影响评价工作的进展、特点,以及对环境影响评价工作的要求.他说:七十年代中期,我国开始进行环境影响评价,现已形成较为完善的环境评价管理体系,评价技术方法也逐步规范.环境影响评价作为环境管理的一项制度,对控制开发建设活动的新污染和保护生态环境,发挥了重要作用.对从事环境影响评价的技术人员和管理人员进行培训,有利于提高我国环境影响评价的技术水平.     

城市垃圾填埋场建设环境影响评价支持系统设计

我国卫生填埋场产生的环境污染愈来愈突出，引起人们普遍关注。填埋场建设之前做好环境影响评价，对于垃圾填埋场选址，建设，管理，以及有效防止填埋场对环境污染显得非常重要。填埋场环境影响评价考虑因素很多，需要应用较多的数学模型及方法。鉴于此，在对其环境影响系统分析基础上本文建立了一个评价内容全面，实用性强，规范快速的填埋环境影响评价系统EIASL(Environmental Impact Assessment System of Landfill)。     

战略环境影响评价(SEA)在中国的开展—区域环境评价(REA)

实践和研究表明 :传统的环境影响评价 (EIA) ,即在项目层次上开展的EIA ,不尽完美。而包含有战略环境影响评价的新一代EIA体系将很好的弥补项目EIA的不足 ,并且将可持续发展的思想真正贯彻到实际中去。中国在开展环境影响评价方面 ,也逐渐注重两个层次上EIA的开展 ,特别是结合当前发展的新特点 ,开展了区域环境影响评价。文章论证了区域环境评价 ,无论从层次上 ,还是从评价的对象、内容上都是属于战略环境影响的形式。并基于这个观点 ,介绍了区域环评在中国的开展及今后发展应注意的一些问题。     

可持续发展与项目环评的调整完善

可持续发展战略的目标的确定与区域环境影响评价的兴起，使建设项目环境影响评价面临着新的形势和要求，本文式就项目层次环境的调整完善方向与相关的问题进行讨论。     

“全国环境化学污染物和健康”学术讨论会

由中国环境科学学会环境医学委员会和环境化学专业委员会联合召开的“全国环境化学污染物和健康”学术讨论会于1986年7月18日至21日在北京医科大学举行。大会由环境医学专业委员会正、副主任蔡宏道、徐厚思,环境化学专业委员会主任刘静宜主持。会上进行交流的学术论文,内容丰富,涉及面广,反映了国内环境医学、环境化学与生物学效应、健康方面的科研成果和水平。它们也表明了环境医学和环境化学在环境污染与健康研究领域中所取得的进展,这些论文突出地体现了新的内容和新的动向。     

灾后重建土地利用规划环评重点内容解析与实证

在对四川汶川灾后重建土地利用规划环境影响评价区域与评价对象特征进行分析的基础上,对规划实施的主要资源环境制约因素进行了识别与分析,进而分析并确定了其评价要点;结合灾后重建土地规划环评实践工作,对评价重点内容与要点进行了初步应用。     

环境影响评价中的公众参与

论述了公众参与在环境影响评价中的重要性，在实施公众参与环境影响评价的实践中，创造了多种切实有效的方法，给受影响的公众充分发表意见的机会，通过公众参与，提高环境决策的质量。     

结构性环境问题——我国环境评价遭遇的"结构"困境

近年来 "结构性环境问题"在我国频发,尤其是结合项目环境影响评价(EIA)制度而突出表现为一种困境--"符合环保先进标准的高环境风险项目".当前学界对于环境问题的认识逐渐从物理层面转向社会层面,然而,对环境评价的研究还停留在基于环境要素功能特征的方法改进和制度完善,当前的结构性环境问题反映出的环境资源在不同利益群体间的不合理性分配还没有被充分认识到.由此,文章借助析出的环境问题两个主要影响变量:环境资源的稀缺性和配置结构的合理性,对"结构性环境问题"的产生过程和特征进行了分析.进而,文章借助系统论的功能-结构理论,结合厦门PX项目事件,认为现有环境评价主要定位于"功能性"特征,还不能针对性地把握结构性环境问题,由此面临结构性困境.为了避免这种困境,有必要进一步展开针对结构性环境问题的环境影响评价方法和制度研究,而且环境影响评价的"结构性"转化也具备着基础理论的支持.     

战略环境影响评价（SEA）中国的开展：区域环境评价（REA）

实践和研究表明：传统的环境影响评价（ＥＩＡ）,即在项目层次上开展的ＥＩＡ,不尽完美。而包含有战略环境影响评价的新一代ＥＩＡ体系将很好的弥补项目ＥＩＡ的不足,并且将可持续发展的思想真正贯彻到实际中去。中国在开发环境影响评价方面,也逐渐注重两个层次上ＥＩＡ的捌 结合当前发展的新特点,开展的区域环境影响评价。文章论证了区域环境评价,无论是从层次上,还是从评价的对象、内容上都是属于战略环境影响的形式。并基     

城市生活垃圾土地填埋主要环境影响的识别

对拟建城市生活垃圾土地填埋场主要环境影响的识别可为日后全面详尽的环境影响评价指出该项目最重要的环境问题。对城市生活垃圾土地填埋项目所涉及的主要环境因子及其环境影响作出客观和全面的识别需采用一系列环境影响识别技术，这些识别技术都有其长处和短处。应根据不同情况将这些识别技术结合起来取长补短，取得较为满意的识别效果。     

Game theoretic analysis of environmental impact assessment system in China

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) system has been established in China since 1973. In present EIA cases, there are four participants in general: governments, enterprises, EIA organizations and the public. The public has held responsible for both social costs and social duties. The public supervises social costs produced by enterprises discharging pollutant in EIA. However public participation is mostly deputized by governments, which severely weaken the independence of the public as one participant in EIA. In this paper, EIA refers to the different attitudes of the participants whose optional strategies may be described by a proper game model. According to disfigurements in EIA, three sides (governments, enterprises, and EIA organizations) dynamic iterative game theory, dynamic game theory of incomplete information, and perfect Bayesian equilibrium theory to analyze the reciprocity relation among governments, EIA organizations and enterprises. The results show that in a short period, economic benefit is preponderant over social benefit. Governments and enterprises both do not want to take EIA to reveal social costs. EIA organizations’ income comes from enterprises and the collusions are built between them to vindicate economic benefit. In a long run, social benefit loss caused by environmental pollution must be recuperated sooner or later and environmental deterioration will influence the achievements of economic benefit, so both governments and enterprises are certain to pursue high social benefit and willing to take EIA, helpful to increase private benefit. EIA organizations will make fair assessment when their economic benefit are ensured. At present, the public as silent victims can not take actual part in EIA. The EIA system must be improved to break the present equilibrium of three sides, bringing the public to the equilibrium to exert public supervision.     

Comparative analysis using EIA for developed and developing countries: case studies of hydroelectric power plants in Pakistan,Norway and Sweden

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an important legislative and scientific tool that may assist and improve the quality assistance for the decision-making process in sustainable development. Here, a comparison of EIAs from three cases of hydropower projects in Pakistan, Norway and Sweden is reported. A huge difference concerning the incorporation of environmental considerations into the decisionmaking process between developed and developing countries is observed. The EIA system of Pakistan appears to be less efficient in the application and review process. In addition, the appraisal of issues, the decision-making process and evaluation through post-monitoring is not as well performed in Pakistan as in cases of hydroelectric power plants in Sweden and Norway. The key reason for this shortcoming is misconceptions about the EIA process, which initially receives intense attention but becomes weakened by the time of implementation. This implies that there is a need to adopt simplified and flexible EIA techniques suitable for the infrastructure and resources of a specific country, taking into account institutional, technical and financial constraints. Improvements are required in public participation, awareness, as well as in environmental control and data system sectors in Pakistan, besides simply enacting legislation to achieve the goals of the EIA system.     

试论矿山环评中的生态恢复评价问题

矿山生态恢复是矿山环保对策中的一项技术较强的措施之一，它既有防治水土流失的功能，又有降解有毒污染的功能，并能产生较好的经济效益。但没有科学依据而盲目进行生态恢复，就有可能对环境和人类带来风险，为减少风险，在矿山开发前的环境影响评价中，就应对生态恢复这一措施进行评价，提出合理的恢复模式，为决策部门提供科学依据。     

Catching the Boomerang: EM,The World Bank,and Excess Accountability: A Case Study of the Bujagali Falls Hydropower Project Uganda

The World Bank has shifted its accountability over the past two decades away from borrowing countries towards external groups, such as advocacy non-governmental organizations (NGOs). One conduit for this external accountability is the environmental impact assessment (EM) process. EIA has both theoretical and practical challenges when applied in developing countries, but is bound by Bank guidelines designed in developed countries. Using the Bujagali Falls Hydropower Project, Uganda as a case study, this paper will demonstrate that the increase in external accountability at the World Bank via EIA has a negative effect on governments and civil society in the South and on global governance.     

整全,互动和可持续的EIA：香港上水屠宰场的例案研究

以香港上水屠宰场的ＥＩＡ为例,阐述了ＥＩＡ过程须结合“清洁工艺”、“环境管理系统”、“持续生的本底监测”和“开放的公众咨询”四个重要单元,互动灵活,以增强环保效益、省时及经济。传统的ＥＩＡ较为被动,如果项目“倡议人”缺乏环保意识,就会妨碍了它的实质功能。通行的末期性公众咨询,很容易激发冲突,与西方冗长的公众参与同样妨碍进度。文章探讨互动式ＥＩＡ的优点,论证它对改善环评工序和可持续发展的重要性。     

城市污水处理厂EIA中替代方案实例分析

环境影响评价中的替代方案主要包括建设项目的工艺技术,选址的可替代方案,以及项目环保措施的多方案比较,城市污水处理厂环评项目中该部分内容有其自身的特点,文章结合多个城市污水厂项目环评经验,以3个建设部审批的大型城市污水处理厂为例进行了替代方案探讨与实例分析。     

建设项目环境影响评价中污染物排放总量控制评价方法

本文提出了在建设项目环境影响评价中关于污染物排放总量控制评价所应包含的内容,介绍了清洁生产纳入环评中的方法,确定了在技术经济合理,污染物排放满足环境质量与排放标准前提下的排放总量,并对其合理性论证方法做了介绍,提出总量控制目标实现的对策。     

Planning for Biodiversity: the Role of Ecological Impact Assessment

Abstract:  Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is the process of identifying potential environmental effects of proposed development and the required mitigation measures. It is one of the most widely used planning tools today, but its ability to promote biodiversity conservation is largely unexplored. We studied the ecological component of the Israeli EIA system by reviewing a representative sample of 52 environmental impact statements (EISs) produced since 1995 and their corresponding guidelines issued by the Ministry of the Environment. Quality of both EISs and guidelines was determined using a simple scoring approach. Lack of quantitative data, meaningful analyses, and ecosystem perspective was apparent throughout. Many EISs failed to perform field surveys and their qualitative nature hampered meaningful impact prediction. Most EISs concentrated on aesthetic mitigation measures and did not assess their feasibility and likely success. Most of these flaws reflect poor standards rather than true scientific limitations. Guideline quality scores were the most important factor determining the quality of EISs; second was the involvement of an ecological consultant in preparing the EIS. We found a decreasing trend of EIS quality scores over time. Improvements in EIA procedures, particularly in ecological guidelines and the incorporation of ecological consultation, are important for upgrading ecological impact assessment so that the potential of EIA to advance biodiversity conservation can be realized.