Variations between rice cultivars in iron and manganese plaque on roots and the relation with plant cadmium uptake

To understand certain mechanisms causing variations between rice cultivars with regard to cadmium uptake and tolerance, pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars of di erent genotypes under di erent soil Cd levels. The relationships between plant Cd uptake and iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) plaque formation on roots were investigated. The results showed that rice cultivars di ered markedly in Cd uptake and tolerance. Under soil Cd treatments, Cd concentrations and accumulations in the cultivar Shanyou 63 (the genotype indica) were significantly higher than those in the cultivar Wuyunjing 7 (the genotype japonica) (P < 0.01, or P < 0.05), and Shanyou 63 was more sensitive to Cd toxicity than Wuyunjing 7. The di erences between the rice cultivars were the largest at relatively low soil Cd level (i.e., 10 mg/kg). Fe concentrations in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate root extracts of Shanyou 63 were generally lower than that of Wuyunjing 7, and the di erence was the most significant under the treatment of 10 mg Cd/kg soil. The results indicated that the formation of iron plaque on rice roots could act as a barrier to soil Cd toxicity, and may be a “bu er” or a “reservoir” which could reduce Cd uptake into rice roots. And the plaque may contribute, to some extent, to the genotypic di erences of rice cultivars in Cd uptake and tolerance.     

铅低积累大豆的筛选及铅对其豆中矿物营养元素的影响

筛选和培育铅低积累作物品种已被用来降低铅流入到人们的食物链中.本实验采用盆栽方法,研究了16个选定的大豆品种在两个铅处理(500和1500 mg·kg-1)下的生长反应,并评估其对铅的耐性.结果表明,在两个铅处理(500和1500 mg·kg-1)下,大豆中Pb含量有显著差异(p0.05),其平均值分别为0.19和0.27 mg·kg-1.在两种Pb梯度处理下富集系数的范围分别为0.003~0.014和0.002~0.012.16种大豆品种的富集系数在两种Pb梯度处理下均小于0.02,且存在显著差异(p0.05),表明大豆吸收的Pb主要积累在根部.大豆品种:垦丰16号、绥农28号、中黄35号和黑河35号被发现符合低铅积累大豆品种的标准.这4个品种的大豆被进一步用于评估Pb和其他矿质营养元素之间的相互作用,如Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Mn和Zn.土壤中Pb含量会影响大豆对微量矿物营养元素的吸收,表现为土壤中高剂量Pb能抑制大豆对Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg和Zn的吸收,同时增加其对Mn的吸收和积累.     

丁草胺对镉胁迫条件下水稻生长、镉积累及活性氧代谢的影响

以2个水稻品种(秀水110和秀水11)为材料,通过水培试验和土培试验研究了除草剂丁草胺对Cd2 胁迫条件下水稻植株生长、Cd2 积累和活性氧代谢的影响.研究结果表明.水培条件下,丁草胺浓度的增加显著地加剧了Cd2 胁迫条件下水稻生长抑制程度,进一步导致叶绿素含量显著下降,促进了2个品种水稻植株对Cd2 的吸收,引起水稻叶片的O-2产生速率、H202和MDA含量增加.且显著改变了SOD、CAT和G-POD活性;同条件下丁草胺浓度的增加使水稻叶片SOD/O-2、SOD/G-POD、SOD/CAT、CAT/H2O2和G-POD/H2O2的比值均发生了偏离;推测丁草胺加剧了水稻Cd2 胁迫时植株活性氧代谢不平衡过程.土培条件下,丁草胺对水稻糙米中Cd2 积累量也具有显著促进作用.     

硫素对水稻吸收砷的生物有效性及其在土壤中形态影响

采用外源砷污染水稻土进行水稻盆栽实验,研究不同形态硫肥(单质硫和石膏)对水稻吸收砷的有效性及其在土壤中赋存形态的影响.结果表明,在水稻不同生育期内,土壤溶液pH平均值范围为7.38~7.45,且AsS0和AsS1处理的高于AsS2处理;土壤溶液氧化还原电位Eh值变化在200 mV左右,且AsS0处理高于AsS1和AsS2处理;从不同生育期水稻根系、地上部茎叶及籽粒干物重来看,施用S肥(单质硫及石膏)能提高水稻的干物质质量,单质硫和石膏处理的差异不显著;水稻根表胶膜以Fe膜为主,含量达到10~30 g·kg-1,Mn膜相对较少,含量仅为0.1~1.3 g·kg-1,根系吸附的铁锰胶膜含量的差异主要表现在分蘖期,单质硫处理能比石膏硫处理的能促进水稻根系表面铁锰胶膜的形成;水稻根表胶膜吸附As量分蘖期为583~719 mg·kg-1,孕穗期为466~621 mg·kg-1,扬花期和成熟期为310~384 mg·kg-1,这与铁锰胶膜形成厚度一致;施用S肥能明显降低水稻根系、地上部茎叶以及籽粒中As的含量,且施用石膏硫效果更好,这可能与孕穗期铁锰胶膜吸附As有关.根据土壤砷的赋存形态,非专性吸附态和专性吸附态As是最有活性的,在分蘖期AsS1处理它们之和显著低于AsS2处理的As含量2.85 mg·kg-1,而在扬花期AsS1处理Asnea+Asea之和高于AsS2处理的As含量0.77 mg·kg-1,或许有更多的As溶解于土壤溶液中,造成处理AsS1的生物有效性高于处理AsS2.     

硫素对水稻根系铁锰胶膜形成及吸收镉的影响

添加外源镉污染水稻土进行池栽试验,施入不同形态及数量的硫肥(单质硫、石膏),研究硫素对水稻根系铁锰胶膜的形成及对水稻吸收镉的影响.结果表明,整个水稻生育期内,土壤溶液Eh范围在-200~100 m V之间;p H在6.9~7.9之间;pe+p H在4~10之间.水稻根表胶膜以Fe膜为主,其质量分数达到5 000~13 000 mg·kg-1,Mn膜的质量分数相对较小,为170~580 mg·kg-1.在孕穗期高硫量处理与低硫量处理的铁胶膜质量分数分别为9 400 mg·kg-1和8 600 mg·kg-1,高硫量处理比低硫量处理可生成更多的铁胶膜;而根表锰胶膜的数量差异主要表现在分蘖期,单质硫和石膏硫处理的锰胶膜质量分数分别为600 mg·kg-1和400 mg·kg-1,达到显著差异水平,单质硫比石膏硫更易促进水稻根表锰胶膜的形成.胶膜对于Fe2+过量吸收有一定阻控作用,对Mn2+作用不显著.水稻根表胶膜吸附Cd的质量分数在分蘖期为78.8~131.1 mg·kg-1,孕穗期16.6~21.1mg·kg-1,成熟期3.0~9.2 mg·kg-1.在分蘖期与孕穗期,高硫量处理比低硫量处理的吸附量高,在成熟期反之.采用ACA方法浸提铁锰胶膜内的Cd测定值并不能真实地表明胶膜实际固定Cd的质量分数.水稻体内各部位Cd的质量分数表现为根茎叶籽粒.一定量的施硫能有效减少水稻各器官中Cd的质量分数.对于根和茎叶,单质硫在成熟期以前效果好于石膏硫;对于籽粒,石膏硫效果更佳.一定量的硫肥,能有效阻碍Cd从水稻根部向茎叶与籽粒的转移.对于茎叶,在孕穗期单质硫和石膏硫的Cd转移系数分别为0.13和0.25,差异显著,单质硫能更好地阻碍Cd的转移;对于籽粒,石膏硫的阻碍效果更好.     

Toxic effects of chlortetracycline on maize growth, reactive oxygen species generation and the antioxidant response

The toxicity of chlortetracycline (CTC) on maize (Zea mays L.) growth and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was studied. The root and shoot lengths and fresh weights of maize seedlings were inhibited by CTC treatment (p < 0.05). Root length was more sensitive than other parameters with the EC₁₀ value of 0.064 mg/L. The spin trapping technique followed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis was used to quantify the ROS production. The ROS generated in maize roots after exposure to CTC was identified as hydroxyl radical (.OH). The EPR signal intensity correlated positively with the logarithm of CTC concentrations exposed (p < 0.05). The dynamic changes of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and the antioxidative enzyme activities in maize roots were also determined. As compared to the control group, CTC was found to significantly increase MDA content. Treatment of maize roots with the.OH scavenger sodium benzoate (SB) reduced the MDA content and enhanced the antioxidative enzyme activities. The results demonstrated the harmfulness of CTC at high dose to maize in the early developmental stage, and clarified that the inducement of.OH is one of the mechanisms of CTC toxicity.