海南典型水稻土厌氧铁还原特征对DOM分子特性的响应

为探究海南典型水稻土不同粒径土壤中溶解态有机质(DOM)的含量组成对铁氧化还原特征的影响机制,分别采集海南5种成土母质发育的水稻土(玄武岩、花岗岩、砂页岩、海相沉积物、河流冲积物),利用紫外-可见光谱技术分析不同粒径土壤中DOM的碳含量及其光谱特征,利用Logistics模型对不同水稻土培养过程中Fe(Ⅲ)还原特征进行表征;采用冗余分析手段分析各水稻土在厌氧培养过程中,不同粒径土壤中DOM组分及光谱参数对Fe(Ⅲ)还原特征影响。结果表明,在厌氧培养过程中,不同母质发育水稻土Fe(Ⅱ)含量不同,其中玄武岩发育水稻土Fe(Ⅱ)含量最大(8.45 mg·g~(-1)),根据Logistics模型发现不同母质发育水稻土的还原潜势(a)和Fe(Ⅲ)还原速率(vmax)存在差异且玄武岩发育水稻土的a、v_(max)最大。海相沉积物发育水稻土的溶解态有机碳(DOC)含量最高(0.712 g·kg~(-1)),5种水稻土的DOC均在最小粒径(1 kDa)含量最多,随着培养时间增长各类水稻土中DOC含量均下降,紫外-可见光谱结果显示5种母质发育的水稻土的芳香性和疏水性随着DOC粒径的减小而下降,三维荧光光谱结果表明,不同母质发育水稻土中各组分的荧光强度均随培养时间增长而增强,而在粒径0.45—0.7μm、1—10 kDa中各组分荧光强度增强;在粒径10 kDa—0.45μm、1 kDa中各组分荧光强度降低;BIX、HIX、FI值均随着粒径的减小而增大。冗余分析结果显示,HIX、SUVA260、C1、C2组分可促进水稻土铁还原过程,不同的培养阶段下铁还原受不同DOM组分的影响,但是C1组分始终影响Fe(Ⅲ)的还原,小粒径的C3、C4组分(1kDa)对铁还原有更大贡献。了解海南岛水稻土铁还原对不同分子量DOM的响应,对农业环境具有重要意义。     

洱海沉积物不同分子量溶解性有机氮空间分布及光谱特征

利用超滤技术对洱海沉积物溶解性有机氮(DON)进行分子量分级,探究了DON各组分空间分布特征,并运用紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱对其结构进行了表征.结果表明,洱海沉积物总DON含量ω(DON)为23.46—61.40 mg·kg-1,平均值为37.19 mg·kg-1,空间分布总体呈现南部>北部>中部的趋势;分子量大于1K Da的大分子组分ω(>1KDa)占ω(DON)的比例为79.1%—93.0%,即洱海沉积物DON是以大分子为主.沉积物DON各组分的芳香性及腐殖化程度较高,芳香环取代基中活性官能团种类较多,且南部芳香性及腐殖化程度最高,北部芳香环取代基种类最多;大分子组分DON含有类富里酸荧光物质,其来源于陆源输入和微生物降解共同作用.由此可见,洱海沉积物DON主要由大分子物质组成,其腐殖化程度较高且含类富里酸荧光物质,而此类DON对藻类的生物有效性较低,这可能是洱海沉积物氮含量较高而上覆水氮浓度较低的原因之一,即沉积物DON分子组成及其结构特征可在一定程度上作为湖泊营养水平的衡量指标.     

新疆匹里青河小流域DOM荧光特征及与汞的相互作用

以匹里青河小流域土壤溶解性有机质(DOM)作为研究对象,利用平行因子技术(PARAFAC)结合荧光淬灭滴定技术,分析和讨论流域内不同土地利用类型(包括林地、田地、草地)对DOM的荧光特征及与Hg~(2+)的配位作用。结果表明,不同土地利用类型土壤DOM特征差异显著,土壤DOM含量大小顺序表现为草地林地农田,而有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)含量则表现为草地农田林地。不同土地利用下土壤DOM均包含3种荧光峰:紫外区类腐殖荧光峰A、可见区类富里酸荧光峰C及海洋或陆源类腐殖质荧光峰M。PARAFAC共识别出2种组分:C1为胡敏酸物质,C2为富里酸物质。另外,3种不同土地利用类型中DOM组分荧光强度均随Hg~(2+)浓度的增强出现不同程度的荧光淬灭现象,DOM中各类荧光组分与Hg~(2+)络合常数存在差异,说明由于不同土地利用污染源的不同,DOM参与反应的官能团种类及数量的大小不同,影响了与Hg~(2+)的络合能力,导致络合常数不同。     

光照对湖泊上覆水DON影响机制及环境学意义

利用三维荧光光谱和紫外-可见光谱技术,通过室内模拟实验研究了光照对洱海上覆水溶解性有机氮(DON)影响,经平行因子分析法(PARAFAC)和荧光区域积分法(FRI)解析了DON含量、结构组分变化特征,并探讨了其环境学意义.结果表明:(1)未加汞光照条件下,洱海上覆水DON含量随光照时间延长呈波动上升趋势,NH_4~+与DON含量呈显著负相关(R2=0.94,P0.05),即NH_4~+与DON之间存在相互转化,且光照可能促进了NH_4~+向DON的转化;(2)加HgCl_2后实验组与对照组SUVA254(1.78、1.85)、A253/A203(0.35、0.34)、E2/E3(5.85、5.77)及SR(1.03、1.14)均值差别不大,未加HgCl_2实验组较对照组SUVA254、A253/A203、E2/E3值有一定差别,表明光照主要是通过微生物作用,进而影响DON特征,表现为光照增强了DON芳香环取代基结构的复杂程度,并且使得羰基、羧基、羟基和酯基种类有所增多;(3)PARAFAC识别出类蛋白质物质(T峰)和类富里酸物质(A峰)两类组分,表明腐殖质类物质与蛋白质类物质之间可能存在相互转化,且微生物所发挥的作用较为明显.以上结果表明,光照可增强生物活性,进而影响对DON的转化和降解.     

凋落物季节性输入对川西亚高山森林土壤活性有机碳的影响

土壤活性有机碳是土壤有机碳库的活跃组分,在森林生态系统碳循环中具有重要作用;凋落物作为森林土壤有机碳库的主要来源,其季节性输入可能会对土壤活性有机碳动态产生不同的影响.为了解土壤活性有机碳如何响应凋落物输入的季节变化,选取川西亚高山3种不同森林类型(针叶林、混交林和阔叶林),采用凋落物原位控制实验,分别于凋落物输入的枝条高峰期、非生理性高峰期、生殖高峰期和叶高峰期进行样品采集,对比这4个关键时期的凋落物输入对土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)和轻组有机碳(LFC)的影响.结果显示,凋落物季节性输入下,土壤DOC浓度在非生理性高峰期减少11.1%-26.4%,在生殖高峰期增加23.9%-34.5%;EOC浓度在各采样时期均有不同程度的增加(12.9%-84.5%);而POC浓度在各采样时期主要呈减少趋势(35.6%-46.8%);LFC浓度在枝条凋落高峰期显著增加(26.75%-106.1%),随后呈减少趋势(20.3%-39.9%).凋落物C/N显著解释了土壤DOC和EOC浓度变化,而对土壤POC和LFC浓度变化的解释不显著.综上所述,土壤活性有机碳组分对凋落物季节性输入短期内即有响应,由于活性有机碳组分周转机制的差异,以及土壤理化性质(土壤温度、冻融循环和全氮等)的调控作用,不同活性有机碳组分的响应存在差异,其内在机制需进一步研究;上述结果为认识气候变化背景下高山森林土壤碳循环相关生态过程提供了基础数据.(图4表1参55)     

长江重庆段溶解性有机物的荧光特性分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs),并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)及主成分分析(PCA),研究了长江重庆段溶解有机物(DOM)的荧光组分特征及其污染来源,并探讨了荧光强度同溶解性有机碳(DOC)及溶解氧(DO)的相关性.结果表明,PARAFAC模型识别出长江重庆段DOM由2类6个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质荧光组分C1(350/422 nm)、C4(245,305/395 nm)、C5(260,340/420 nm)、C6(260/480 nm)及类蛋白荧光组分C2(275/300 nm)、C3(227,278/329 nm).在DOM来源组成中,陆源的类腐殖质含量占62.56%,类蛋白物质含量占31.31%.类腐殖质组分的荧光强度同DOC的含量存在明显的线性正相关(r=0.73),类蛋白组分的荧光强度同DO的含量呈明显的线性负相关(r=0.80).EEMs-PARAFAC不仅可以表征长江重庆段DOM的光谱特征,示踪长江重庆段的有机污染程度,还可以为三峡库区水体保护提供依据.     

沙颍河流域水体中溶解性有机质(DOM)的荧光光谱解析

应用三维荧光光谱技术(EEMS),研究了沙颍河流域水体中溶解性有机质(DOM)的荧光光谱特征,并探讨了沿岸生态系统对水体中DOM的性质及来源的影响.结果表明,沙颍河流域水体DOM均存在类色氨酸、类酪氨酸、可见光区和紫外光区类腐殖质4种荧光峰,其中贾鲁河水样中类蛋白与类腐殖质含量均最高.相关性分析显示,沙颍河流域干流和各支流的A、C峰代表的类腐殖质组分均存在共源性.荧光参数分析显示,沿岸土地利用类型以林业为主的澧河水体的DOM陆源性更强,腐殖化程度相对较高;其余各支流受两岸农田及人为排放的影响,水体具有明显的自生源特征,且新生DOM含量较高.贾鲁河荧光特征显示了其水体受人为干扰比较大.     

土壤溶解性有机物的动态变化对水溶态铜的影响

目前中国部分地区土壤铜污染严重,耕地点位超标率高达2.1%。重金属毒性及生物有效性由其形态决定,而并非其总量决定。水溶态铜含量活性最高,最容易被植物吸收利用,因而受到广泛关注。秸秆常用于土壤重金属污染原位钝化修复中。秸秆还田后会产生溶解性有机物,这部分周转最快、活性最高的土壤有机质对土壤中水溶态铜含量有重要影响。基于此,本研究选取中国3种地带性土壤(红壤、褐土和黑土),设计添加铜和秸秆的土壤培养试验,温室培养12个月,每4个月取样一次。测定土壤中水溶态铜、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、氮(DON)和溶解性有机物的紫外光谱特性。研究结果表明,(1)红壤、褐土及黑土的秸秆处理中DOC含量较对照显著增加292%—567%,107%—202%,114%—141%。培养后8个月,3种土壤中DON含量较对照显著下降。其中,红壤、褐土及黑土中DON含量下降的幅度分别为88%—90%,47%—93%,62%—88%。在培养的第8—12个月,红壤和褐土的秸秆处理中DON含量较对照分别显著增加28%,22%,说明微生物在激发效应过程中优先利用溶解性有机氮。(2)秸秆处理中溶解性有机物芳香环上取代基种类增加,芳香性增强,分子量增加;随时间推移,3种土壤中溶解性有机物的芳香性及分子量随时间逐渐下降。(3)由于溶解性有机物对铜离子的络合作用,有机物加入后3种土壤中水溶态铜含量较对照显著增加;多元线性逐步回归分析结果表明:在3种土壤中,DOC含量与水溶态铜含量呈显著正相关。该研究表明,相比于溶解性有机物的紫外光谱性质,溶解性有机物的含量对水溶态铜含量的影响更大。     

泥石流频发区不同土地利用类型土壤粒径分布多重分形特征

通过研究泥石流频发区不同土地利用类型土壤粒径分布多重分形特征,可揭示土地利用变化对泥石流频发区土壤粒径分布的影响.在蒋家沟流域选取裸地、草地、灌丛、林地等4种典型土地利用类型,在0-50 cm采集不同土层土壤样品进行粒径分析,基于多重分形理论计算多重分形参数,并分析土壤质地与多重分形参数之间的相关关系.结果显示:土地利用类型显著影响土壤的粒径分布,粉粒体积分数灌丛(65.15%-72.13%)、林地(61.22%-74.04%)显著大于裸地(35.18%-48.48%)、草地(39.92%-47.08%),砂粒总含量体积分数裸地(43.73%-59.10%)、草地(43.28%-44.76%)显著大于灌丛(17.99%-23.32%)、林地(12.73%-25.06%),在0-50cm深度范围内,同一土地利用类型土层深度对土壤粒径分布无显著影响.本研究中各样地土壤粒径分布广义维数谱曲线为反"S"型曲线,土壤粒径奇异谱函数均为非对称上凸曲线,说明各样地不同深度土层土壤粒径分布均呈现出非均质特征,具有多重分形特性.不同土地利用类型土壤粒径分布多重分形参数差异显著,从裸地、草地、灌丛到林地,土壤质地逐渐变细,土壤粒径分布非均匀程度逐渐减弱.本研究中粉粒体积分数与土壤粒径分布局部密集程度和非均匀性呈显著相关.上述研究表明多重分形参数可揭示泥石频发区土地利用变化时土壤体积分数的微小差异,研究结果可为泥石流频发区土壤结构改良和土地利用优化提供理论依据.(图3表5参32)     

几种原料生物炭溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱特征研究

溶解性有机质(DOM)在全球碳循环及污染物的迁移转化过程中起着重要作用,而光谱特征能快速识别DOM的主要来源和重要特征。研究针对几种原料(苹果枝、橘子枝、花生壳、水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆)在同一热解温度下制备的生物炭,采用紫外-可见吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱和傅里叶变换红外光谱相结合的方法对其释放的DOM光谱特征进行了研究。结果表明：秸秆类生物炭的溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量显著高于其他3种生物炭;紫外-可见光谱分析表明,5种生物炭DOM的芳香性组分含量均较少,腐殖化程度较低,亲水性组分占主导;三维荧光光谱分析表明,秸秆类生物炭DOM的荧光组分物质含量高于木质类和壳类,且各荧光组分含量占比中可溶性微生物降解产物和类胡敏酸比例最高;傅里叶变化红外光谱表明,5种生物炭DOM光谱特征相似,含有丰富的有机官能团(如羧基、酚羟基等)或半醌自由基等。     

吉林西部不同土地利用方式下的生长季土壤CO2排放通量日变化及影响因素

利用GXH-3051A红外线分析仪,采用动态闭合气室法对吉林西部4种土地利用方式下土壤CO2排放通量日变化进行了定位测量,系统分析了环境因子及土壤理化性质等因素对土壤CO2排放通量日变化的影响。结果表明,水田、旱田、草地和盐碱地土壤CO2排放通量日变化均呈单峰曲线,但排放通量的日均值有较大差异,其中水田和草地排放量较高,分别为1．69μmol·m-2．S-1和1．24μmaol·m-2s-1;旱田和盐碱地较低,为0．50μmol·m-2．S-1和0．63μmol·m-2．S-1。各地类土壤C02排放通量的日均值与其每天上午10：00土壤CO2排放通量值最为接近,即可用该时间测得的土壤CO2排放通量估测日平均值。土地利用方式和大气温度是造成土壤CO2日排放通量差异的主要因素,多年来该区土地利用方式的变化,改变了土壤表层10cm内的土层温度、土壤含水率、有机碳含量、水解氮含量,进而影响土壤呼吸和CO2排放通量;区内水田土壤CO2排放通量与温度的相关性最高（R2=0．8375）,其次为旱田和草地。     

鄂南红壤丘陵区种植结构调整对土壤养分的影响

研究了鄂南红壤区不同种植模式的旱地及坡荒地、不同轮作模式的水田、水田改旱菜地的土壤养分状况。本区土壤有机质含量和氮素含量较低,磷素普遍缺乏,钾素含量较低且呈下降趋势。土壤有机质及氮含量呈现水田类>水田改旱地类>旱地类;土壤磷含量则是水田改旱地类>水田类>旱地类;水田类钾含量明显低于旱地类和水田改旱地类,而且三熟制油菜-西瓜-晚稻种植模式下,土壤全钾及速效钾含量呈下降趋势。水田改为旱作是改善土壤水分状况的有效措施。     

吉林西部不同土地利用方式下的生长季土壤CO2排放通量日变化及影响因素

利用GXH-3051A红外线分析仪,采用动态闭合气室法对吉林西部4种土地利用方式下土壤CO2排放通量日变化进行了定位测量,系统分析了环境因子及土壤理化性质等因素对土壤CO2排放通量日变化的影响。结果表明,水田、旱田、草地和盐碱地土壤CO2排放通量日变化均呈单峰曲线,但排放通量的日均值有较大差异,其中水田和草地排放量较高,分别为1.69μmol.m-2.s-1和1.24μmol.m-2.s-1;旱田和盐碱地较低,为0.50μmol.m-2.s-1和0.63μmol.m-2.s-1。各地类土壤CO2排放通量的日均值与其每天上午10:00土壤CO2排放通量值最为接近,即可用该时间测得的土壤CO2排放通量估测日平均值。土地利用方式和大气温度是造成土壤CO2日排放通量差异的主要因素,多年来该区土地利用方式的变化,改变了土壤表层10 cm内的土层温度、土壤含水率、有机碳含量、水解氮含量,进而影响土壤呼吸和CO2排放通量;区内水田土壤CO2排放通量与温度的相关性最高(R2=0.837 5),其次为旱田和草地。     

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectral characterization of soil dissolved organic matters in the fluctuating water-level zone of Kai County, Three Gorges Reservoir

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy was used to investigate the fluorescent properties of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water-level-fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of Kai County, Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Most of the soil DOM analyzed in this study was found to contain four fluorescence peaks. Peaks A and C represent humic-like fluorescence, whereas peaks B and D represent tryptophan-like fluorescence. Peaks E and F, which represent tyrosine-like fluorescence, only appeared in certain soils. Soil humus was the main source of DOM in soil, and higher concentration of soil DOM was found in the exposed soil than submerged soil. Compared to the peaks A and B, the fluorescence intensities of peaks C and D were strongly influenced by the fluctuating water level. Analysis of fluorescence intensities of different peaks in soil DOM showed that WLFZ soil was not contaminated significantly. Soil DOM contained at least two types of humic-like fluorescence groups and two types of protein-like fluorescence groups. The proportion of the content of peak A in soil organic matter was quite stable. The soil DOM in exposed soil had relatively high humification and aromaticity, and periodic submerging and exposure of soil had an impact on the humification of soil DOM.     

Changes of soil microbiological properties caused by land use changing from rice-wheat rotation to vegetable cultivation

A survey was done recently in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Delta to compare the differences of soil microbiological properties among paddy soils with different land use including continuous open-field vegetable cultivation (OFVC), plastic-greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) and traditional rice-wheat rotation (RWR). The soil types included are percolating, permeable and waterlogged paddy soils. The results indicate that the microbial flora was markedly changed as the land use changed for all the three soil types. In continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, the bacteria amounts decreased dramatically, but the fungal and actinomyce amounts increased as compared with RWR soils. The dehydrogenase activities decreased significantly in vegetable soils, especially in PGVC soils as compared with RWR soils. The microbial biomass C and the total phospholipid contents (TPL) in vegetable cultivation soil greatly decreased as compared with RWR soils. Biolog analysis indicated that the kinds of carbon sources that could be metabolized by native microbes in PGVC soils greatly decreased as compared with OFVC soils and RWR soils, revealing that microbial diversity had decreased since land use change. The activities of some soil enzymes including urease, invertase and phosphase were all lower in OFVC soils than those in RWR soils, and those in PGVC soils were the lowest. The degradation of microbiological activities in continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, as compared with RWR soils might have been caused by soil acidification and accumulation of salts due to overuse of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in vegetable cultivation.     

Changes of Soil Microbiological Properties Caused by Land Use Changing From Rice–Wheat Rotation to Vegetable Cultivation

A survey was done recently in Jiaxing city of Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River Delta to compare the differences of soil microbiological properties among paddy soils with different land use including continuous open-field vegetable cultivation (OFVC), plastic-greenhouse vegetable cultivation (PGVC) and traditional rice–wheat rotation (RWR). The soil types included are percolating, permeable and waterlogged paddy soils. The results indicate that the microbial flora was markedly changed as the land use changed for all the three soil types. In continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, the bacteria amounts decreased dramatically, but the fungal and actinomyce amounts increased as compared with RWR soils. The dehydrogenase activities decreased significantly in vegetable soils, especially in PGVC soils as compared with RWR soils. The microbial biomass C and the total phospholipid contents (TPL) in vegetable cultivation soil greatly decreased as compared with RWR soils. Biolog analysis indicated that the kinds of carbon sources that could be metabolized by native microbes in PGVC soils greatly decreased as compared with OFVC soils and RWR soils, revealing that microbial diversity had decreased since land use change. The activities of some soil enzymes including urease, invertase and phosphase were all lower in OFVC soils than those in RWR soils, and those in PGVC soils were the lowest. The degradation of microbiological activities in continuous vegetable cultivation soils, especially in PGVC soils, as compared with RWR soils might have been caused by soil acidification and accumulation of salts due to overuse of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in vegetable cultivation.     

Variation in soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure induced by the conversion from double rice fields to drained fields北大核心CSCD

Land use conversion is an important factor influencing the carbon gas exchange between land and atmosphere. The effect of land use conversion on soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial function is important for soil organic carbon sequestration and stability. This research studied the effects of land use conversion on soil chemical properties, organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure after two years of conversion from double rice cropping (RR) to maize-maize (MM) and soybean-peanut (SP) double cropping systems in southern China. The results showed that soil pH significantly decreased by 0.50 (MM) and 0.52 (SP, P = 0.002), and dissolved organic carbon significantly increased by 23%- 35% (P = 0.016). No significant difference was found in soil organic carbon mineralization rate with the land use conversion, though the accumulated mineralization decreased after 13 days of incubation (P = 0.019). Land use conversion from paddy to upland significantly changed soil microbial community structure. The total PLFAs, bacterial, gram-positive bacterial (G+), gram-negative bacterial (G-) and actinomycetic PLFAs decreased significantly (P < 0.05), the ratio of fungal PLFAs to bacterial PLFAs (F/B) increased significantly (P = 0.006). But no significant differences in microbial groups were found between MM and SP. The accumulated mineralization at the beginning period of the incubation were significantly positively correlated with soil actinomycetic PLFAs (P = 0.034). After 13 days of incubation, soil F/B showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization (P = 0.004). However, soil microbial community structure(P = 0.014)and total PLFAs(P = 0.033)showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization after 108 days of incubation. Our results indicated that after conversion from paddy soils to drained soils, soil pH and total nitrogen are the key factors regulating the variations in soil microbial community structure and biomass, and then influencing soil organic carbon mineralization.     

水中天然含氮有机物的形成、迁移转化及分布

天然含氮有机物是水环境中的重要组成部分,其在天然水体中的形态及分布对环境质量有显著影响.本文围绕水中天然含氮有机物在氮循环中的地位、迁移转化以及其在国内主要水域中的分布情况,对天然含氮有机物的研究现状进行了梳理.我国不同水域中溶解性含氮有机物(DON)浓度相差较大;其中水体中DON浓度一般在1.0 mg?L-1以下;沉...     

宁夏东北部典型荒漠草原植物群落与土壤养分特征

以宁夏东北部荒漠草原为研究区,采用野外样方调查、采样和室内植物鉴定、土壤样品测定等方法,探析研究区内植物群落物种组成与土壤养分特征,以及植物多样性指数与土壤养分的相关关系,以期为中国荒漠治理、生物资源保护与可持续性利用提供依据。结果显示:(1)研究区植物共86种,隶属61属21科,其中禾本科(18种)、豆科(16种)、菊科(13种)和藜科(11种)植物占总物种数的67.44%;(2)研究区土壤总体上呈碱性,pH值平均为8.81,全氮、全磷、有机质的质量分数(0-10 cm土层)分别为0.07-0.54、0.16-0.51、0.51-6.24 g·kg^-1;(3)研究区植物多样性指数中的Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与土壤pH值呈显著负相关,与其他土壤养分的相关关系未达到显著水平,其他植物多样性指数与土壤养分的关系均未达到显著水平。研究表明,宁夏东北部荒漠草原植物种类少,禾本科、豆科植物优势明显,土壤养分条件差,土壤全氮、全磷、有机质对植物多样性指数的影响不大。     

Changes in the dissolved nitrogen pool across land cover gradients in Wisconsin streams

Increases in anthropogenic nitrogen fixation have resulted in wide-scale enrichment of aquatic ecosystems. Existing biogeochemical theory suggests that N enrichment is associated with increasing concentrations of nitrate; however, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is often a major component of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) pool in streams and rivers, and its concentration can be significantly elevated in human-influenced basins. We examined N concentrations during summer base flow conditions in 324 Wisconsin streams to determine whether DON was a significant component of TDN and how its relative contribution changed across a gradient of increasing human (agriculture and urban) land use for 84 of these sites. Total dissolved nitrogen varied from 0.09 to 20.74 mg/L, and although DON was significantly higher in human-dominated basins relative to forested and mixed-cover basins, its concentration increased relatively slowly in response to increasing human land cover. This limited response reflected a replacement of wetland-derived DON in low-N streams by anthropogenic sources in human-dominated sites, such that net changes in DON were small across the land use gradient. Nitrate-N increased exponentially in response to greater human land cover, and NH4-N and NO2-N were present at low levels. Nitrite-N exceeded NH4-N at 20% of sites and reached a maximum concentration of 0.10 mg/L. This examination suggests that basic mechanisms driving N losses from old-growth forests subject to N saturation also shape the summertime N pool in Wisconsin streams, in addition to other processes dictated by landscape context. The overwhelming role of human land use in determining the relative and absolute composition of the summertime N pool included (1) rapid increases in NO3-N, (2) limited changes in DON, and (3) the unexpected occurrence of NO2-N. High (>3 mg/L) TDN conditions dominated by NO3-N, regardless of landscape context or forms of N inputs, indicate a state of "N hypersaturation", which appears to be increasingly common in human-influenced streams and rivers. Many sites in agriculturally rich areas had NO2-N and NO3-N concentrations that, if sustained, are at chronically toxic levels for sensitive aquatic biota, suggesting that N enrichment now has local consequences for resident stream biota in addition to contributing to coastal eutrophication.