Sb2O5/TiO2催化超声降解甲基橙溶液

采用实验室合成的Sb2O5掺杂TiO2作为催化剂,研究各种因素对甲基橙的超声催化降解反应的影响.结果表明,在Sb2O5掺杂TiO2催化剂作用下,甲基橙的超声催化降解效果明显优于单独使用TiO2的情况.1.5%掺杂量的催化剂,用量在1.0～1.5 g/L之间,超声波频率25 kHz,输出功率1.0 W/cm2,pH为1.0～3.0时,初始浓度为20 mg/L的甲基橙水溶液,100 min左右基本可全部降解,COD去除率达到99.0%以上.Sb2O5掺杂TiO2催化超声降解有机污染物的方法具有很好的应用前景.     

催化湿式过氧化物法(CWPO)降解间硝基苯磺酸钠动力学研究

为了优化反应条件及研究反应机理,利用不锈钢高压反应釜,采用催化湿式过氧化物法(CWPO)在不同温度、初始总有机碳(TOC)浓度、氧化剂及催化剂条件下对间硝基苯磺酸钠溶液进行降解处理,得到最优条件为温度200 ℃,初始TOC浓度2 560 mg/L,氧化剂30 mL及催化剂0.5 g.并采用Elovich方程和双常数方程对降解过程的单因素动力学数据进行了拟合,并建立了催化湿式氧化降解过程的多因素动力学方程.结果表明,上述方程均能较好地拟合催化湿式氧化的降解过程.同时分析了考察因素对TOC去除率的影响,其影响的顺序为:温度＞初始TOC浓度＞氧化剂＞催化剂.     

负载TiO2颗粒活性炭去除微囊藻毒素- LR的动力学

以活性炭为载体,采用溶胶凝胶法制备负载型的催化剂(TiO2/GAC),进行了有无紫外光降解和有无活性炭条件下的微囊藻毒素- LR( MCLR)降解试验.结果显示,在紫外光照射下,MCLR不会自身降解,且紫外光照对活性炭吸附性能无明显影响.此外,通过负载型催化剂对不同初始质量浓度的MCLR溶液的吸附和光催化降解试验,进行了Lagergreen准二级模型和颗粒内部扩散模型拟合催化剂的吸附去除动力学研究,应用Langmuir- Hinshelwood和Freundlich-Hinshelwood模型拟合光催化降解过程.结果表明,Lagergren准二级模型和Langmuir- Hinshdwood模型均能较好地描述TiO2/GAC对MCLR的吸附、光降解过程,Langmuir-H inshelwood模型中吸附平衡常数Kt值基本保持不变,约(0.057 0±0.0008)L/μg,降解速率常数k值随着初始质量浓度的增加有所下降.     

TiO2悬浆体系光催化降解酸性红B动力学分析

采用TiO2悬浆体系, 以高硼紫外灯为光源, 考察了酸性红B 光催化降解中溶液初始质量浓度、催化剂投加量、无机盐、空气通入量、pH 值对光催化降解速率影响.用Langmuir-hinshelwood 方程描述酸性红B光催化动力学行为. 结果表明:初始质量浓度增加, 反应由一级向零级过渡; 催化剂投加量在0.5～2.5 g/L时, 30 mg/L酸性红B一级反应速率常数与投加量成线性关系; 5种溶解性无机盐对光催化降解酸性红B存在抑制作用, 阴离子影响大于阳离子; 通入空气影响动力学行为, 改变反应级数.本实验在pH 值为3时光催化降解效果最佳, 且酸性条件下比碱性下条件效果更好;TiO2表面吸附能力随pH 值增大而减弱,光催化过程控制步骤在酸性和碱性条件不同.     

乐果UV-TiO_2光催化降解产物对LGX9敏感菌株的毒性

为准确反映乐果UV-TiO2光催化液对环境生物的毒性作用,以乐果敏感菌株LGX9为受试对象,研究了TiO2、H2O2、Fe2+、通入空气、初始pH值等因素对乐果UV-TiO2光催化液降解率及抑菌率的影响规律。结果表明,当乐果初始质量浓度为200 mg/L、反应温度为30℃时,在反应体系TiO2质量浓度1.0 g/L、H2O2浓度0.025 mol/L、Fe2+浓度0.002 mol/L,且以3.5 L/min通入空气、初始pH值为1的条件下,反应1 h后,乐果降解率为92.70%,对LGX9菌株生长已无抑制作用。研究表明,利用乐果敏感菌株LGX9可以有效反映乐果光催化降解液对环境的毒性作用。     

TiO2悬浮体系光催化降解壬基酚的研究

研究了以悬浮态TiO2为催化剂,在H2O2存在的条件下,壬基酚的光催化降解反应.分别研究了pH值、TiO2和H2O2的加入量、壬基酚的初始质量浓度以及光照时间对降解反应的影响.结果表明:在pH=5,30 mg/L的H2O2中,初始质量浓度为20 mg/L壬基酚的溶液光照180min后,降解率达54.42%.     

活性炭负载TiO2光催化剂的制备及光催化性能的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2/活性炭(TiO2/AC)复合光催化剂,并考察载体粒度、浸渍时间、煅烧温度对其光催化降解腐殖酸性能的影响,确定了最佳条件.利用XRD(X射线衍射)、氮吸附等手段对复合催化剂的物理特性进行了表征;探讨了催化剂投加量、重复使用次数等因素对光催化降解腐殖酸反应的影响.结果表明:试验制备的TiO2/AC复合催化剂具有大的比表面积,纳米TiO2晶粒为锐钛矿型且尺寸较小;催化剂投加量为2 g/L、反应3 h,可去除腐殖酸溶液的UV254值96%,具有比简单悬浮体系更高的光催化性能.     

掺Fe金红石TiO2的制备及其可见光催化活性的评价研究

为提高金红石型TiO2的可见光吸收性能和光催化活性,以FeC2O4为Fe源,用浸渍法制备了掺铁金红石TiO2光催化剂。采用XRD、UV-Vis等手段对催化剂进行表征;以阿特拉津为目标污染物,在Vis/H2O2条件下对其催化活性进行了评估。结果表明,Fe以Fe2O3的形式负载在金红石型TiO2的表面;掺铁后金红石型TiO2显著拓宽了其可见光的吸收范围;煅烧温度为400℃时制得的光催化剂Fe-R-400℃的粒径结构和光催化活性最好。以Fe质量分数为1%的Fe-R-400℃作为光催化剂,控制反应体系的初始pH=3,催化剂投加质量浓度为1 g/L,H2O2初始浓度为1 mmol/L,经可见光照射反应15 min后,对初始质量浓度为10 mg/L的阿特拉津的去除率可达95.7%。催化剂循环试验表明,Fe在金红石TiO2表面负载比较牢固,催化剂具有较好的稳定性和重复使用性能。     

铋酸钠可见光光催化氧化水中苯胺的研究

采用铋酸钠为催化剂,在可见光条件下光催化氧化处理苯胺,分别采用单因子试验和正交因子试验研究了苯胺初始浓度、苯胺废水初始pH值、催化剂投加量对氧化效果的影响,分析了光催化动力学模型和动力学速率方程。结果表明,铋酸钠光催化氧化能够快速降解水中的苯胺,试验中各条件下苯胺的降解率2h后最低也可达到60%以上,一些条件下甚至可达95%以上;正交试验表明最佳运行条件为pH=5,催化剂投加量为1 g/L,苯胺初始质量浓度为20 mg/L;铋酸钠光催化氧化苯胺符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood一级动力学模型及其动力学速率方程;苯胺初始质量浓度从20 mg/L增加到60 mg/L时,反应速率从0.040 2min-1降至0.022 2 min-1。     

SO2-4、TiO2/NCF复合催化剂对甲基橙的光催化脱色研究

采用sol-gel法合成的TiO2粉体制备了复合催化剂SO2-4/TiO2/NCF.利用太阳光和250W自镇流荧光高压汞灯作为光源,采用悬浆体系,通过对照实验,研究r复合催化刺SO2-4/TiO2-4/NCF 与纯TiO2、SO2-4/TiO2和TiO2/NCF对甲基橙水溶液的光催化脱色效果,初步考察了复合催化剂投加量的影响.在实验条件下,太阳光激发的2g/L的复合催化剂的脱色速率最高,达0.1112min-1,其次为250W自镇流荧光高压汞灯激发的4g/L的复合催化剂的脱色速率,达0.04547min-1.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。