强化垂直流可渗透反应墙处理渗滤液污染物

针对垃圾渗滤液污染物组分多、处理难度大、可生化性差的特点,基于可渗透反应墙(PRB)被动修复技术,通过多种填料的组合构建三重垂直流PRB强化的砂箱模型,对垃圾渗滤液进行连续动态处理研究。实验结果表明,填料的组合顺序对强化PRB系统净化能力有较大的影响,由无烟煤、沸石、钢渣依次组成的强化垂直流PRB系统(2#砂箱)对NH+4-N、NO-3-N、NO-2-N、COD、PO3-4-P的平均去除率分别为96.12%、30.36%、75.24%、39.03%和30.47%,处理效果明显好于相同条件下依次由无烟煤、钢渣、沸石组成的强化垂直流PRB系统(1#砂箱)。与常规PRB处理系统相比,强化垂直流可渗透反应墙系统可实现垃圾渗滤液中多种污染物同步有效去除,是极具发展潜力的新型技术。     

焦化废水特征有机污染物反硝化降解速率特征分析

以焦化废水特征有机污染物苯酚、喹啉、吡啶和吲哚为碳源,研究了不同C/N(COD/NO-3-N)比值进水条件下,反硝化过程中NO-2-N积累特征及反硝化动力学特征。结果表明,进水C/N比在2.5~17的条件下,均会出现NO-2-N积累的现象。当C/N比值为2.5时,NO-2-N出现稳定积累。基于完全反硝化且COD去除率最高的进水条件为,进水C/N比为6。随着C/N比值从2.5增至17,达到NO-2-N的最大积累量时间从140 min降至60 min,NO-2-N的最大积累率从51.7%降至23.1%。相同进水C/N比条件下,在NO-2-N积累阶段,NO-3-N比还原速率大于NO-2-N比还原速率,导致NO-2-N积累;在NO-2-N还原阶段,NO-3-N比还原速率小于NO-2-N比还原速率。不同进水C/N比条件下,在NO-2-N积累阶段,NO-2-N比积累速率基本不变,为0.072 g N/(g VSS·d)左右。不同进水C/N比值条件下,NO-2-N积累阶段的表观碳氮比均大于NO-2-N还原阶段的表观碳氮比。     

2种载体对厌氧同步消化、反硝化的影响

驯化培养的厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌分别在以网格间距为180μm的不锈钢网和塑料网的载体上附着成膜,研究两种载体上附着微生物对厌氧同步消化和反硝化去除有机污染物和含氮污染物的影响。以不锈钢网为载体的系统,COD和NO-3-N的去除效率分别为66.7%~97.0%和89.0%~100%;以塑料网为载体的系统,COD和NO-3-N的去除效率分别为55.7%~97.0%和81.7%~98.4%。两系统对NH+4-N的去除效果不明显,但出水中NO-2-N没有明显积累;连续运行16 d后,不锈钢网和塑料网表面附着的微生物量分别为(0.0204±0.0022)g和(0.0305±0.0017)g。仅反硝化菌附着成膜时,塑料网为载体的系统对COD和NO-3-N的去除效果好于不锈钢网为载体的系统,但均低于厌氧消化菌和反硝化菌附着成膜时。研究结果表明,以可导电不锈钢网为载体的系统,厌氧同步消化和反硝化协同去除有机污染物和硝态氮污染物的能力要好于不导电塑料网为载体的系统。     

渗滤液污染地下氧化还原环境与污染物衰减研究

通过土柱实验研究垃圾渗滤液污染地下氧化还原环境的分带现象与污染物的衰减规律.实验结果表明:垃圾渗滤液污染晕中出现了3个顺序氧化还原带,依次为铁还原带、硝酸盐还原带和氧还原带,各带标志性物质Fe3 、NO-2和O2的最高质量浓度分别为14.81、1.41、5.8 mg/L;COD与NH 4-N在监测区间内呈现出相似的衰减规律,随距离的增加浓度降低,随时间的推移浓度升高,COD初期最高去除率达76.8%,后期降到50.0%;NH 4-N初期最高去除率达98.1%,后期降到90.2%.     

天然水与28种市售饮用水中"三氮"和磷的调查

2004年8月,测定了海水、黄河水、小清河水、雨水、地下水以及17种瓶装矿泉水、9种瓶装纯净水和北京市、青岛市自来水中的"三氮" (NH 4-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N) 、无机磷、pH、DO等,发现天然水中NO-3-N过高,水体氮负荷增加,N/P最高达697,雨水pH最低为3.98,部分矿泉水NO-3-N比青岛市自来水还高,北京市自来水的NO-3-N高达8.53 mg/L,为所测饮用水之首.     

水力负荷对厌氧氨氧化反应器运行影响的研究

采用一套有效容积为4.46 L的UASB-ANAMMOX反应器,通过对水力负荷进行3个阶段的调节,研究水力停留时间对ANAMMOX反应器处理效果的影响.3个阶段的水力负荷分别为0.20～0.25、0.38～0.43、0.16～0.20 L/(Ld).在试验过程中,水力负荷的冲击对NH 4-N、NO-2-N的去除率影响明显.其中水力负荷为0.20～0.25 L/(L·d)时,NH 4-N、NO-2-N去除率都能达到99%以上;当水力负荷为0.38～0.43 L/(L·d)时,NH 4-N、NO-2-N去除率分别降至64%和62%;当水力负荷为0.16～0.20 L/(L·d)时,NH 4-N、NO-2-N去除率立刻分别回升至94%和97%.ANAMMOX反应过程中,NO-2-N和NH 4-N的去除量比值基本在1.3∶1.0左右变化,ANAMMOX反应的优势菌种代谢在运行过程中会将一部分NO-2-N转化为NO-3-N,水力负荷的改变对NO-3-N的出水浓度影响不大;但NO-3-N日生成量与水力负荷的大小成正比.试验表明,UASB-ANAMMOX反应器对水力负荷冲击有较强的抵抗力,但是仍会造成一定量的ANAMMOX反应的优势菌流失,使该反应器在短时间内不能恢复最佳的去除效果.     

花卉秸秆为碳源的潜流人工湿地对硝氮的去除及其负效应

可用有机碳源不足是限制低碳高硝氮废水反硝化脱氮效能的关键因素。采用4种常见花卉(康乃馨、玫瑰、百合、紫罗兰)的废弃秸秆作为有机碳源投加至垂直布设于潜流人工湿地前端的穿孔管中,考察并对比各系统对低碳高硝氮废水的脱硝效能及其氮转化情况。结果表明,投加花卉秸秆显著增强了人工湿地的NO-3-N去除效能,其中,康乃馨秸秆强化脱NO-3-N效能最佳,实验期间平均去除率为51.8%和每批次去除量873.4 mg;玫瑰秸秆最差,平均去除率为31.1%和每批次去除量535.0 mg。NO-3-N去除率均随运行时间的延长而逐渐下降。伴随NO-3-N的去除,系统内产生了一定量的NO-2-N和NH+4-N,其浓度均与NO-3-N去除率呈显著正相关(p0.05)。此外,花卉秸秆的投加使系统运行初期出水中的有机物含量偏高。以玫瑰秸秆为外加碳源产生的负效应最低。综合考虑碳源投加的正负效应,康乃馨秸秆为本实验条件下的最佳碳源,玫瑰秸秆则应增加投加量以达到更好的应用效果。     

运用GC—MS联用技术对垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物成分的分析

通过测定垃圾填埋场渗滤液的色度、BOD5、CODCr、TOC、NH3—N、NO2^-—N、NO3^-—N、TKN、TP、总硬度等指标来分析渗滤液的水质特性。利用GC—MS联用技术对渗滤液中有机污染物的组分进行了鉴定，共检测出主要有机污染物63种。     

纳米铁与微生物联合去除地下水中的NO_3~--N

采用实验模拟装置考察油酸包覆型纳米铁、反硝化细菌及其组合方法处理地下水NO-3-N效果与反应产物的变化特征。结果表明,在模拟地下水溶解氧(0.50 mg/L)、温度(15℃)和黑暗环境中,2 g油酸包覆型纳米铁与70 mg/L NO-3-N反应,11 d后NO-3-N去除率为86.4%,其中74.7%的还原产物为NH+4-N,1.7%为NO-2-N,N2生成量仅占10%;反硝化细菌体系中,反应6 d后NO-3-N去除率为78.6%,此时未检测到NH+4-N,而NO-2-N达到最大值,为60.1%,仅有18.5%的N2生成;在油酸包覆型纳米铁-反硝化细菌耦合体系中,6 d后NO-3-N去除率达到80.3%,其中NH+4-N占17.6%,NO-2-N为30.1%,N2为32.6%。因此,比较3种材料对NO-3-N降解效果及产物得出,在地下水环境中,油酸包覆型纳米铁-反硝化细菌组合方法对地下水NO-3-N的去除效果最好,产物主要是N2,减少了还原产物NH+4-N对地下水造成的二次污染。     

生活垃圾焚烧发电厂渗滤液蒸发浓缩处理

垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液因水质复杂,NH3-N、COD和电解质含量高等特点,成为一种难处理有机废水。采用负压蒸发浓缩法对渗滤液及电絮凝预处理渗滤液的处理进行了对比研究,并考查了浓缩比、pH等因素的影响。研究结果表明,电絮凝预处理不能改变渗滤液中COD、NH3-N的蒸发去除规律,即蒸发处理过程中,蒸发冷凝液中COD在蒸发前期和后期含量较高,蒸发中期较低;而NH3-N含量在蒸发处理前期较高,中后期含量较低。pH对蒸发处理影响较大,在酸性pH下COD去除率较低,但NH3-N去除率较高,可达95%以上,而在中碱性pH下,COD去除率增高,NH3-N去除率降低。渗滤液及电絮凝预处理渗滤液的一次蒸发冷凝液,经过二次蒸发处理后,冷凝液中COD和NH3-N含量均能达到一级排放标准,即分别低于100 mg/L和15 mg/L。     

The biological treatment of landfill leachate using a simultaneous aerobic and anaerobic (SAA) bio-reactor system

A set of simultaneous aerobic and anaerobic (SAA) bio-reactor system was used for the removal of organic pollutants and ammonia in the landfill leachate generated from Datian Shan Landfill in Guangzhou, China. The influent concentrations of COD and NH(4)(+)-N were 1000-3300 and 80-230 mg L(-1), respectively. The average effluent concentrations of COD and NH(4)(+)-N were 131 and 7 mg L(-1), respectively. The concentrations of COD and NH(4)(+)-N had reached the Chinese second grade effluent standard (COD<300 mg L(-1), NH(4)(+)-N<25 mg L(-1)) for this kind of wastewater. Gas chromatogram-mass spectrum (GC/MS) analysis was used to measure the organic pollutants in the landfill leachate. About 87 organics were detected in this landfill leachate, and 16 of them belong to the list of environmental priority pollutants established by the US Environmental Protection Agency. About 31 of the 87 organic pollutants were completely removed by the SAA bio-reactor, the concentrations of further 14 organic pollutants were reduced by more than 80%, and the removal efficiencies of the other 25 organic pollutants were over 50%.     

太湖湖滨带的缓冲效果

在以农田．防护林．鱼塘为主的农业缓冲带一宜兴周铁太湖湖滨带内,比较和分析了不同降水时期和不同鱼塘排水时期湖滨带的缓冲效果。结果显示湖滨带的主要污染物是有机污染物、TN和Chla,尤其是有机污染物;TP污染相对较轻,NH4＋-N和BOD5污染很少。太湖湖滨带对N、P、COD等指标均有一定的缓冲效果,但对不同指标的缓冲能力不同,其中对N的缓冲效果更为明显。除COD外,湖滨带出水口基本可以达到IV类水水平。同时,强降雨导致大量污染物进入水体,导致水体污染物输出浓度显著增高,最为突出的是TN、TP和有机污染物。在垂直于太湖段,除NO3--N和NO2--N浓度略微下降外,其他水质指标均呈上升趋势。因此,该湖滨带的缓冲能力不足以净化来自地表和鱼塘的污染物质。在平行于太湖段。除NO3--N和NO2--N浓度逐步增高外,其他水质指标均呈下降趋势,说明包括河流在内的整个湖滨带的缓冲能力较高,净化作用大于湖滨带纳入的污染物质,缓冲效果好。鱼塘排水对水体的影响非常明显,这种影响大概可以持续2周左右。通过对不同时期的采样结果进行显著性分析,发现COD差异性不显著,且含量高,即有机污染物在各时期都是主要污染物。在鱼塘放水时期（已进入冬季）,各指标下的采样点之间均不显著,湖滨带的缓冲作用较低。     

低COD/N-NH_4比废水的同时硝化反硝化生物处理策略

从生化反应计量学出发 ,提出了对低 COD/ N- NH4比废水可以通过控制营养配比、调控溶解氧浓度和控制生物硝化及生物反硝化 ,经过 NO- 2 途径进行同时硝化反硝化的生物处理策略。对香港低 COD/ N- NH4比的垃圾渗漏水用同时硝化反硝化处理的成功实例进行了讨论     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液生物处理尾水的性质研究

采用多种先进测试分析仪器对不同月份的垃圾填埋场渗滤液生物处理尾水(简称渗滤液尾水)进行了全面的分析.结果表明,经生物处理后的渗滤液尾水难以进一步生物降解,仍然有很强的污染性,COD和NH3-N仍分别高达419～622、12.4～174.0 mg/L,未达到国家排放标准,且仍含有多种环境优先控制污染物.除有机物外,渗滤液尾水中还有部分无机类物质贡献COD,TN主要由无机氮构成.渗滤液生物处理的效果与温度关系密切,6、9月的处理效果明显好于3、12月.     

Laboratory study highlights the key influences of stormwater sediment thickness and bioturbation by tubificid worms on dynamics of nutrients and pollutants in stormwater retention systems

In urban area, the accumulation of polluted stormwater sediments (SWS) in retention ponds may be a source of dissolved pollutants and nutrients for the aquatic ecosystems. Our objective was to quantify the influence of the thickness of SWS layer and the occurrence of tubificid worms on organic matter processing (O(2) uptake and fluxes of NH(4)(+), NO(3)(-), PO(4)(3-), and dissolved organic carbon between sediment and water), releases of 17 PAHs and 4 heavy metals, and microbial characteristics. Results showed that oxidation of SWS organic matter (O(2) and NO(3)(-) uptakes) and releases of nutrients were significantly increased by the quantity of accumulated SWS and the worm bioturbation. Releases of acenaphtene and naphthalene from sediments were significantly increased by the thickness of the SWS layer. In contrast, tubificid worms did not promote the mobilization of pollutants. In conclusion, biological activities and stormwater sediment characteristics need to be assessed to quantify the fate of pollutants and nutrients in stormwater retention ponds.     

A novel design for anaerobic chemical oxygen demand and nitrogen removal from leachate in a semiaerobic landfill

The removal capacity of carbon and nitrogen from an artificial leachate was evaluated by using laboratory-scale columns, and a design was proposed to remove nitrogen more efficiently from a semiaerobic landfill. Five columns (i.e., two artificial municipal waste columns under anaerobic and semiaerobic conditions, an artificial construction waste column under semiaerobic conditions, and two crushed stone columns under anaerobic and semiaerobic conditions) were used. The influent load rates of organics [g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m3 x day], NH4+, NO3- and aeration conditions for the columns were varied, and the removal capacities of the columns for COD, NH4+-N, and NO3--N were measured. Among the packed column materials, crushed stone was shown to be most effective in removing COD, NH4+ N, and NO3--N from artificial leachate. Average removal rates of crushed column under the semiaerobic condition (column D) for COD and NH4+-N were estimated at about 150 g COD/m3 x day and 20 g COD/m3 x day, while those of crushed column under anaerobic condition (column E) for COD and NO3--N at about 400 and 150 g COD/m3 x day, respectively. It also was found that denitrification and nitrification reactions in column D occurred at the same time, and the ratio of denitrification to nitrification was estimated to be about 80%. Therefore, an anaerobic structure, which could be attached to the bottom of a main pipe in a semiaerobic landfill, is suggested to remove nitrogen and organic substances more effectively.     

渗滤液中污染物的粒度分布及其应用

渗滤液是一种难于处理的废水.论述了渗滤液中污染物的粒度分布.指出了不同粒度污染物中胶体态组分富含难降解有机物和重金属,其性质稳定,含量较高,对渗滤液的处理工艺选择和去除效果影响重大.最后对渗滤液的资源化进行了初步探讨.     

渗滤液中污染物的粒度分布及其应用

渗滤液是一种难于处理的废水.论述了渗滤液中污染物的粒度分布.指出了不同粒度污染物中胶体态组分富含难降解有机物和重金属,其性质稳定,含量较高,对渗滤液的处理工艺选择和去除效果影响重大.最后对渗滤液的资源化进行了初步探讨.     

Occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in municipal solid waste landfill leachates from western China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Landfill leachate has been documented as a significant source of trace organic pollutants, comprising an expansive family of per- and polyfluoroalkyl...     

Summer-time distribution of air pollutants in Sequoia National Park, California

Concentrations of air pollutants were monitored during the May November 1999 period on a network of forested sites in Sequoia National Park, California. Measurements were conducted with: (1) active monitors for nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3); (2) honeycomb denuder/filter pack systems for nitric acid vapor (HNO3), nitrous acid vapor (HNO2), ammonia (NH3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate nitrate (NO3-), ammonium (NH4+), and sulfate (SO4(2-)); and (3) passive samplers for O3, HNO3 and NO2. Elevated concentrations of O3 (seasonal means 41-71 ppb), HNO3 (seasonal means 0.4-2.9 microg/m3), NH3 (seasonal means 1.6-4.5 microg/m3), NO3 (1.1-2.0 microg/m3) and NH4+ (1.0-1.9 microg/m3) were determined. Concentrations of other pollutants were low. With increasing elevation and distance from the pollution source area of O3, NH3 and HNO3 concentrations decreased. Ammonia and NH4+ were dominant N pollutants indicating strong influence of agricultural emissions on forests and other ecosystems of the Sequoia National Park.