关于重点排污单位名录制定和使用过程中存在的问题及建议

2017年11月,原环境保护部办公厅发布《关于印发重点排污单位名录管理规定(试行)的通知》,对重点排污单位的基本管理要求和筛选条件作出了详细规定。重点排污单位是国家重点监控企业的替代和延续,成为当前排污许可制度尚未完全成熟阶段环境管理的重要抓手。重点排污单位名录聚焦影响环境质量的主要污染物、排污大户和重大风险源,由设区的市级地方人民政府生态环境主管部门确定,有利于压实地方环保责任。在名录制定和使用过程中存在着部分指导性文件存疑、名录重点不突出、部分重点排污单位无法安装自动监测设备、不能满足新的环境监管需求、名录更新时间滞后、缺少罚则等问题,本文就此进行了深入分析并提出了几点建议。     

Environmental Justice in Indian Country: Dumpsite Remediation on the Swinomish Indian Reservation

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines environmental justice as the “fair treatment for people of all races, cultures, and incomes, regarding the development of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.” The last decade has focused considerable national attention on the environmental pollution inequity that persists among the nation’s poorest communities. Despite these environmental justice efforts, poor communities continue to face adverse environmental conditions. For the more than 550 Native American communities, the struggle to attain environmental justice is more than a matter of enforcing national laws equitably; it is also a matter of a federal trust duty for the protection of Indian lands and natural resources, honoring a promise that Native American homelands would forever be sustainable. Equally important is the federal promise to assist tribes in managing their reservation environments under their reserved powers of self-government, an attribute that most distinguishes tribes from other communities. The PM Northwest, Inc. (PMNW) dumpsite is located within the boundaries of the Swinomish Indian Reservation in Washington State. Between approximately 1958 and 1970, PMNW contracted with local oil refineries to dispose of hazardous wastes from their operations at the reservation dumpsite. Almost two decades would pass before the Swinomish tribe was able to persuade EPA that a cleanup action under Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) was warranted. This article reviews the enduring struggle to achieve Indian environmental justice in the Swinomish homeland, a process that was dependent upon the development of the tribe’s political and environmental management capacity as well as EPA’s eventual acknowledgement that Indian environmental justice is integrally linked to its federal trust responsibility.     

用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术监测纳污水体毒性的研究

用蚕豆初生根尖细胞微核技术监测污染的水系统，1986年已被国家环保局编入《环境监测技术规范》（水环境部分），并已在全国推广使用。现在利用这一测试方法对大庆南线排水干渠进行监测，从对生物的毒性角度出发，评价油田30年开发以来水体的污染程度，为环境管理和防治提供了新的科学依据。     

企业环境责任评价体系及成果应用分析

随着环境保护部近年来众多环保举措的提出,企业的环境责任研究引起了学者和相关政府机构的重视。企业环境责任评价有利于提高企业环保意识和规范企业的环境行为,但目前仍缺乏相关机构对企业环境责任评价体系的独立研究和实践。本文通过对国内外企业环境责任的研究现状进行分析,引入了企业环境责任评价的必要性;在相关概念界定的基础上构建了企业环境责任评价指标体系,最后对评价成果的应用进行了探讨和研究。     

论省级生态环境保护督察制度的完善

中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅在2019年出台了《中央生态环境保护督察工作规定》,将省级生态环境保护督察制度法治化,并提出常态化实施的要求。作为一项新的改革举措,省级生态环境保护督察在实践中面临许多问题,照搬中央生态环境保护督察的形式难以取得明显实效,存在定位不准、措施不当、保障不力等问题。为此,要在明确督察的内涵和作用方式的基础上,从做好中央生态环境保护督察的补充和延伸的角度出发,提出省级生态环境保护督察的定位、工作程序要点和配套制度建设的需求,为下一步地方完善生态环境保护督察制度提供指导。     

Binational management of hazardous waste: The maquiladora industry at the US-Mexico border

Foreign-owned industry in the form of assembly plants, termed maquiladora, has become very important in Mexico to the extent that it represents the second largest source of foreign exchange and is a valuable source for employment and regional development. The economic prosperity gained from the rapid growth of the maquiladora industry has been accompanied by increased environmental and human health risks associated with generation of hazardous waste. Diversification of industry has resulted in the predomination of those sectors that likely use hazardous substances. The Mexicali-Calexico border region was selected to demonstrate the potential for environmental and health risks associated with the generation of hazardous waste. Estimates for the generation of hazardous waste were obtained from 34 maquiladora plants in Mexicali, represented by the electronic and electrical equipment and parts, mechanical and transportation equipment, and toys and sporting equipment sectors. Repeated detection of volatile organic compounds in the New River at the US-Mexico border suggests that hazardous waste from the printed circuit board industry in Mexicali is not being disposed of in a proper manner. Potential adverse health effects, such as carcinogenic and mutagenic responses associated with the detected volatiles, are discussed. US and Mexico national legislation and the Binational Environmental Agreement were examined for their adequacy to ensure proper management of hazardous waste generated by the maquiladora industry. Environmental policy options are presented that focus on: (1) increased environmental accountability of US parent companies for their maquiladora assembly plants in Mexico; and (2) more integration between US Customs and border states with the US Environmental Protection Agency to improve the binational management of hazardous waste generated by the maquiladora industry.     

Development of an integrated environmental data base

The ability to access information for use in decision making is a well-recognized need within the context of management sciences. A similar need exists in order to make effective technical decisions pertaining to environmental resource management. Data bases are the principle vehicle by which scientists, engineers, and resource managers store and access environmental information. An integrated data-base mechanism is essential in order for federal agencies to manage programs such as enforcement of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), state of the environment (SOE) reporting, and the environmental assessment and review process (EARP). A data-base structure and data dissemination mechanism under current development within Environment Canada, Conservation and Protection, Atlantic Region, is presented along with some of its operational benefits and constraints.     

THE STATE OF LOUISIANA SUPERPORT AUTHORITY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PLAN – OIL AND OYSTERS1

ABSTRACT: The State of Louisiana created in 1972 the Deep Draft Harbor and Terminal Authority (commonly called Superport Authority) to plan, promote, and develop a deepwater (crude oil) terminal off the coast of Louisiana, and empowered it to establish an Authority development program to promote the economic and social welfare of its citizens. Simultaneously, the Authority was also charged with developing an environmental protection plan to preserve the environmental values of Louisiana's unique coastal marshland while permitting beneficial industrial and economic development. Consequently, in January 1974, an Environmental Protection Plan was promulgated, consisting of a series of regulations, design standards, and operating procedures aimed specifically at protecting the fragile estuarine environment of coastal Louisiana during the construction and ultimate operation of the superport. The paper describes the development of the Superport Authority's Environmental Protection Plan and the current status of the superport project.     

基于GIS油田环境监测信息管理系统的研究和应用

以大庆油田为例,通过在区域环境安全信息管理与建筑物环境安全信息管理系统中采用环境地理信息系统(EGIS),构建大庆油田环境地理信息系统(DOFESIMS),并阐述了其技术结构、数学模型、功能及功能扩展,为区域环境安全信息管理的规划与实现提供科学依据。在实现对油田环境有效管理的基础上,对大庆油田污染物排放进行了预测与分析,并将结果进行空间可视化展示,以此证明环境地理信息系统可有效解决区域环境安全的信息管理。     

土壤环境质量管理体系构建的战略思考

经过数十年的努力,国家土壤环境质量管理体系正在从无到有,从弱到强,从偏到正,在国家环境质量管理体系中的地位越来越显著。在土壤环境质量管理体系中,土壤环境质量是体系的决策核心和实现目标,是衡量实施力度和保障措施的直接标尺;政府主导、企业担责、公众参与、市场调节是土壤环境质量管理体系的组织执行主体,共同开启了"四元共治"的局面;法律完善、风险管控、高效实施、强力监管、科技应用是实现土壤环境质量改善、土壤环境质量体系完善的保障手段。本文旨在根据土壤环境质量保护历程和基础理论,从决策核心、执行主体、保障手段三个层面提出了土壤环境质量管理体系的建设构想,在新的形势下,土壤环境质量管理体系的构建更需要统筹规划和创新设计。     

罗布泊野骆驼自然保护区生态环境问题及恢复措施

当今世界人们最为关注的问题之一是生物多样性的保护,任何一种物种的消亡都是对我们这个世界的一种巨大损失.为保护世界极旱荒漠区的新疆罗布泊野骆驼,在国家环保总局的支持和全球环境基金会、联合国环境规划署、野骆驼保护基金会等国际组织的资助下,新疆政府成立了罗布泊自然保护区.但是由于人为活动因素和大气候环境的变化,该区域生存的野骆驼等野生动物栖息地环境也发生了不利的变化,为了改善野骆驼的饮水和觅食环境,保护区采取了打井等多种管理措施.对保护区目前野骆驼生存环境的变化进行剖析,并介绍生态恢复措施等.     

The computers and electronics industry alternative system of environmental protection: A new pilot program

New systems approaches by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have attempted to prevent and limit environmental damages through multimedia management of resources, energy, and environmental impacts, while engaging communities, environmental groups, facilities, industries, states, and local agencies. Collectively these diverse interests have begun to partner with corporate management to work toward a shared vision of how multimedia management and multistakeholder participation can best evolve in concert with environmental management system approaches. This article analyzes one industry-specific program under the Common Sense Initiative, called an Alternative System of Environmental Protection (ASEP) for the Computers and Electronics Subcommittee. The significance of this working group's attempt to increase regulatory flexibility lies in its collective establishment of an alternative regulatory framework for an entire industry. Contrary to many other EPA single-facility pilot programs, this method cuts across the entire computer and electronics industry. The group hopes to achieve sector-wide regulatory improvements through a process providing funding for shared research, dynamic feedback, and technical assistance, while engaging in multistakeholder relationships with communities, workers, local governmental agencies, and other stakeholders.     

建设项目环境影响评价中的清洁生产分析

清洁生产是目前公认的工业污染控制的最佳途径，国家环保局已经明确要求将其纳入建设项目环境影响评价中。本文结合建设项目环境影响评价，对清洁生产和项目环境影响评价的关系进行了分析，阐述了项目环评阶段推行清洁生产的可操作性。     

景观生态学在建设项目生态环境影响评价中的应用

景观生态学目前是国家环境保护总局《非污染生态影响评价技术导则》引入的概念框架和理论方法。本文通过景观生态学在不同性质建设项目中的运用分析,进行了一定的尝试,更加希望在今后建设项目生态环境影响评价工作中得到修正和完善。     

Managerial conceptions of environmental responsibility

Summary In order for business and industry to exercise environmental responsibility in their daily operations and practices, it is necessary for company personnel at all levels to be aware of and committed to the implementation of environmental policies. This study used a phenomenographic approach to explore different ways in which company executives understand and apply environmental responsibility in their managerial roles. Ten senior managers located in three large industrial companies were interviewed and encouraged to express their own interpretation of the phenomenon of environmental responsibility. Four distinct conceptions emerged from the data which differ according to the preferred methods of expressing environmental responsibility within a business setting and the perceived motivations underlying corporate environmental action.Environmental responsibility may be conceived as: (1) an internal proactive undertaking by the company; (2) a reactive response to external community pressures; (3) a negotiated responsibility based on balance and compromise between competing demands; or (4) a collective responsibility involving cooperation amongst companies, government and the wider community. These findings provide a realistic perspective on the phenomenon of management behaviour towards the environment. They form the basis for development of education programmes which will assist managers to adopt and implement environmentally responsible practices within their companies. Further research to extend this knowledge base is recommended.     

独立统一的生态环境监测评估体制改革方案研究

加快构建独立统一的生态环境监测评估体制,对推进贯彻党的十八届三中全会提出的独立进行环境监管和行政执法的战略部署、落实新环保法赋予生态环境监测的新任务具有重要的意义。本文在梳理我国生态环境监测管理体制现状基础上,剖析了现行监测体制中存在的问题,分析了建立独立统一的生态环境监测体制的必要性。根据强化统一性、权威性、独立性和现实出发原则,本文提出改革分两步走:第一步在环境保护部挂牌成立生态环境监测局,先行推进省级以下监测系统垂直管理;第二步配合生态环境保护大部制改革,成立国家生态环境监测与评估局并对地方监测系统实行全国垂直管理。     

Education on environmental law

Summary The current views on whether environmental law is a subject of study at the Universities is discussed in this paper. The author traces the development of environmental law, and maintains that legal science is one, and that it has been grounded into branches for teaching and research purposes. A case for the teaching of environmental law at the universities is made. A teaching programme is suggested which brings out the relationships of environmental law with ecology, social science, economics, management science, technology and other branches of legal science.Born in Argentina, with a Doctor of Law from the University of Buenos Aires. Has held professorships in Water and Mining Laws, Agrarian and Mining Law, Natural Resources Law, in several universities in Argentina. He was a visiting professor in the period 1967–71, at Delft Technological Institute, The Netherlands.From 1969–70, he was Secretary of State for Water Resources of Argentina, and in 1970, Vice-Chairman of the UN Committee on Natural Resources. Consultant on Environmental Law for FAO in 1970. He is at present (1980–82) President of the International Water Resources Association.He has been a member of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Policy, Law and Administration since 1978, is President of the Inter American Commission on Environmental Law and Administration, and Regional Governor (Latin America) of the International Council on Environmental Law.In 1978 he was awarded the Elizabeth Haub Prix on Environmental law.He is author of several books and papers on environmental, natural resources and water laws. These include Code on Natural Resources (Province of Corrientes Argentina, 1980) and co-author of Code on the Renewable Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, Colombia, 1974.     

中央生态环境保护督察制度回顾与展望

中央生态环境保护督察是党中央、国务院推进生态文明建设和生态环境保护工作的重大制度创新。《中央生态环境保护督察工作规定》于近期正式出台,首次以党内法规形式明确了生态环境保护督察的制度框架、程序规范、权限责任等。从发展历程来看,我国生态环境保护督察大致经历了督企为主、督政督企并举、党政同责三个阶段。生态环境保护督察具有突出政治站位、压实责任,坚持问题导向、强化震慑,突出边督边改、取信于民等基本特征。为强化成果应用,全面准确把握当前我国生态环境保护工作的重点难点,本文设置7个一级指标和18个二级指标对首轮中央生态环境保护督察所指问题的分布特征进行统计分析,初步剖析问题产生原因,并从督察对象、督察内容和督察体制方面对第二轮中央生态环境保护督察进行了展望。     

我国环境污染导致健康损害的赔偿保障体系思考

本文就我国现有法律法规体系、技术现状及组织体系进行剖析。结果表明,我国环境污染导致健康损害赔偿的法律支撑体系严重不足,亟需出台适合我国国情的《环境损害赔偿法》,从法律层面对整个健康损害的赔偿保障体系进行明确指导。针对现有健康损害赔偿的技术支撑体系严重缺乏、认定机构的人员队伍建设薄弱等现状,本文提出应加大相关组织队伍建设,以提高环境损害的技术支撑能力。此外,还需要建立一个更高级别的专业的环境健康污染损害、赔偿与协调机构。该机构应是由国家多部门(环境保护部、保监会、财政部、卫生部、司法部等)共同认可的第三方仲裁机构,且具备独立的性质,负责污染导致的损失评估、责任认定、事故处理、资金赔付等各项仲裁工作。     

进口废塑料环境保护管理研究

随着塑料资源的大量消耗,废塑料的利用引起了社会的高度重视。工艺简单,投入成本少,入行门槛低导致部分废塑料加工利用企业技术水平低、管理模式差、环境污染重。为规范进口废塑料行业,通过调研统计、实验分析、咨询论证和研究了进口废塑料环境保护管理规定,对进口废塑料企业的规模、设备、人员和管理等方面提出了要求,为进一步规范提升进口废塑料行业提供技术支撑。