南京和宜兴市土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的纵向分布

采集了江苏省南京和宜兴市的土壤剖面样品,用高效液相色谱分析了16种PAHs在土壤样品中的含量,研究了PAHs在土壤剖面中的纵向分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,在采样点土壤0～10cm的表土中16种PAHs总量最高,为280.8～717.1μg/kg,随着土壤剖面的加深PAHs总量减少,在70～80cm土层中为8.7～97.5μg/kg。不同PAHs组分在土壤中分布的特点不同,低环的PAHs(≤3环)含量在0～80cm土层中都有分布且随土壤深度加深而减少,而高环的PAHs(≥4环)主要分布在0～30cm土层中,30cm以下土层中含量较少甚至检测不到。相关分析表明,在每个土壤剖面中PAHs总量与其土壤有机碳含量显著相关,PAHs在农田土壤剖面中的纵向分布与土壤有机碳含量、PAHs的理化性质有很大的关系。     

快速溶剂萃取GC/MS-SIM法测定土壤中15种多环芳烃

文章采用全自动快速溶剂萃取仪,对土壤实际样品中多环芳烃进行萃取,将萃取液进一步浓缩、脱水、净化、定容,最后通过GC/MS-SIM法对其中15种多环芳烃浓度进行检测。该方法测定的15种多环芳烃在5.00～800.00μg/L曲线浓度范围内平均相对相应因子小于20%,方法检出限为0.02～0.17μg/kg,测定下限为0.07～0.69μg/kg,目标物相对标准偏差分别为2.7%～7.9%,土壤实际样品加标回收率为42%～128%。该方法相对国家标准检测方法检出限低,灵敏度和回收率高,准确、快速、便捷,适合于大批量土壤检测工作。     

磷肥中镉的环境风险及生物有效性分析

通过对159个市售磷肥样品中重金属Cd总量和有效态含量的检测,分析了其环境风险和生物有效性。结果表明,磷肥中重金属Cd总量和有效态含量的平均值分别为0.77和0.14 mg/kg肥料;以P_2O_5为基础计算,Cd总量和有效态含量的平均值分别为4.48和0.89 mg/kg P_2O_5。根据肥料中砷、镉、铅、铬、汞生态指标标准限值(GB/T 23349-2009),只有1个磷酸二铵样品中Cd含量超过限值10mg/kg肥料。小麦盆栽试验结果表明,磷肥中Cd的生物有效性要显著低于无机盐中的Cd,无机Cd盐处理的小麦植物体内Cd的含量为磷肥处理的1.59~7.91倍。此外,以每年土壤中磷肥(以P2O5计)施用量为80 kg/hm2计算,以50%分位值分析,每年随磷肥施用带入耕层土壤中Cd的累积速率为0.052μg/(kg·a),50年后会使土壤中Cd的浓度增加2.57μg/kg,100年增加5.15μg/kg。     

缙云山不同林分下土壤有机碳及矿化特征

土壤有机碳库是陆地最大的有机碳储存库,其微弱的变化就能影响大气CO2浓度的显著变化,其中森林土壤碳库约占全球土壤碳库的70%,因此如何实现森林生态系统土壤有机碳库的高效管理成为目前的研究热点.本研究以缙云山5种典型林分:阔叶林、针叶林、针阔叶混交林、竹林及研究区内弃耕15 a的荒草地(对照土壤)为对象,采用矿化培养实验,分析了不同林分的土壤在不同土层(0～20、20～40、40～60、60～100 cm)中的有机碳矿化特征.结果表明,林分类型、培养时长和土层深度均对土壤有机碳矿化速率有显著影响.不同林分土壤有机碳矿化速率均随着土层加深而降低,其中0～20 cm土层的矿化速率[11. 97～25. 12 mg·(kg·d)-1]均显著高于其他土层(P 0. 05),其他土层间矿化速率[4. 79～6. 51mg·(kg·d)-1]无显著性差异. 5种林分的土壤有机碳累积矿化量均随着土层加深而降低,0～20 cm土层中竹林和阔叶林土壤有机碳累积矿化量最高,分别为177. 66 mg·kg~(-1)和120. 38 mg·kg~(-1),随着土层加深在60～100 cm土层中,针叶林累计矿化量最高达到了46. 96 mg·kg~(-1).双库一级动力学方程可以较好地拟合缙云山不同林分下土壤有机碳矿化过程,不同林分下土壤易分解有机碳含量均随土层加深而降低,针叶林土壤矿化能力较强,对难分解有机碳库的利用程度较高,而竹林和阔叶林土壤微生物活性较高,可以有效促进碳循环,提高土壤固碳能力.     

浙江近岸海域海水和沉积物中铬形态分布特征研究

本研究在浙江近岸4个海域开展同步采样和观测,分析海水和沉积物中铬（Cr）形态分布特征。结果表明,表层海水总Cr浓度范围为0.405～0.653μg/L,Cr(Ⅵ)浓度范围为0.009～0.087μg/L;底层海水总Cr浓度范围为0.426～0.638μg/L,Cr(Ⅵ)范围为0.005～0.099μg/L,海水中Cr形态含量分布与深度无相关性。沉积物中Cr含量范围为50～82 mg/kg,以残渣态为主;有效态Cr的含量大小依次为有机结合态Cr>铁锰氧化物结合态Cr>离子交换态Cr>碳酸盐结合态Cr;沉积物中水溶态Cr(Ⅵ)含量范围为2.99～11.71μg/kg,小于0.02 mg/kg。上述结果表明,浙江近岸海域环境存在一定程度的Cr污染,但水溶态Cr(Ⅵ)含量低,潜在风险较小。     

典型磺胺类抗生素在土柱中的淋溶规律研究

通过室内土柱淋溶试验,对2种磺胺类抗生素——磺胺嘧啶和磺胺甲基异噁唑在土壤中的淋溶行为,及其受到淋溶流速、淋溶浓度和不同剖面土壤理化性质的影响进行了研究.结果表明,随着剖面土层深度增加磺胺类抗生素的淋出速率变快且在土柱中的残留量减少,磺胺甲基异噁唑在0~20 cm土层土柱中的残留含量是其在40~60 cm土层土柱中的2倍.淋溶流速越快,淋出液中磺胺类抗生素浓度越大且在土柱中的残留含量越低.用浓度为500μg·L-1淋溶液以2 mL·min-1的速度淋溶时,淋出液中磺胺类抗生素的浓度接近500μg·L-1,而以1 mL·min-1和1.5 mL·min-1速度淋溶时,其浓度仅为100~200μg·L-1.随淋溶液浓度升高,磺胺类抗生素淋溶性增强,其在土柱中的残留含量也明显增高.用浓度为250μg·L-1和125μg·L-1淋溶液以2 mL·min-1进行淋溶时,磺胺甲基异噁唑在淋出液中仅有少量检出,而用浓度为500μg·L-1淋溶液淋洗时,其在淋出液中的浓度接近500μg·L-1,其在土柱中的残留含量是低浓度淋溶液淋溶时的2~3倍.本研究结论可为管理含磺胺类抗生素的水源灌溉方式提供理论依据.     

云南植烟土壤和烟叶中多环芳烃含量及评价

研究调查了云南省曲靖市和玉溪市部分地区植烟土壤及烟叶中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）含量,并对二者间相关性和污染程度等进行了分析。结果表明：除苊之外,15种PAHs均在土壤样品中检出,各单体检出率在6.90%～81.03%,PAHs总量在24.30～840.30μg/kg,平均值为115.97±203.60μg/kg,以4环及4环以上PAHs为主;单项污染指数评价结果表明,研究区域植烟土壤15种PAHs的BaPeq均不超标,但2个点的总BaPeq超标,属轻微污染。除二氢苊之外,15种PAHs在烟叶样品中普遍检出,各单体检出率在13.33%～100.00%,PAHs总量在81.90～1552.70μg/kg,平均值为480.44±418.78μg/kg,以3环及3环以下PAHs为主。Spearman检验法结果表明,烟叶中PAHs含量与土壤PAHs含量无相关性。     

高速路沿线土壤多环芳烃赋存特征及生态风险

文章以上海市5 条典型高速公路的通行段及收费站土壤为研究对象,对比分析其表层土壤中 15 种多环芳烃含量、组成分布特征,并以毒性当量法和风险熵值法评价其生态风险。结果表明,高速公路沿线表层土壤中∑₁₅PAHs 的含量为 150～18 160μg/kg,平均值为 3 529μg/kg,∑₇PAHs 含量占 PAHs 总量的 55.9%,占比相对较高。通行段土壤中∑₁₅PAHs 的含量为 150～1 951μg/kg,平均值为 590μg/kg;收费站土壤中∑₁₅PAHs的含量为421～18 160μg/kg,平均值为6 467μg/kg,收费站土壤中PAHs含量是通行段土壤的2.5～66.3倍,存在显著差异。高速公路沿线土壤中多环芳烃组成均以中高环为主,收费站土壤多环芳烃中环占比要高于通行段,其中荧蒽、苯并[a]蒽和芘单体占比明显更高,通行段土壤中茚并[123-cd]芘和苯并[ghi]苝占比较高。收费站土壤多环芳烃的生态风险高于通行段土壤,其中葛隆和临港2个收费站土壤中多环芳烃的总毒性当量分别为土壤风...     

缙云山不同林分下土壤有机碳及矿化特征

土壤有机碳库是陆地最大的有机碳储存库,其微弱的变化就能影响大气CO2浓度的显著变化,其中森林土壤碳库约占全球土壤碳库的70%,因此如何实现森林生态系统土壤有机碳库的高效管理成为目前的研究热点。本研究以缙云山5种典型林分:阔叶林、针叶林、针阔叶混交林、竹林及研究区内弃耕15 a的荒草地(对照土壤)为对象,采用矿化培养试验,分析了不同林分的土壤在不同土层(0~20、20~40、40~60、60~100 cm)中的有机碳矿化特征。结果表明,林分类型、培养时长和土层深度均对土壤有机碳矿化速率有显著影响。不同林分土壤有机碳矿化速率均随着土层加深而降低,其中0~20 cm土层的矿化速率[11.97~25.12 mg·(kg·d)-1]均显著高于其他土层(P0.05),其他土层间矿化速率[4.79~6.51mg·(kg·d)-1]无显著性差异。5种林分的土壤有机碳累积矿化量均随着土层加深而降低,0~20cm土层中竹林和阔叶林土壤有机碳累积矿化量最高,分别为177.66 mg·kg-1和120.38 mg·kg-1,随着土层加深在60~100 cm土层中,针叶林累计矿化量最高达到了46.96 mg·kg-1。双库一级动力学方程可以较好的拟合缙云山不同林分下土壤有机碳矿化过程,不同林分下土壤易分解有机碳含量均随土层加深而降低,针叶林土壤矿化能力较强,对难分解有机碳库的利用程度较高,而竹林和阔叶林土壤微生物活性较高,可以有效促进碳循环,提高土壤固碳能力。     

地膜覆盖对蔬菜地甲烷排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,通过1 a的田间原位观测,研究地膜覆盖对菜地生态系统土壤的水热条件、CH_4排放通量及各土层CH_4剖面浓度的影响.结果表明,地膜覆盖能显著提高春夏辣椒种植季的土壤温度(P0.01),而在秋冬萝卜种植季则改变不明显(P0.05);覆膜种植土壤含水率在萝卜季显著高于常规种植(P0.05),而在辣椒季则差异不显著(P0.05);在整个观测周期内,覆膜和常规种植条件下,土壤CH_4的排放通量均无明显变化规律,CH_4排放通量的均值分别为-7.64μg·(m~2·h)~(-1)和-9.00μg·(m~2·h)~(-1),整个观测期CH_4净吸收量分别为0.54 kg·hm~(-2)和0.64 kg·hm~(-2),表明地膜覆盖在一定程度上能削弱土壤作为CH_4汇的能力.在各土层CH_4浓度观测方面,发现两种种植方式在整个观测周期内各土层CH_4浓度变化趋势大致相同,表现为:10 cm20 cm30 cm,覆膜土壤CH_4浓度在20 cm、30 cm深土层显著低于常规种植(P0.05),而在10 cm土层差异不显著(P0.05).相关性分析结果表明,覆膜种植土壤CH_4的排放通量与5 cm地温显著正相关(P0.05),与土壤含水率之间显著负相关(P0.05),而在常规种植条件下,CH_4排放通量与地表温度、5 cm地温及土壤含水率均无相关性;两处理10 cm、20 cm土层CH_4浓度均与地表CH_4浓度呈显著正相关(P0.01),30 cm土层CH_4浓度与地表温度及5 cm地温均呈显著正相关,各土层CH_4浓度与土壤含水率无显著相关关系.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.