2016—2019年汾渭平原城市空气质量状况分析

基于2016—2019年全国城市环境空气质量国控监测点位自动监测数据,分析了汾渭平原城市空气质量状况。结果表明：2019年,汾渭平原优良天数比例为61.7%,略高于"2+26"城市,明显低于全国及其他区域,空气污染较重。2016—2019年,汾渭平原超标天数中PM_2.5、PM₁₀、O₃作为首要污染物的占比较高,PM_2.5、PM₁₀仍是影响汾渭平原空气质量的最主要污染物,O₃和NO₂的影响逐年升高。汾渭平原PM_2.5浓度呈夏季低、秋冬季高的特点,2019年与2016—2018年PM_2.5均值比较,1、2、4月分别偏高7.5%、36.7%、6.8%,其他月份均偏低,表明1、2、4月空气质量总体恶化,其他月份有所改善。汾渭平原O₃浓度呈夏季高、秋冬季低的特点,O₃浓度总体呈升高趋势,年平均升高10.3 μg/m³,临汾市年平均升幅最显著（26.7 μg/m³）,不同百分位O₃浓度均呈升高趋势,且高百分位浓度升幅明显高于低百分位浓度,年平均升幅最高出现在第90百分位浓度。2016—2019年,O₃单项污染物超标导致优良天数比例损失分别为5.4个百分点、13.0个百分点、11.1个百分点和14.4个百分点,总体呈上升趋势,表明O₃超标对空气质量影响越来越显著。煤炭消耗量、生铁产量、粗钢产量的大幅升高对空气质量有一定影响,建议加大对相关企业污染物的排放量检查,确保超低排放或采取可行的清洁能源替代。温度与O₃浓度呈正相关,2017—2019年,温度大于25 ℃的天数中94.2%出现在6—8月,O₃-8h超标天数占全部超标天数的81.4%,因此应加强温度较高月份的O₃管控。     

江苏省2014-2016年臭氧污染区域特征分析

分析2014—2016年江苏省O₃污染状况,以及苏北、苏中和苏南3个典型区域O₃年度、季度、日变化和频度占比等分布特征。结果表明,江苏省的O₃空间分布呈现北低南高,2014—2016年的O₃超标占比由18.4%上升至34.9%;2016年苏北、苏中和苏南地区O₃-8h第90百分位数与2014年相比,上升2.7%,21.8%和3.3%;3个区域夏季O₃-8h均值最高,春、秋2季次之,冬季最低;O₃-1h日变化呈单峰状态,最低值出现在06:00—07:00,最高值出现在15:00—16:00;2016年3个地区的O₃频度占比均呈正态分布,主要集中在40~80 μg/m³,所占比例均>15%;苏中和苏南区域2016和2014年相比O₃频率占比的变化幅度较大,苏北地区变化幅度不大。指出,江苏省的O₃污染程度在逐年提高,污染范围从苏南逐渐往中部和北部城市扩大。     

2013—2018年海口市区臭氧浓度变化特征

利用海口市区4个站点2013—2018年臭氧（O₃）逐时观测资料,分析了O₃不同时间尺度变化特征、超标情况及其与前体物NO₂和气象因子的关系。结果表明：海口市区O₃浓度总体偏低,但2013—2018年各站点均有明显的上升趋势,海大站、海师站、龙华站和秀英站的气候倾向率分别为1.26、3.84、3.02、2.93 μg/（m³·a）,其中海师站、龙华站和秀英站分别通过了95%、98%、90%的信度检验。秋、冬季海口市O₃浓度最高,其中10月O₃浓度月平均最大值出现的概率最大,最小值主要出现在8月。O₃浓度日变化表现为单峰型,早晨08：00前后O₃浓度最低,午后15：00最高。海大站超标率最高（2.82%）,海师站和龙华站次之,秀英站最小。4个站点的超标日O₃浓度均逐年上升,表明海口市O₃超标现象在恶化。O₃浓度与日照时间成正相关关系,与相对湿度成负相关关系。当相对湿度为60%~85%、日最高气温为20~30℃时,海口市发生O₃浓度超标的概率较高。     

2013—2022年全国环境空气质量变化特征

基于2013—2022年全国339个地级及以上城市环境空气质量监测数据，分析了10年来环境空气质量变化特征。结果表明，2013—2022年全国环境空气质量持续改善，74个重点城市ρ（PM_2.5）从2013年的68μg/m³降至2022年的29μg/m³，降幅为57.4%；一次排放污染物ρ（SO₂）和ρ（NO₂）10年降幅分别为71.9%和27.6%，ρ（CO）自2015年以来下降42.1%；全国ρ（O₃）波动变化，受高温干旱影响，2019和2022年ρ（O₃）为148和145μg/m³，其他年份ρ（O₃）在137~139μg/m³波动。全国74个重点城市优良天数比例从2013年的65.7%上升至2022年的83.0%，相当于10年间每个城市优良天数增加65d；重污染天数比例从2013年的7.9%下降至2022年的0.6%，重污染天数减少90%。2020—2022年，90%以上的非沙尘重污染天出现在秋冬季（11—12月和1—2月），夏秋季O₃超标问题对优良天数比例影响显著，建议进一步强化重点区域污染联防联控与重点城市大气污染防治，加强多污染物协同治理，推进空气质量持续改善。     

邯郸地区2017—2021年PM2.5和O3污染特征

利用实时监测数据分析2017—2021年邯郸市及周边区县PM_2.5和O₃污染特征。研究发现:2017—2021年各地区PM_2.5年均质量浓度持续降低,轻度及轻度以上污染逐渐减少;2017—2019年O₃污染加剧,2020年起O₃年均质量浓度逐年下降,污染天不断减少。PM_2.5和O₃-8 h分别在1月(平均浓度为127.3 μg/m³,平均超标22d)和6月(平均浓度为233.4 μg/m³,平均超标22 d)污染最严重。结合气象参数分析来看,PM_2.5与温度、风速和降水量呈显著负相关,与相对湿度呈显著正相关;O₃-8h与温度呈显著正相关,而与风速、湿度和降水量的相关性较弱。后向轨迹和潜在源分析表明:邯郸地区PM_2.5典型污染月受山西省中部地区污染传输影响最大,O₃典型污染月受河南省东部污染传输影响最大。     

山东省2015年PM2.5和O3污染时空分布特征

利用中国环境监测总站的城市空气质量自动监测数据,分析了2015年山东省细颗粒物（PM_2.5）和臭氧（O₃）污染的时空分布特征,并初步探讨了其与气象要素的相互关系。研究发现：山东省PM_2.5年均质量浓度和年超标天数的空间分布均呈现由东部向西部递增的趋势,半岛地区的浓度最低,其他地区浓度均较高,年均质量浓度最大值出现在德州（101 μg/m³）。各城市PM_2.5的月均质量浓度均呈现出季节性变化,冬季最高,夏季最低。O₃-8h年均值和O₃年超标天数的空间分布与PM_2.5不同,半岛地区污染天数最少,其次为南部地区,中部地区和西北部地区污染最为严重并且各区域的城市之间O₃污染情况存在较大差异,具有明显的局地性特征。O₃质量浓度在春末夏初最高,超标现象主要出现在5—8月。分析各城市PM_2.5污染和O₃污染的协同性与差异性发现,虽然不同城市之间两者污染情况存在一定差异,但整体上看,山东省大气复合污染特征明显,全年有10个城市的PM_2.5和O₃同时超标天数都在20 d以上,并且该现象主要发生在夏季。夏季高温低湿的大陆气团控制更有利于O₃和PM_2.5叠加共存形成复合型污染。温度≥26℃时,O₃-8 h与PM_2.5日均质量浓度的相关系数为0.63,相对湿度≤60%时,两者相关系数为0.69。此外,当在大陆气团的控制下发生O₃污染时,相对湿度的提高更有利于PM_2.5浓度的增加。     

江苏省2013-2016年臭氧时空分布特征

利用2013-2016年江苏省国控空气自动站获得的臭氧（O₃）观测数据,探讨江苏省O₃时空变化特征。结果表明,自2013年以来江苏省大气氧化剂OX （O₃和NO₂）和O₃浓度呈逐年升高趋势,升高速率分别为0.98×10^-9a^-1和3.70 μg/（m³·a）,O₃增幅在我国处于较高水平。在O₃空间分布上,东部沿海O₃浓度相对高于西部内陆,O₃浓度高值由沿海地区逐渐向内陆辐散,呈现出区域性O₃污染。结合经验正交分解进行聚类统计检验,结果显示江苏省O₃分区主要分为苏南、苏中和苏北3类,与江苏省经济发展水平表现出一定的同步性。     

2015—2021年郴州城区臭氧污染特征、气象影响及输送源分析

在对2015—2021年郴州城区不同时间尺度臭氧（O₃ ）污染特征进行分析的基础上,进一步研究气象因素对O₃污染的影响,并采用潜在源贡献因子分析法（PSCF）对郴州城区O₃污染传输路径及潜在污染源进行分析。结果表明：2015—2021 年郴州城区O₃质量类别主要为优和良,比例达到98.9%,O₃为首要污染物的天数呈波动上升趋势。O₃的年均质量浓度整体呈现波动上升趋势,2021年相对于2015年上升了6.0%,年内变化呈现“M”双峰型特征,日变化呈现单峰单谷分布,峰值出现在14：00—15：00。O₃质量浓度与日照时数及温度呈显著正相关,与相对湿度呈显著负相关;O₃质量浓度随风速的增加,先上升后下降。郴州城区O₃污染在超标日期间以短距离输送气流为主,占比达89.7%,主要为东北方及南方气流。在本地西南部污染贡献较大的基础上,受区域输送影响明显,主要为广东省西南部及西北部、江西省西北部、湖北省中部的污染排放。针对郴州城区O₃污染,须在严格控制本地污染排放的基础上,进一步加强区域联防联控。     

宁波市大气污染概况及影响因素分析

为研究宁波市大气污染状况及其影响因素,利用2013—2018年宁波市国控站点实时监测污染物数据以及气象数据,探讨分析了宁波市大气污染特征以及所受气象因素的影响概况。结果表明：宁波市颗粒物污染和O₃污染呈现典型的季节性特征,颗粒物浓度冬季最高,O₃最大滑动8 h平均质量浓度春、秋季最高。宁波市O₃污染问题越来越突出,且呈现出春、秋季O₃超标天数最多的季节变化特征。O₃小时质量浓度与气温和太阳辐射成正相关关系,NO₂和颗粒物浓度与气温成负相关关系。NO₂与O₃浓度成负相关关系,与颗粒物浓度成正相关关系。     

“十三五”期间赣州市环境空气质量特征及变化趋势

为科学谋划赣州市“十四五”期间大气污染防治工作,重点对赣州市“十三五”期间整体空气质量变化情况,以及影响赣州市优良天数的两个重要参数——臭氧(O₃)和细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的污染规律进行了分析。结果表明,赣州市“十三五”期间空气质量改善明显,优良天数整体增加。O₃浓度和O₃超标天数占总污染天数的比例整体均呈现波动上升趋势,对空气质量综合指数的贡献率逐年增加;高浓度O₃污染通常发生在干燥、高温条件下,高发期主要集中在4—5月和7—11月,空间分布呈西高东低的特点,与2018年大气污染源排放清单中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放量分布情况较为一致。PM_2.5浓度呈逐年下降趋势,在2019年和2020年达到国家空气质量二级标准;PM_2.5污染天数在2016年同比增加26 d,而后逐年减少,其中2020年较2015年减少了12 d;PM_2.5浓度的季节变化特征整体呈现为冬季高、春秋次之、夏季低,空间分布特征与O₃类似。建议赣州市在“十四五”期间以PM_2.5和O₃协同治理为主要思路,继续深入打好蓝天保卫战。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%～107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。     

Using Multiple Taxonomic Groups to Index the Ecological Condition of Lakes

Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets.     

Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic

We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g^–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g^–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g^–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM ² = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R ²: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other.