南黄海冷水团海域及西部近岸区表层沉积物中碳、氮、磷的分布特征及其生态学指示意义

基于南黄海西部沉积化学及相关环境因子的调查资料,重点分析和探讨了冷水团海域及近岸区表层沉积物中TOC、TN、TP的分布特征及其生态学指示意义.结果显示,冷水团海域沉积物比近岸区沉积物具有较高的含水率、TOC、TN、TP含量及N/P比.沉积物类型(粒径)、物质来源和沉积环境显著影响着TOC含量,TOC高值主要分布在泥质沉积区.表层沉积物TN与TOC含量在冷水团海域呈显著正相关关系,表明两者的同源性较好,但整个调查海域中TP与TOC、TN无显著相关性,说明其来源较复杂.南黄海冷水团海域和西部近岸浅水区沉积物理化特性之间的显著差异反映了它们受控因素的迥异,冷水团海域沉积物TOC和TN含量受水柱中生物活动的影响较大,上层水体中产生的有机碎屑是其重要的海生物质来源,而浅水区沉积物TN和TP含量受水柱中生物活动的影响相对较小.底层水年平均DO含量对沉积物TOC、TN分布也具有一定影响.     

齿形零件的冷摆辗成形

介绍了摆辗成形工艺的基本原理,综述了齿形零件冷摆辗精密成形和摆动辗压设备研制的概况.指明用压力加工方法,特别是冷摆辗工艺.加工精密齿形可提高零件机械性能,节能节材.     

冷摆辗组合凹模的设计计算

模具寿命是冷摆辗的关键问题之一,增加模具强度就能显著地提高模具寿命.目前国内外都采用组合凹模来增加模具强度.此文针对摆动辗压设备的结构特点,应用弹性力学的厚壁圆筒理论以及结构力学的最大剪应力强度理论,对冷摆辗组合凹模的优化设计进行了探讨.     

Towards the harmonization of water-related policies for managing drought risks across the EU

Drought is recognized as a major issue in the EU, particularly in the Mediterranean region, posing risks to the environment as well as to local and regional economies. The EU policy on water management is continuously evolving, particularly in relation to water scarcity and drought. Starting with the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC), which sets the general policy framework for water management across the EU, the EC Communication on Water Scarcity and Drought COM(2007) 414 final set the priorities for managing water scarcity and drought risks. Three follow-up reports (COM(2008) 875 final, COM(2010) 228 final and COM(2011) 133) highlighted achievements and yearly progress within the context of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive, whereas guidance has further been provided through the issue of Technical Reports (e.g. the EC Water Scarcity Drafting Group Technical Report 2008–023 on Drought Management, Including agricultural, drought indicators and climate change aspects). The 2012 EU Water Review (“Blue Print for Safeguarding European Waters” will assess achievements and identify further requirements towards long-term sustainable water use across the EU. However, a harmonized approach on drought risk management at the EU level is still lacking, whereas drought risk in several countries and regions has not been yet fully integrated in water management and relevant sectoral policies.This paper focuses on a proposed paradigm shift from crisis to risk management, which is currently gaining ground as a means of reducing societal vulnerability to droughts. The paper underlines the importance of engaging into risk assessment and management practices and identifies policy gaps and requirements for further improvement of the drought management policy framework at all levels of governance: at the EU, at the national and at the river basin and regional levels.     

Influence of COM-peptides/proteins on the properties of flocs formed at different shear rates

Coagulation followed by floc separation is a key process for the removal of algal organic matter(AOM) in water treatment. Besides optimizing coagulation parameters,knowledge of the properties of AOM-flocs is essential to maximizing AOM removal.However, the impact of AOM on the floc properties remains unclear. This study investigated how peptides/proteins derived from the cellular organic matter(COM) of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa influenced the size, structure, and shape of flocs formed at different shear rates(G). Flocs formed by kaolinite, COM-peptides/proteins and a mixture of the same were studied, and the effect of intermolecular interactions between floc components on floc properties was assessed. The coagulation experiments were performed in a Taylor–Couette reactor, with aluminum(Al) or ferric sulphate(Fe) utilized as coagulants. Image analysis was performed to gauge floc size and obtain data on fractal dimension. It was found that floc properties were affected by the presence of the COM-peptides/proteins and the coagulant used. COM-peptides/proteins increased floc size and porosity and widened floc size distributions. The Fe coagulant produced larger and less compact flocs than Al coagulant. Moreover, the decrease in floc size that occurred in parallel with increase in shear rate was not smooth in progress. A rapid change for the kaolinite-coagulant suspension and two rapid changes for the suspensions containing COM were observed. These were attributed to various intermolecular interactions between floc components participating in coagulation at different G. Based on the results obtained, shear rates suitable for efficient separation of flocs containing COM were suggested.     

The impact of local crops consumption on the water resources in Beijing

Water stress is a worldwide issue and is being exacerbated by population increase, diets shifting, climate change and so on. Consumption of goods and services by humans often puts pressure on the water resources of production sites. The impact of people’s consumption can be indexed by the indicator of water footprint. Based on numerous on-farm data, this study determined the water footprint associated with the consumption of crop products produced locally in Beijing. The total water footprint related to the consumption of local crop products in Beijing during 2009 was 23.7 × 10⁸ m³. Grey water had the largest contribution (58%), followed by green water (23%) and blue water (19%). Vegetables, maize and wheat were the largest three contributors, accounting for 53, 33 and 9% of the total water footprint. Based on the production perspective, improving water and fertilizer management has great potential for reducing the blue and grey water footprints of crops in the farming stage. However, the challenge is how to inspire farmers to participate in the activities of reducing water consumption and pollution. Increasing farmers’, especially female farmers’ access to related technologies can have a positive impact on the sustainable use of water in Beijing.     

应用PCR-DGGE技术分析黄海冷水团海域的细菌群落组成

利用PCR-DGGE技术对2个季节(2006-04和2006-10)的黄海冷水团海域的细菌群落组成和优势菌群进行了分析.通过软件Glyko Bandscan分析DGGE图谱,4月份所有站位的条带数相近(约17条),多样性丰富;10月份,在冷水团范围以内站位的条带约16条,其多样性也较丰富;而在冷水团范围以外站位的条带少(约12条),其多样性较低.细菌16S rDNAV3区特征片段经DGGE分离、条带切割,共得到24条条带,克隆、测序后,进行系统进化分析,结果显示这24条带分别归属于2个细菌类群:变形细菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroides).在24条序列中有16条分别与变形细菌亚群的γ和δ-Proteobacteria相似,有5条与拟杆菌门相似.时空分析发现,4月份所有站位水体(海水温度为7-12℃)的细菌群落组成和10月份(冷水团存在期)冷水团内部水体(海水温度低于10℃)的细菌群落组成相同(都包括γ-Proteobacteria、δ-Proteobacteria和Bacteroides),与10月份冷水团外部水体(海水温度大于19℃)的(包括γ-Proteobacteria和Bacteroides)不同.优势菌群也存在同样的分布特点,4月份所有站位水体的优势菌群与10月份冷水团内部水体的优势菌群也相同(都是γ-Proteobacteria),而10月份冷水团外部水体不同的站位优势菌群不同.该海域细菌群落组成和优势菌群的分布特点,可能与冷水团的形成有一定的相关性.     

The Role of Fungal Symbioses in the Adaptation of Plants to High Stress Environments

All plants studied in natural ecosystemsare symbiotic with fungi that either resideentirely (endophytes) or partially(mycorrhizae) within plants. Thesesymbioses appear to adapt to biotic andabiotic stresses and may be responsible forthe survival of both plant hosts and fungalsymbionts in high stress habitats. Here wedescribe the role of symbiotic fungi inplant stress tolerance and present astrategy based on adaptive symbiosis topotentially mitigate the impacts of globalchange on plant communities.     

Exploration of reaction rates of chlorine dioxide with tryptophan residue in oligopeptides and proteins

Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂),an alternative disinfectant to chlorine,has a superior ability to inactivate microorganisms,in which protein damage has been considered as the main inactivation mechanism.However,the reactivity of ClO₂ with amino acid residues in oligopeptides and proteins remains poorly investigated.In this research,we studied the reaction rate constants of ClO₂ with tryptophan residues in five heptapeptides and four proteins using stopped-flow or competi...     

海37引信回转体座冷挤压工艺

回转体座是海37引信中的关键件,要求有一定的机械强度、耐磨性.研制期间,曾用压铸铝合金,由于铝合金压铸内部存在着气孔,表面粗糙.不能满足其机械性能的要求.针对这一现象,研制了回转体座冷挤压成形工艺,零件表面质量好,成本低,满足了产品的机械性能要求.     

再生纸板废水处理方法探讨

通过改常压洗网、毡为高压冲洗网毡，可节水７０％左右，然后废水进旋转筛可去除ＳＳ及非可溶性ＣＯＤ；再调节ｐＨ值，加碱式氯化铝及ＰＡＭ絮凝，进一步去除ＣＯＤ、ＳＳ．     

The role of rainfed agriculture in securing food production in the Nile Basin

A better use of land and water resources will be necessary to meet the increasing demand for food in the Nile basin. Using a hydro-economic model along the storyline of three future political cooperation scenarios, we show that the future of food production in the Basin lies not in the expansion of intensively irrigated areas and the disputed reallocation of water, but in utilizing the vast forgotten potential of rainfed agriculture in the upstream interior, with supplemental irrigation where needed. Our results indicate that rainfed agriculture can cover more than 75% of the needed increase in food production by the year 2025. Many of the most suitable regions for rainfed agriculture in the Nile basin, however, have been destabilized by recent war and civil unrest. Stabilizing those regions and strengthening intra-basin cooperation via food trade seem to be better strategies than unilateral expansion of upstream irrigation, as the latter will reduce hydropower generation and relocate, rather than increase, food production.     

采用合理毛坯形状可以消除缩孔

此文应用金属塑性变形理论对冷挤压中的缩孔形成机理进行了定性分析,分别论述了工艺改进前的毛坯形状对金属流动规律的影响和工艺改进后的毛坯形状对金属流动规律的影响,找到了缩孔的形成原因和消除缩孔的解决办法。此文对解决原材料浪费问题和提高产品质量均有实用价值。     

南黄海-长江口海域溶解氧分布和低氧、酸化特征及其控制因素

基于2019年8月与11月所获取的2个航次的水文、化学和生物资料,重点研究了夏、秋季南黄海和长江口海域溶解氧(DO)分布的时空格局及其与水文动力状况和生物地球化学过程之间的关系,探讨了该海区低氧特征及其对酸化环境的指示.结果表明,研究海域内DO含量及分布与流场/水团格局具有良好的对应关系,其中夏季长江口外台湾暖流影响区...     

参窝水库水体自净能力及水质变化规律研究

根据参窝水库近几年的水质监测资料，对参窝水库的水体自净能力及水质变化规律进行了较深入的研究、计算出主要污染物在参窝水库的自净率，分析了参窝水库水质变化规律，为参窝水库的水污染防治提供了科学的依据。     

聚能罩挤压成形工艺研究

介绍聚能罩挤压成形的工艺过程、变形特点,分析了挤压件尺寸精度的变化规律以及变形程度与机械性能的关系.     

广州市城市供水水源的合理开发与保护

由于居民生活和商业用水量的急剧增加和市域内水源水质的下降，广州市面临着严重的水质性缺水的威胁。     

蒲河水资源调控与水环境质量改善对策的研究

结合蒲河水生态修复目标和要求,对蒲河水源的构成与分布、水域类型分类与功能变化以及生态水需求与补给能力的矛盾和问题等进行了分析研究。针对关键问题并结合蒲河实际状况,提出水资源科学调控与水质安全保护系统工程建设的途径和对策。     

The means do not justify the ends: A comment on CALFED

The state-federal CALFED process was more successful in transforming the means of thinking about decisions regarding California Bay-Delta resource management than in achieving the desired policy ends. Case studies in this special issue document how CALFED helped change the dynamics between stakeholders and agency managers; between scientists and implementers; and between endangered species managers and water project operators. In most cases, however, the new relationships and agreements failed to achieve the desired policy outcomes. The new tools and approaches that CALFED fostered can complement and support – but not substitute for – the obligation of policy makers to honestly confront and resolve fundamental oppositions of interest over resource management issues.     

冷挤压双层组合凹模的最佳设计

此文应用厚壁圆筒弹性解,推导了冷挤压双层组合凹模,具有最大弹性极限时所能承受的最大挤压应力的计算公式,以及满足上述条件时双层组合凹模分界面半径和分界面过盈量的计算公式.利用上述各式,可使组合凹模获得最佳设计.