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1.
宁夏盐池县生态保护政策对农户的影响 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
生态保护政策能否真正起到作用。在很大程度上取决于能否被农户在经济利益上所接受。盐池县的草原退化和沙漠化问题严重,主要是由于人类不合理经济活动造成的。近年来盐池县采取了一系列的生态保护政策,并开始实行草原禁牧的政策,以保护和恢复草原生态环境。农户调查的研究结果表明。目前的生态保护政策并不成功。90%以上的农户仍然在草原上偷牧,禁牧使农户收入减少是导致该政策失败的根本原因。虽然农户的生态意识较为理性,但是目前的生态保护政策与农户经营行为之间至少存在两大矛盾:一是,生态效益长期性与农户追求短期效益的矛盾;二是,生态环境外部性与农户小农意识之间的矛盾。 相似文献
2.
生态补偿机制作为保护生态环境和调节利益相关者之间关系的手段,在促进生态文明建设中发挥重要作用。本文通过文献研究和实证调查,对北京市山区生态林补偿机制的补偿标准实施措施进行了研究。北京市主要通过发放生态林管护工资来实践生态补偿机制,本文选择南口镇为案例,以可持续性生计框架为基础,分析了影响农户参与山区生态林管护的生计因素,并提出了完善北京市山区生态林补偿机制的相关建议。 相似文献
3.
农户参与生态补偿行为意愿影响因素分析 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
长期以来,资源无限、环境无价的观念根深蒂固地存在于人们的思维中,也渗透在社会和经济活动的体制和政策中.随着生态环境破坏的加剧和生态系统服务功能的研究,使人们更为深入地认识到生态环境的价值.而"生态补偿"是促进生态环境保护的一种经济手段,农户参与生态补偿的意愿既受到主观因素和非主观因素的影响,也受到理性和非理性因素的作用,是多因素综合影响的结果,其中内部因素即家庭生计资本.本文以黑河流域中游为例,选取300户随杌样本,分析了农户参与生态补偿的意愿与生计资本的关系研究,结果表明:自然资本对农户参与生态补偿的意愿形成星负面影响作用,人力资本、物质资本、金融资本和社会资本对农户参与生态补偿的意愿形成正面影响作用.这说明,农户在市场经济条件下正在变得越来越理性,他们参与生态补偿的核心在于最大化地获取经济利益,政府要一方面尽可能地降低农户实施生态补偿后的各种风险因素,另一方面,要尽可能地提高农户承担生态补偿风险的能力. 相似文献
4.
森林生态补偿机制若干重点问题研究 总被引:35,自引:0,他引:35
我国森林资源有限.并且大多分布在经济欠发达地区。然而森林生态效益的受益者主要是江河中下游地区,一般属于经济较发达地区。因而如何给森林生态效益提供者实施补偿.实现生态公平。建立森林生态补偿机制显得十分必要,这也是当前国内外研究的热点问题之一。结合我国的实际情况.在研究提出我国生态补偿政策总体框架和分析评价国内外森杯生态补偿研究与实践进展的基础上.对森林生态补偿机制的若干重点问题进行操讨:界定了森林生态补偿的内涵与范畴;对补偿森林类型进行分类.主要分为防护林、特种用途林两类;对森林生态补偿标准进行估算.考虑营造林的直接投入、保护森林生态功能而放弃经济发展的机会成本和森林生态系统服务功能的效益三个方面的因素;培育森林生态补偿市场化途径,加强对私人企业的激励机制.建立基金寻求国外非政府组织捐赠机构支持等办法;开征森林生态税,对征收对象、征收范围、征收依据和税率等进行研究;最后提出森林生态补偿的“三步走”战略。包括补偿基金完善阶段。补偿基金与生态税双轨并行阶段。生态税独立运行阶段。 相似文献
5.
以湖北省武汉、荆门和黄冈为实证,分析重点开发区、农产品主产区和重点生态功能区等不同类型主体功能区农户参与农田生态补偿政策的偏好及差异性,应用Logistic回归模型分析其影响因素。研究表明:1大部分农户比较重视农田生态环境数量、质量保护,但对基本农田保护政策和农田生态补偿政策的认知较匮乏;2多数农户愿意将自家耕地划入基本农田保护区,但有经济补偿时其参与意愿会提高;3影响农户参与意愿的因素有年龄、教育程度、月收入情况、农业收入比、了解农田生态补偿政策和是否知道国家实行基本农田保护制度。 相似文献
6.
生态补偿是协调经济与资源环境和谐发展,化解生态环境与经济增长矛盾的有效手段,对推进生态文明建设意义深远。基于云南省5个州市农户调查数据,运用二元Probit模型,分析了云南森林生态功能区农户生态补偿支付意愿的关键影响因素及其差异性。研究表明:大部分农户愿意为生态补偿付费,影响其支付意愿的主要因素是性别、年龄、是否兼业、家庭人口数、非农收入比重、生态补偿重要性认知、森林经济效益是否比生态效益重要、生态环境满意度、政府是否对生态环境保护宣传、政策执行信任度以及信息获取难易程度;其中年龄、家庭农业劳动力人数和信息获取难易程度对专业户支付意愿有重要影响,而家庭人口数、非农收入比重以及获得政府补偿的情况对兼业户支付意愿有重要影响;是否兼业、非农收入比重、对生态补偿了解程度以及信息获取难易程度对传统散户支付意愿影响较大;对政策执行的信任程度和产业发展程度对种植大户支付意愿有重要影响。基于此,提出了完善政府农村就业服务职能,鼓励农户非农就业、创业;完善生态功能区环境教育体系和宣传制度建设,强化农户环保意识;强化政府职责及其政策推广、执行力度,构建综合、完善的生态补偿宣传媒介;制定并实施差异化的生态补偿措施等具体对策建议。 相似文献
7.
浙北山区土地利用与生态保护的冲突与协调机制研究冲突与协调机制研究——以天目山自然保护区为例 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
如何既注重生态环境的保护又满足区域经济、社会发展对土地利用的要求,成为当前我国不少地区土地利用中的一个重大课题。位于太湖流域和钱塘江流域源头的浙北天目山区,在土地利用与生态保护之间存在着多种矛盾。通过对浙北天目山地区生态保护与其他土地利用冲突及其协调的机理分析,试图寻找太湖流域上游山区生态保护与土地利用相协调的可选途径,探索自然保护区有效管护与当地经济发展、农民增收相结合的良性发展机制,并提出解决这些冲突的办法:修正保护目标,调整保护政策;建立合理的补偿机制;在不同的功能区施行不同的土地政策;把生态旅游作为解决土地利用冲突的突破口;探索社区共管模式,力争在扩大社区参与的前提下,实现保护区资源的可持续利用。 相似文献
8.
基于WTA的湿地周边农户受偿意愿及影响因素研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
为了实现鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的可持续发展,促进公平合理的湿地保护局面的形成,对鄱阳湖湿地周边农户家庭生产生活的基本情况、生态环境的认知、以及基于禁渔期、保护候鸟和封洲禁牧等保护措施的生态补偿意愿进行了深入调查。结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖周边农户的家庭收入与湿地紧密相关,湖区农户具有一定的湿地生态环境认知和生态保护意识;(2)193份有效问卷中愿意接受补偿的比例高达881%,农户户均生态补偿意愿为3399元/(a·户),由此估算出鄱阳湖湿地生态补偿额约为每年582亿元;(3)Tobit回归模型的计量分析结果表明,农户的受偿意愿受年龄、生态效益的认知及生态保护态度的显著影响,研究认为提高农户的生态保护意识、对湖区农户进行合理的生态补偿是解决湿地保护与可持续发展问题的关键。 相似文献
9.
生态补偿机制是打破黄河流域零散化环境保护,应对流域生态环境变化,推动流域高质量发展的重要制度创新。该研究在共享视角下,利用微分博弈模型和最优控制理论,结合黄河流域生态保护具体情况与出台的相关支持政策,引入径流增加量和泥沙治理量两个环境保护衡量指标构建了黄河流域综合生态补偿机制的博弈模型,探讨在完全共享生态补偿机制、不完全共享无横向生态补偿机制以及不完全共享有横向生态补偿机制3类情形下的最优策略,并针对共享效益系数、生态补偿系数等展开了参数影响分析。结果显示:(1)完全共享生态补偿机制以及不完全共享有横向生态补偿机制均可以提高政府对生态保护的投入,完全共享生态补偿机制是最优机制,不完全共享有横向生态补偿机制更具有实践性和操作性。(2)区域政府的生态保护投入、环境改善效果以及流域整体的经济利益与生态保护成本系数负相关,与生态保护效果系数正相关,共享效益系数是各区域政府关于环境保护与经济发展博弈后的结果,实现合理的共享效益系数有利于加强长期跨界合作关系的稳定。(3)在预期收益对生态环境更加敏感的区域,开展综合生态补偿机制有利于形成生态环境改善与预期收益增加相互促进的良性循环。最后通过实证分析... 相似文献
10.
浅谈生态公益林的补偿 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
黄舒慧 《中国人口.资源与环境》2004,14(6):77-79
补偿是生态公益林外部性内部化的核心问题。从生态公益林的经济学属性出发,阐述了生态公益林产生的外部性及其公共物品的属性,并对生态公益林对所在地社会经济发展产生的负外部疚及补偿问题,做了重点的讨论。提出生态公益林的补偿学应局限于单纯的经济补偿,应该为利益受损的群体提供更多的经济机会和发展空间,引导地区产业的结构调整和升级换代。 相似文献
11.
The establishment of the forest eco-compensation mechanism could realize the value of the forest ecosystem services partly or thoroughly, stress the equality of the stakeholders, encourage public participation in forest ecosystem tendering, and strengthen the capacity of sustainable management. Taking the Hainan province as an example, this study focuses on the analysis of major socioeconomic and ecological impacts of forest eco-compensation in the Qiongzhong County and Lingshui County, and recommends approaches and practices for the establishment of the eco-compensation mechanism in the Hainan Province. Data were collected from a household questionnaire survey. Altogether 120 households have been interviewed, and Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) was applied for data analysis. Most of the respondents held a positive attitude toward the forest eco-compensation policy which has contributed to the improvement of environmental quality. However, forest protection has limited the opportunities for the income growth of local communities, who have never got sufficient compensation from either the central or local governments. Insufficient financial support to forest institutions and local communities involved in forest management has led to major conflicts in forest management, such as, the conflict between forest protection and local economic development, and decrease in arable land area and increase in surplus labor force. On the basis of case study results, the core issues of forest eco-compensation mechanism in Hainan province are discussed. Finally, suggestions and recommendations that cover forest eco-compensation standards, management institutions, and community capacity building and diversification of financing channels, have been made for the establishment of forest eco-compensation mechanism in Hainan. 相似文献
12.
Zhu Ting Ganesh P. Shivakoti Chen Haiyun David Maddox 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2012,14(2):197-220
Community-based co-management (CBCM) mechanisms for forest management have matured through the development of new economic
analysis and common property theory. However, while many local CBCM mechanisms have been initiated in Chinese Natural Reserves,
there are few objective, data-based evaluations of whether these mechanisms improve forest conservation and local livelihoods.
This research uses Baishuijiang National Natural Reserve (BNNR) as a study case to evaluate China’s current CBCM mechanisms.
The evaluation is based mainly on three criteria: efficiency, equality and sustainability of project operation. Survey data
indicate that local CBCM mechanisms provide a wide-participation platform for local villagers, associated administration managers,
research institutions and NGOs to join in forest resource protection work while improving local livelihood. CBCM projects
have also facilitated a reduction in forest resource dependency, the improvement of household income and encouragement of
local people to participate in forest resource protection. Our analysis suggests that most CBCM organizations have made progress
in efficiency, equity and sustainability. However, further study should focus on how to deal with the lingering problems of
inequity in responsibility and rights among CBCM committee members, poor distribution of benefits, insufficient program-design
and management expertise, faulty information dissemination, and insufficient capital investment. 相似文献
13.
为平衡流域上下游之间经济发展与环境保护利益的矛盾,解决依赖政府支出补偿能力有限的问题,我国许多地方尝试着在流域生态补偿中引入市场机制,各地涌现出大量的生态服务市场化补偿案例,成为目前中小流域生态服务补偿的有益探索和重要补充。为保障流域生态服务市场的健康发展和有效运行,对其管理制度的研究显得尤为重要。鉴于此,在总结国际生态服务市场管理实践和政策经验的基础上,对我国当前流域生态补偿相关的管理实践、政策和法律制度进行评价,并以此为基础,从管理政策、法律制度和市场机制3个层面,给出我国生态服务市场管理制度的框架设计 相似文献
14.
New institutional economists have argued that there are many categories of institutions, including market and non-market institutions, which may prove economically efficient, specifically for public goods and common pool goods. The Government of India introduced a non-market community-based institution, known as Joint Forest Management (JFM), for forest management and protection in 1990. JFM is a sharing mechanism for forest planning and management based on sharing of rights and duties, control and decision-making authority over forestlands, between forest departments and local user groups. By 2001, 42 000 Village Forest Committees established under JFM were managing over 11.5 million ha forestland. These institutions have proved very useful, and have contributed to forest management as well as four aspects of sustainable human development (SHD) – ecological output, income generation, village infrastructure development, and community empowerment. In the long-term, community-based institutions will prove to be a foundation of SHD and participatory democracy. 相似文献
15.
The ecological carrying capacity, an important indica-tor to evaluate the sustainable development of the ecosystem, means the potential ability of the natural ecosystem to carry so-cioeconomic development while the ecosystem is healthy. It is limited by the carrying capacity of natural resources and environ-merit and the elasticity of the ecosystem. It will be greatly signifi-cant to study the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province, the first ecological province admitted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. Not only is the natural eco-system reflected, but also the effects of human activities are em-phasized by integrating the ecosystem health analysis into the ecological carrying capacity research. The research results, using the Factor Analysis tools of software SPSS, indicate that the eco-logical carrying capacity of Hainan Province fluctuated obviously from 1996 to 2005. The level of the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province was relatively high in 1996, and reached into trough from 1997 to 1999. It has steadily ascended to be above the middle level since the 21st century. The results also show that policy factors, especially the implementation of the 'Ecological Province' strategy, were important driving forces to influence the ecological carrying capacity. With the population rapidly increas-ing, the land and water resources per capita have decreased quickly. The amount of the ecological carrying capacity was pro-rooted remarkably by socioeconomic development especially economic growth and technology applications. All of these will provide useful suggestions to establish and enact regional devel-opment policies, especially for protecting and reconstructing the ecology and environment of Hainan Province. 相似文献
16.
Zhang Fugang 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2013,11(2):87-92
Abstract The ecological carrying capacity, an important indicator to evaluate the sustainable development of the ecosystem, means the potential ability of the natural ecosystem to carry socioeconomic development while the ecosystem is healthy. It is limited by the carrying capacity of natural resources and environment and the elasticity of the ecosystem. It will be greatly significant to study the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province, the first ecological province admitted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. Not only is the natural ecosystem reflected, but also the effects of human activities are emphasized by integrating the ecosystem health analysis into the ecological carrying capacity research. The research results, using the Factor Analysis tools of software SPSS, indicate that the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province fluctuated obviously from 1996 to 2005. The level of the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province was relatively high in 1996, and reached into trough from 1997 to 1999. It has steadily ascended to be above the middle level since the 21st century. The results also show that policy factors, especially the implementation of the ‘Ecological Province’ strategy, were important driving forces to influence the ecological carrying capacity. With the population rapidly increasing, the land and water resources per capita have decreased quickly. The amount of the ecological carrying capacity was promoted remarkably by socioeconomic development especially economic growth and technology applications. All of these will provide useful suggestions to establish and enact regional development policies, especially for protecting and reconstructing the ecology and environment of Hainan Province. 相似文献
17.
Ecosystem approach, a new comprehensive approach to the conservation and management of natural resources, has received universal concern and approval in the world, and it requires the application of the eco-compensation mechanism. Some basic ideas for establishing the marine eco-compensation mechanism are: payers and payees can be identified through analyzing marine ecosystem service changes and impacts on the stakeholders; financial transfer payment and environmental taxes and fees can be used as the main channels for compensation; payment standard can be set up by following the principle of a compromise between calculated theoretic results and “price bargaining”. Focusing on the key human impact on marine ecosystem in Bohai Sea, some preliminary ides on eco-compensation application are given: reform the ongoing charge system of pollutant discharge and enhance its incentives to reduce land pollutants; implement eco-compensation for freshwater demand between Bohai Sea and the river basins for the purpose of increasing freshwater inflow; popularize and strengthen the existing eco-compensation on fishery resources management, and implement the charge system of eco-compensation on reclamation from the sea for land construction. 相似文献
18.
Watersheds provide a variety of ecological services including soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and biodiversity protection. However, activities in a fast-growing economy significantly impact the supply and demand of these watershed services. To mitigate these impacts, the concept of payment for environmental and ecosystem services from watersheds has emerged in global academic and policy circles. The governments and academic communities in China have increasingly described payments for ecological services from watersheds with the concept of watershed eco-compensation as it is urgent to protect watershed ecosystems. Watershed eco-compensation has proved to be one of the most economically effective means of solving environmental problems of watersheds to be adopted by the Chinese government. This paper presents an objective analysis of the Chinese market for watershed ecosystem services, including supply and demand for the services. It also summarizes Chinese policies on watershed eco-compensation, including relevant laws and regulations and fiscal policies. In addition, it presents a review of Chinese practices in watershed eco-compensation, including the analysis of an ecological construction project in Western China, inter-provincial watershed eco-compensation practices and plans, and payment for ecological services at the provincial and small watershed levels. Finally, it summarizes the key components of the process of payment in Chinese watershed eco-compensation. This discussion forms the basis of concluding suggestions for ecosystem services compensation and ecological protection in the large scale river basin. 相似文献
19.
Quantitative Appraisement on Ecological Carrying Capacity in Coastal Rapid Developing Region of Hainan Province 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhang Fugang Liu Yansui 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2008,6(2):87-92
The ecological carrying capacity, an important indicator to evaluate the sustainable development of the ecosystem, means the potential ability of the natural ecosystem to carry socioeconomic development while the ecosystem is healthy. It is limited by the carrying capacity of natural resources and environment and the elasticity of the ecosystem. It will be greatly significant to study the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province, the first ecological province admitted by the State Environmental Protection Administration in China. Not only is the natural ecosystem reflected, but also the effects of human activities are emphasized by integrating the ecosystem health analysis into the ecological carrying capacity research. The research results, using the Factor Analysis tools of software SPSS, indicate that the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province fluctuated obviously from 1996 to 2005. The level of the ecological carrying capacity of Hainan Province was relatively high in 1996, and reached into trough from 1997 to 1999. It has steadily ascended to be above the middle level since the 21st century. The results also show that policy factors, especially the implementation of the 'Ecological Province' strategy, were important driving forces to influence the ecological carrying capacity. With the population rapidly increasing, the land and water resources per capita have decreased quickly. The amount of the ecological carrying capacity was promoted remarkably by socioeconomic development especially economic growth and technology applications. All of these will provide useful suggestions to establish and enact regional development policies, especially for protecting and reconstructing the ecology and environment of Hainan Province. 相似文献