嗜盐菌群在甲苯降解过程中群落结构的变化解析

从胜利油田的高盐油污土壤中富集到1个高效降解BTEX(苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)的嗜盐菌群,分析了菌群在甲苯降解过程中的群落结构变化.结果表明,该菌群在5%盐度下可完全降解200mg/L甲苯.PCR-DGGE图谱显示,随着甲苯的加入,该菌群的优势种属由Bacillus sp.和Bacillus aquimaris转变为Thalassospira xiamenensis、Pseudomonas stutzeri、Virgibacillus sp.和Bacillus sp..这4种微生物在整个降解过程中稳定存在,且在降解完成后24h内没有衰亡的迹象.另外,该菌群可以降解菲,显示了降解多种芳香族化合物的能力.     

十溴二苯醚及其降解产物对浮游生物的毒性

十溴二苯醚(BDE-209)是我国环境中主要的多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)同系物.为研究BDE-209及其降解产物对水环境的影响,以初级消费者浮游动物大型蚤(Daphnia magna)和初级生产者浮游植物水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae)为染毒对象,研究BDE-209及其降解不同阶段产物对浮游生物的毒性.结果表明,大型蚤方面,繁殖毒性大于生长毒性,48 h半数致死浓度(48h-LC50)大小为:还原降解中间产物(0.80 mg·L~(-1),高毒)BDE-209(8.74 mg·L~(-1),中毒)还原降解终产物(15.27 mg·L~(-1),低毒),还原-氧化降解终产物的死亡率与溶剂空白一致,表明其基本无毒.水华微囊藻方面,染毒物质的毒性大小顺序与大型蚤一致,1 mg·L~(-1)的BDE-209、还原中间产物、还原终产物及还原-氧化终产物对水华微囊藻的抑制率分别为15.7%、93.7%、6.6%和1.3%.BDE-209降解过程中易生成毒性较大的中间产物,彻底还原脱溴可降低其毒性,后续辅以氧化降解,可消除其环境毒性.     

碱性及含硫化合物对十溴联苯醚热降解的影响

将十溴联苯醚（BDE-209）于400~600℃的温度范围内进行热降解,利用GC、GC/MS对产物种类及含量变化进行分析,讨论了温度、时间、碱性化合物和含硫化合物对BDE-209降解以及对溴代二噁英生成的影响.结果表明.温度和时间均是BDE-209热降解和生成溴代二噁英的重要影响因素;热降解40min时,450℃条件下溴代二噁英生成量最多;产物种类证实碱性化合物通过与BDE-209脱溴形成的HBr反应促进降解,且可抑制二噁英的生成;含硫化合物的添加同样促进BDE-209降解,抑制二噁英的形成,其详细的抑制机理有待进一步确定,BDE-209的降解反应有两种情况,即苯环上的脱溴反应和醚键的断裂反应.     

磷霉素降解菌株的筛选及其降解性能研究

以磷霉素为唯一碳源,从驯化污泥中纯化筛选出3株降解磷霉素的菌株(F1、F2、F3),对其进行形态学、生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析,鉴定其菌属,分析其生长特征;选用生长适应期较短的菌株F3开展不同pH和温度条件下菌株对磷霉素降解性能的研究,并用一级动力学方程对其降解过程进行拟合。结果表明:菌株F1鉴定为微杆菌属(Microbacterium sp.),菌株F2和F3均鉴定为贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus sp.)。菌株F3对磷霉素的降解性能受温度和pH的影响,在种液接种量为20%、转速为150 r/min、磷霉素浓度为20 mg/L时,菌株F3对磷霉素的最适降解条件:pH为5.0,温度为20 ℃。菌株F3对磷霉素的降解符合一级动力学特征,拟合方程相关系数(R²)>0.88;pH为5.0、温度为20 ℃时,半衰期(t_1/2)为31.36 d。     

表面活性剂AE降解菌株的分离筛选及鉴定

为处理高浓度表面活性剂废水,从表面活性剂生产厂污泥中筛选到5个较好的能降解高浓度表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AE)的菌株.测定了菌株对环境温度、pH值、氧的要求,最适宜生长条件为温度28 ℃,pH值7～9;除J-3菌株为兼性好氧菌以外,其余均为好氧菌.对5个菌株分别进行纯培养后,进行了电子显微镜观察,并根据菌落特征、菌体形态和生理生化反应进行了菌种鉴定.鉴定结果为 J-1,J-4为气单胞菌, J-2为微球菌,J-3为枸缘酸杆菌,J-5为腐败假单胞菌.用水绵指示法测定了菌株对AE的降解效率为5.71-15.71 mg/(L@d).     

苯胺降解菌的分离和特性研究

从活性污泥中分离到一株细菌ＡＮ３，能以苯胺为唯一碳源、氮源和能源生长．经鉴定为食酸丛毛胞菌（Ｃｏｍａｍｏｎａｓａｃｉｄｏｖｏｒａｎｓ）．该菌株可以在高达５０００ｍｇ／Ｌ以上的苯胺中生长．当苯胺浓度为２０００ｍｇ／Ｌ左右时，经３天培养即可全部被降解．该菌株还可以利用乙酰苯胺，但不能利用其他取代类苯胺化合物．ＡＮ３菌的生长和降解苯胺的最适温度为３０℃和ｐＨ为７０．９种金属离子对该菌的生长和苯胺的降解均有不同程度抑制作用，尤以Ａｇ＋和Ｈｇ２＋为明显．该菌与苯胺降解代谢有关酶类的测定结果表明，该菌含有的邻苯二酚－２，３加双氧酶是诱导酶．     

Effcient degradation of lube oil by a mixed bacterial consortium

A laboratory study was performed to assess the biodegradation of lube oil in bio-reactor with 304# stainless steel as a biofilm carrier. Among 164 oil degrading bacterial cultures isolated from oil contaminated soil samples, Commaonas acidovorans Px1, Bacillus sp. Px2, Pseudomonas sp. Px3 were selected to prepare a mixed consortium for the study based on the e ciency of lube oil utilization. The percentage of oil degraded by the mixed bacterial consortium decreased slightly from 99% to 97.2% as the concentration of lube oil was increased from 2000 to 10,000 mg/L. The degradation of TDOC (total dissolved organic carbon) showed a similar tendency compared with lube oil removal, which indicated that the intermediates in degradation process hardly accumulated. Selected mixed bacterial consortium showed their edge compared to activated sludge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos showed that biofilms on stainless steel were robust and with a dimensional framework constructed by EPS (extracellular polymeric substances), which could promote the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. The increase of biofilm followed first-order kinetics with rate of 0.216 g glucose/(cm2 day) in logarithm phase. With analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with removal of lube oil and TDOC, mixed bacterial consortium could degrade benzene and its derivatives, aromatic ring organic matters with a percentage over 97%.     

Efficient degradation of lube off by a mixed bacterial consortium

A laboratory study was performed to assess the biodegradation of lube oil in bio-reactor with 304# stainless steel as a biofilm carrier.Among 164 oil degrading bacterial cultures isolated from oil contaminated soil samples, Commaonas acidovorans Pxl, Bacillus sp.Px2, Pseudomonas sp. Px3 were selected to prepare a mixed consortium for the study based on the efficiency of lube oil utilization.The percentage of oil degraded by the mixed bacterial consortium decreased slightly from 99% to 97.2% as the concentration of lube oil was increased from 2000 to 10,000 mg/L. The degradation of TDOC (total dissolved organic carbon) showed a similar tendency compared with lube oil removal, which indicated that the intermediates in degradation process hardly accumulated. Selected mixed bacterial consortium showed their edge compared to activated sludge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos showed that biofilms on stainless steel were robust and with a dimensional framework constructed by EPS (extracellular polymeric substances),which could promote the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. The increase of biofilm followed first-order kinetics with rate of 0.216 μg glucose/(cm~2·day) in logarithm phase. With analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with removal of lube oil and TDOC, mixed bacterial consortium could degrade benzene and its derivatives, aromatic ring organic matters with a percentage over 97%.     

Efficient degradation of lube oil by a mixed bacterial consortium

A laboratory study was performed to assess the biodegradation of lube oil in bio-reactor with 304# stainless steel as a biofilm carrier. Among 164 oil degrading bacterial cultures isolated from oil contaminated soil samples, Commaonas acidovorans Px1, Bacillus sp. Px2, Pseudomonas sp. Px3 were selected to prepare a mixed consortium for the study based on the efficiency of lube oil utilization. The percentage of oil degraded by the mixed bacterial consortium decreased slightly from 99% to 97.2% as the concentration of lube oil was increased from 2000 to 10,000 mg/L. The degradation of TDOC (total dissolved organic carbon) showed a similar tendency compared with lube oil removal, which indicated that the intermediates in degradation process hardly accumulated. Selected mixed bacterial consortium showed their edge compared to activated sludge. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photos showed that biofilms on stainless steel were robust and with a dimensional framework constructed by EPS (extracellular polymeric substances), which could promote the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. The increase of biofilm followed first-order kinetics with rate of 0.216 μg glucose/(cm2·day) in logarithm phase. With analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with removal of lube oil and TDOC, mixed bacterial consortium could degrade benzene and its derivatives, aromatic ring organic matters with a percentage over 97%.     

Aerobic degradation of methyl tert-butyl ether by a Proteobacteria strain in a closed culture system

The contamination of methyl ten-butyl ether （MTBE） in underground waters has become a widely concerned problem all over the world. In this study, a novel dosed culture system with oxygen supplied by H2O2 was introduced for MTBE aerobic biodegradation. After 7 d, almost all MTBE was degraded by a pure culture, a member of β-Proteobacteria named as PMI, in a closed system with oxygen supply, while only 40% MTBE was degraded in one without oxygen supply. Dissolved oxygen （DO） levels of the broth in closed systems respectively with and without H2O2 were about 5-6 and 4 mg/L. Higher DO may improve the activity of monooxygemase, which is the key enzyme of metabolic pathway from MTBE to tert-butyl alcohol and finally to CO2, and may result in the increase of the degrading activity of PM1 cell. The purge and trap GC-MS result of the broth in closed systems showed that tea-butyl alcohol, isopronol and acetone were the main intermediate products.     

DMF降解菌MBYD-1的分离、鉴定及降解特性

从农药厂污水处理池的活性污泥中分离得到一株能以二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为唯一碳、氮源生长的菌株MBYD-1.经形态观察、生理生化实验及16S rRNA基因序列分析,将菌株初步鉴定为假单胞菌属 (Pseudomonas sp.).菌株MBYD-1降解DMF的最适条件为:pH 7.0,30℃.当DMF浓度为400mg/L,接种量为2%时,菌株能在72h内将DMF完全矿化.底物广谱性实验表明,菌株MBYD-1能在甲酸盐和甲醛中很好地生长,在甲酰胺中的生长情况优于二甲胺.     

菲反硝化降解菌群的富集及其群落结构解析

从潜在多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)污染的油田区域采集土壤样品,以菲为唯一碳源且添加硝酸根的培养基来富集土壤中的菲反硝化降解菌群.随后,通过定量PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction)测定了获取的富集菌群中反硝化相关功能基因(硝酸还原酶基因nar G、亚硝酸还原酶基因nir S)的丰度,并通过Illumina Mi Seq测序对其中的细菌群落结构进行解析.结果表明,获取到的3个菌群(PDN-1、PDN-2和PDN-3)12 d内对菲的降解率分别为45.18%、34.04%和25.92%.各富集培养菌群中nar G的丰度均高于nir S,且菲降解率最高的PDN-1中的反硝化相关基因丰度较低.Illumina Mi Seq测序结果表明,菲降解率最高的富集菌群PDN-1同时也具有较高的细菌多样性指数,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是各富集菌群中的优势菌门,且Proteobacteria在3个富集菌群PDN-1(97.78%)、PDN-2(96.57%)、PDN-3(93.90%)中的比例均最高.变形菌门的Pseudomonas(γ-Proteobacteria)和Methylophilus(β-Proteobacteria)则是各富集菌群中最大的优势菌属,前者为公认的PAHs降解菌,而后者则为能够利用还原型"一碳化合物"的特殊菌属.细菌多样性与菲的降解率呈正相关,表明菲的反硝化降解可能是多种细菌参与的共同结果.上述结果可为揭示典型PAHs反硝化降解的微生物机制提供理论依据,同时为深入研究反硝化与菲代谢的偶联机理打下基础.     

Individual stages of bacterial dichloromethane degradation mapped by carbon and chlorine stable isotope analysis

The fractionation of carbon and chlorine stable isotopes of dichloromethane(CH_2Cl_2,DCM)upon dechlorination by cells of the aerobic methylotroph Methylobacterium extorquens DM4 and by purified DCM dehalogenases of the glutathione S-transferase family was analyzed.Isotope effects for individual steps of the multi-stage DCM degradation process,including transfer across the cell wall from the aqueous medium to the cell cytoplasm,dehalogenase binding,and catalytic reaction,were considered.The observed carbon and chlorine isotope fractionation accompanying DCM consumption by cell supensions and enzymes was mainly determined by the breaking of C\Cl bonds,and not by inflow of DCM into cells.Chlorine isotope effects of DCM dehalogenation were initially masked in high density cultures,presumably due to inverse isotope effects of non-specific DCM oxidation under conditions of oxygen excess.Glutathione cofactor supply remarkably affected the correlation of variations of DCM carbon and chlorine stable isotopes(Δδ~(13)C/Δδ~(37)Cl),increasing corresponding ratio from 7.2–8.6 to 9.6–10.5 under conditions of glutathione deficiency.This suggests that enzymatic reaction of DCM with glutathione thiolate may involve stepwise breaking and making of bonds with the carbon atom of DCM,unlike the uncatalyzed reaction,which is a one-stage process,as shown by quantum-chemical modeling.     

一株金霉素降解新菌株的分离鉴定及降解条件优化

四环素类抗生素在畜牧业中的广泛应用对人类和动物具有潜在的危害。以金霉素制药厂污泥为原料,从中分离出一株能够高效降解金霉素的纯菌株,命名为ZL-1。经形态学观察、革兰氏染色和16S rDNA鉴定,表明该菌株属于革兰氏阴性菌、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter sp.）。通过正交试验研究了碳源、温度、pH、初始金霉素浓度、接种量对菌株ZL-1降解金霉素效果的影响。结果表明,温度、接种量和初始金霉素浓度对该菌株降解金霉素的影响较大。以正交试验的结果为依据,采用响应面法优化该菌株对金霉素的降解条件,确定了最优条件为金霉素初始浓度134.864 mg/L,温度34.409 ℃,接种量5.223%（体积比）。在最佳降解条件下,金霉素的实际降解率为93.70%,预测降解率为93.723%,表明预测模型的预测值与实际的降解效果较贴合。

     

一株拟除虫菊酯农药降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性与途径

采用富集培养法,从拟除虫菊酯农药厂废水排放口的活性污泥中分离到1株菊酯农药高效降解菌P-01.经形态、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定其为无色杆菌属（Achromobacter sp.）.响应曲面法优化菌株P-01的降解条件,其降解最优条件为31.4℃、初始pH7.6和接种量0.4g·L-1,在此条件下...     

Effect of sulfate on the methanogenic activity of a bacterial culture from a brewery wastewater during glucose degradation

The maximum specific methanogenic activity （SMA） of a sludge originating from a brewery wastewater treatment plant on the degradation of glucose was investigated at various levels of sulfate on a specific loading basis. Batch experiments were conducted in serum bottles at pH 7 and 35℃. A comparison of the values indicates that the SMA of this mixed culture was increased and reached its highest level of 0.128 g CH4 gas COD/（g VSS.d） when biomass was in contact with sulfate at a ratio of 1：0.114 by weight.