泡沫混凝土屋面节能研究与经济性分析

借助De ST-h能耗模拟软件,采用倒置式平屋面形式,以武汉某居民住宅为例,模拟共29组不同厚度的聚苯乙烯泡沫保温板(EPS)与泡沫混凝土作为保温材料的屋面的住宅能耗,通过计算并比较其经济指标,评估其节能潜力.模拟结果得出,相较于EPS保温屋面,泡沫混凝土保温屋面在投资成本更低的情况下,其产生的节能效益更好,净现值更高,保温优势明显.其次,以普通钢筋混凝土屋面为基准,比较泡沫混凝土屋面的几组不同厚度的能耗,验证其节能效果;同样以净现值为评价指标,借助Minitab16软件对其进行曲线拟合,通过计算分析得出了泡沫混凝土屋面的最佳经济厚度,为泡沫混凝土作为建筑节能屋面材料的进一步发展提供有力的依据.     

泡沫铜气体扩散电极处理活性艳红废水

采用铜基泡沫材料作为阴极,并根据泡沫材料电阻小、强度高、孔隙多的特点设计气体扩散电极,开发了一套基于铜基泡沫材料的气体扩散电解废水处理方法.实验结果表明,该方法在电解电压仅为1.65 V时,120 min内原位生成14.29 mg·L-1的H2O2.采用该系统对活性艳红废水进行降解,结果表明其在电解电压为2 V时即可快速高效地降解活性艳红X-3B模拟染料废水,120 min内模拟废水色度去除率达96.19%,色度被快速消除.UV-Vis与LC-TOF MS检测结果表明,降解过程中,萘环、三嗪结构及较稳定的苯环均被同步快速降解.该方法所需降解电压较低,只有2 V,而普通电解方法通常需8—25 V,能耗显著下降.这种低电压气体扩散电极电解不仅极大地抑制了水的无效电解,由于产生了·OH,还能维持相对高的有效氧化还原电位,高效降解污染物,是一种高效低耗的电化学水处理方法.     

基于风险管控的垃圾填埋场垂直防渗墙工艺设计研究

针对垃圾填埋场存在的渗沥液泄露影响地下水环境的问题,以某大型生活垃圾填埋场为例,通过在垃圾填埋场周围设置封闭式垂直防渗墙,对垃圾填埋场的渗沥液及受污染的地下水进行风险管控。对防渗墙的工艺形式进行比选,确定土-膨润土防渗墙作为主体工艺。通过规范法和数值法确定垂直防渗墙进入底部相对隔水层的深度,保障污染物在管控期内不发生底部绕流扩散。利用解析解,计算垂直防渗墙的厚度,确定防渗墙厚度。通过对现有文献资料的研究,结合已实施工程的经验,墙体材料可在原土可用的基础上,添加8%～12%的膨润土(干粉占比)。通过详细的工艺参数的设计,形成了适用于垃圾填埋场风险管控的大深度垂直防渗墙工艺方案。     

TiO2-FeOOH/Mmt纳米复合材料的表面酸碱性质及光催化性能

本研究以蒙脱石(Mmt)为基底材料,利用自组装制备技术得到TiO_2-FeOOH/Mmt纳米复合材料,以亚甲基蓝为降解目标物,研究复合材料光催化降解性能.利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、比表面积及孔隙分析仪(BET)和紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)对制备材料进行表征分析,结果表明由针铁矿和锐钛矿组成的复合材料带隙宽度减小且光响应范围得到拓宽.着重通过表面酸碱滴定实验,结合ProtoFit表面络合模型模拟软件,对光催化前后材料表面酸碱性质变化情况进行了分析,发现复合材料的lgK_a值并非单层材料的简单叠加,而是复合后发生了一定的表面化学作用形成新的表面酸碱性质.复合材料具有更大的表面位密度N_t及表面化合态≡XOH含量,能使材料在表面反应过程中提供更多的表面活性物质,产生更多的自由基,间接加快目标物降解速度.且复合材料铁循环强度更大,该循环能有利反应过程中电子的转移,并维持材料表面活性.这为后期进一步研究纳米复合材料光催化降解机理提供理论依据.     

秸秆基建筑保温材料的节能减排分析

计算了秸秆基建筑保温材料的年节能量,并与等量秸秆用作燃料释放的热量进行对比;估算了秸秆基建筑保温材料的CO2减排量;对秸秆基建筑保温材料和发泡聚苯乙烯(EPS)材料生产过程的能耗、CO2排放量和经济性进行对比分析。结果表明,秸秆用于建筑保温在采暖期节能约可高达51 MJ.kg-1.a-1,明显高于其直接用作燃料所释放的热量(7.1~16.7 MJ.kg-1)。若中国北方农村有10万户居民应用特定的秸秆基建筑保温材料,10a的CO2减排量将达到1 600万t以上。在达到相同保温效果情况下,秸秆基材料生产过程中的总能耗和CO2排放量均低于EPS材料,经济性也优于EPS材料。因此,宜在中国北方农村地区大力推广秸秆基建筑保温材料。     

五里塘生态农场有机废弃物的资源化生态工艺

上海市松江县五里塘生态农场以沼气工程、氧化沟和鱼塘围网养鸭为主的生态工程,有效地利用了农场产生的大量禽畜粪便并解决了沼液,沼渣的二次污染问题;在沼气池上建玻璃温室保温,使沼气池能正常越冬从而得以周年运转.生态工程的建立,取得了良好的经济、生态和环境效益.     

硝基酚、六氯苯污染土壤的微波修复

以典型有机污染物4-硝基酚(4-nitrophenol,4-NP)和六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene,HCB)污染土壤为处理对象,采用高效吸收微波且保温性能良好的碳化硅材料制成圆柱状装土容器,研究以微波为热源、碳化硅为热传导材料的微波修复设备对污染土壤的修复效果.结果表明,该设备对土壤中有机污染物有较好的去除效果,30 min内去除率均可达到90%以上.有机物的去除不仅是由于碳化硅被加热后的热传递效应,且透过容器的部分微波也可直接作用于污染土壤.实验考察了微波辐照时间、污染物初始浓度、土壤量及含水率、敏化剂等因素对修复效果的影响.辐照时间、土壤量和含水量显著影响土壤升温行为和污染物去除率,而污染物初始污染浓度对去除率影响较小.与马弗炉加热处理效果进行了比较,表明微波加热修复技术在土壤的升温速率及有机物去除率方面均有显著优势.     

相变微胶囊在节能环保中的应用研究进展

改性相变微胶囊作为新型环境功能材料,以其优良的保温性能、节能减排和吸附作用成为材料科学、环境科学等前沿学科的研究热点.本文首先介绍了相变微胶囊的结构、相变机理和形貌类型,并围绕喷射干燥法、静电结合法、原位聚合法、界面聚合法、凝聚-相分离法等5种制备方法对微胶囊制备技术进行了详细的阐述.根据芯材物理状态的差异列举了不同类型的微胶囊,并归纳总结目前微胶囊应用存在的问题.重点综述了碳材料、金属材料及导电聚合物对相变微胶囊改性的研究.结果表明,改性相变微胶囊不仅提高了微胶囊自身的性能而且对环境质量可以起到良好的改善作用,具体体现在大气、水质、噪声、辐射等众多领域的应用.     

关于混凝土的可持续性

经过了几次重大的技术改进之后,用硅酸盐水泥制成的混凝土可能是世界上使用最多的人工材料.1997年全球水泥产量达到了15.7亿吨(Humphreys and Mahasenan,2002).这些水泥加上水、碎石和其他物质相当于10500亿吨用于建造房屋、办公楼、污水管道、大坝、混凝土道路等等的建筑材料.……     

关于混凝土的可持续性

经过了几次重大的技术改进之后,用硅酸盐水泥制成的混凝土可能是世界上使用最多的人工材料.1997年全球水泥产量达到了15.7亿吨(Humphreys and Mahasenan,2002).这些水泥加上水、碎石和其他物质相当于10500亿吨用于建造房屋、办公楼、污水管道、大坝、混凝土道路等等的建筑材料.     

基于生命周期评价理论的建筑物环境影响评价系统

建筑物对环境有着巨大的影响。基于生命周期评价(LCA)理论,从材料的开采生产,建筑物的建造、运行直至建筑物被拆除来研究建筑物的环境影响。在一个涉及建筑材料、建筑设备以及建设场地的环境影响数据库的基础上,开发了一个建筑物的环境影响的评价模型BEPAS(BuildingEnvironmentalPerformanceAnalysisSystem)。模型从3个方面:建筑设备运行、建筑材料和建筑场地来研究建筑的环境影响。最后,测算了一个案例,分析了其环境影响水平。     

屋顶绿化生态系统箱的研制

调查发现广州市屋顶自然生长的维管植物有49科109属128种,植物种类较多的科为菊科、禾本科、桑科、景天科、茜草科和鸭跖草科;屋顶自然生长的植物种类数量与环境受污染程度成反比,而与周围植物的多少成正比;屋顶自然生长的植物由于长期适应屋顶的极端环境,形成了的一些独特的生态生物学特征。基于上述结果配置相应的植物组合,设计适于屋顶绿化的生态系统箱、配制相应土壤并进行技术集成,观测其生长和隔热效应。同时进行空白对照、黑网荫蓬对照、生态隔热层对照、普通土壤种植区对比试验,发现生态隔热层和生态系统箱具有成本低、易维持、隔热好、景观美的效果。     

Attached cultivation of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 on selected solids and the effect of surface properties on attachment

Attachment of Scenedesmus sp. LX1 was tested on certain materials. A criterion for selection of materials was used to choose seven materials. The amount of S. sp. LX1 attached on polyurethane foam was 51.74 mg/L. Materials’ surface influenced the attachment of microalgae. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties also affected the attachment of S. sp. LX1. Attached cultivation systems in the literature do not present a methodology to screen materials for microalgal growth. Hence, a method is needed to find suitable materials for attached cultivation that may enhance attachment of microalgae. In this paper, we have tested seven materials culturing Scenedesmus sp. LX1 (S. sp. LX1) to evaluate the attachment of microalgae on the material surface, its growth in suspension phase and the properties of the materials. Two materials showed attachment of S. sp. LX1, polyurethane foam and loofah sponge, and allowed microalgae to grow both in the surface of the material and suspended phase. Polyurethane foam proved to be a good material for attachment of S. sp. LX1 and the amount of attached microalgae obtained was 51.73 mg/L when adding 100 pieces/L. SEM images showed that the surface and the pore size of the materials affected the attachment of the microalgae, increasing its attachment in scaffold-like materials. Furthermore, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the materials also affected the attachment of microalgae. This research can be used as a methodology to search for the assessment of a material suitable for attachment of microalgae.     

A novel approach to preparing ultra-lightweight ceramsite with a large amount of fly ash

•Ultra-lightweight ceramsite is prepared with 80% fly ash. •SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and flux contents significantly influence the performance of ceramsite. •The expansion of ceramsite is caused by the formation of a dense glaze and gas. •The bulk density of ultra-lightweight ceramsite is only 340 kg/m³. The disposal of fly ash has become a serious problem in China due to its rapid increase in volume in recent years. The most common method of fly ash disposal is solidification-stabilization-landfill, and the most common reuse is low-value-added building materials. A novel processing method for preparing ultra-lightweight ceramsite with fly ash was developed. The results show that the optimal parameters for preparation of ultra-lightweight ceramsite are as follows: mass ratio of fly ash:kaolin:diatomite= 80:15:5, preheating temperature of 800°C, preheating time of 5 min, sintering temperature of 1220°C, and sintering time of 10 min. The expansion agent is perlite, at 10 wt.% addition. Finally, a ceramsite with bulk density of 340 kg/m³, particle density of 0.68 g/cm³, and cylinder compressive strength of 1.02 MPa was obtained. Because of its low density and high porosity, ultra-lightweight ceramsite has excellent thermal insulation performance, and its strength is generally low, so it is usually used in the production of thermal insulation concrete and its products. The formation of a liquid-phase component on the surface, and generation of a gas phase inside ceramsite during the sintering process, make it possible to control the production of the suitable liquid phase and gas in this system, resulting in an optimization of the expansion behavior and microstructure of ceramsite. These characteristics show the feasibility of industrial applications of fly ash for the production of ultra-lightweight ceramsite, which could not only produce economic benefits, but also conserve land resources and protect the environment.     

Recycling of tailings from Korea Molybdenum Corporation as admixture for high-fluidity concrete

The main objective of this study is to develop an eco-friendly and a large recycling technique of flotation Tailings from korea (TK) from metal mines as construction materials such as admixtures for high-fluidity concrete (HFC). TK used in this study was obtained from the Korea Molybdenum Corporation in operation. TK was used as the alternative material to adjust flowability and viscosity of HFC in the form of powder agent which enables adjustment of concrete compressive strength. In this study, we have performed concrete rheological tests and concrete flowability tests to obtain the quality characteristics of TK for using as the admixture in producing HFC. The results indicated that the adequate mix ratio of cement to TK should be 8:2 (vol%). It is more effective to use the TK as admixture to control flowability, viscosity and strength of HFC than the normal concrete. It was found that TK could be recycled construction materials in bulk such as admixture for HFC, in terms of the economic and eco-friendly aspects.     

Recycling of tailings from Korea Molybdenum Corporation as admixture for high-fluidity concrete

The main objective of this study is to develop an eco-friendly and a large recycling technique of flotation Tailings from korea (TK) from metal mines as construction materials such as admixtures for high-fluidity concrete (HFC). TK used in this study was obtained from the Korea Molybdenum Corporation in operation. TK was used as the alternative material to adjust flowability and viscosity of HFC in the form of powder agent which enables adjustment of concrete compressive strength. In this study, we have performed concrete rheological tests and concrete flowability tests to obtain the quality characteristics of TK for using as the admixture in producing HFC. The results indicated that the adequate mix ratio of cement to TK should be 8:2 (vol%). It is more effective to use the TK as admixture to control flowability, viscosity and strength of HFC than the normal concrete. It was found that TK could be recycled construction materials in bulk such as admixture for HFC, in terms of the economic and eco-friendly aspects.     

Geologic materials and gamma radiation in the built environment

Human exposure to natural ionizing radiation is due to both internal sources such as ingestion and inhalation of radioactive isotopes, and external sources from cosmic radiation and primordial radionuclides present in the Earth crust. Primordial radionuclides are ⁴⁰K and radioisotopes of the decay series of ²³⁸U and ²³²Th, which emit gamma radiation at low doses. Gamma emission can occur both in outdoor, due to background geologic radiation, and in indoor spaces, due to the use of geologic materials in dwellings. This radiation has received less attention than man-made sources because it contributes less to the total doses that affect humans, on the average. However, there are geographical areas and rocks used as building materials that contain high concentrations of radionuclides, thus being a source of relatively high gamma dose exposures. Assessing exposure is difficult, especially in indoor situations where there are marked variations regarding materials application. Nonetheless, some measures and regulations to control such dose exposures on building materials have been suggested. This article reviews gamma radiation in geologic materials used for buildings. We discuss: (1) procedures that relate radionuclide contents in building materials to external gamma radiation, considering namely indoor applications and that are used for establishing restrictions on building materials commerce; (2) relation of rock radionuclide contents with their geologic history that can lead to listing of some geologic materials as potentially hazardous in terms of gamma radiation; and (3) the implications for the European regulation, which has an universal criteria that might be excessively restrictive for the commerce of geologic materials used in small amounts, and does not have provisions regarding existing structures where geologic materials are used in extended amounts.     

Development of novel environmental friendly polyurethane foams

To prepare materials with improved recycling capability, new flexible biodegradable polyurethane foams, in which non-degradable polyether polyol was partly substituted by the bio-polyols based on cellulose or starch derivatives were synthesized. The incorporation of bio-polyols into the foams’ structures as well as their influence on the foam thermal stability was assessed by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis analyses. The ecotoxicological aspects of the newly synthesized foams were investigated by extracting the samples using freshwater as a solvent followed by applying the microbiotest screening toxkit under trade name “Thamnotoxkit F?” with larvae of freshwater shrimps Thamnocephalus platyurus.     

软质岩边坡挂网植草绿化防护技术研究

挂网植草解决了红砂岩、紫砂岩等软质岩石坡面因没有土层而不能绿化的难题。在经平整的软质岩石边坡上,铺粘10～15cm厚的泥浆层,满植规格为40×40cm狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、假俭草(Eremochloa ophiuroides)、结缕草(Zoysia japonica)等具有匍匐枝茎、耐瘠薄土壤、有良好的水土保持力等特性的草皮,草层上盖2.5×30m高强度的专用塑料网,用钢钉和竹签加以固定,造价为28～30元/m~2,是混凝土喷射、窗式护面墙等其它防护方法成本的1/3～1/5。在京珠、潭邵等高速上推广了近400 000 m~2,能在最短的时间内恢复植被,形成优美的景观,又能发挥较好的生态防护作用。该技术材料来源广、工艺操作易、实用性强,可广泛应用于公路、铁路、水库、堤坡等软质岩石地段的景观绿化与生态防护。     

玻璃幕墙眩光污染模拟分析

玻璃幕墙是城市建筑中常见的装饰和围护结构,但在阳光照射下,会产生不舒适眩光甚至是强烈的失能眩光,因此,眩光污染是对城市道路交通安全的重要威胁之一。对眩光的监测主要是针对眩光亮度、方位和环境光亮度分布的监测。采用彩色CCD相机测量光环境亮度的分布,并结合计算机图像处理技术,对采集的图片进行亮度提取、处理计算,最后得出眩光评价值。通过实验室模拟玻璃幕墙眩光实验,对不同中性密度滤光片下的测量结果进行对比,从而选择恰当中性密度滤光片对实际建筑眩光测量,得出不同时间的眩光测量值。通过一系列的实验结论,将有助于眩光的污染防治和城市交通的安全防护。