城市河流水质常规评价技术研究

运用综合水质标识指数法,对我国河流水质评价面临的关键技术问题,包括水质评价方法、水质评价项目,水质级别评价,水环境功能区达标评价、水质定性评价、河流及水系整体水质比较、水质随时间和空间变化等作了明确界定,并介绍了在上海河流水质评价中的应用。     

关于水质采样中的质量控制措施

水质采样在水环境保护工作中发挥着非常重要的作用,对水质监测结果有着非常直接的影响。文中将探讨水质监测当中经常存在的问题,并提出一些有效的质量控制措施,进一步保证水质采样的结果。为此,笔者在文中对水质采样中的质量控制措施进行探讨,希望对促进中国水环境保护事业的发展,可以起到有利的作用。     

万家寨引黄北干线桑干河道输水水质模拟与控制

主要对采用河道输水方案的山西万家寨引黄北干线桑干河道水质进行模拟与控制研究,依据各水体特性建立河流水质数值模型和水库数值模型,运用系统分解方法将整个研究河道分解为若干个河段,并采用情景分析方法生成3个水质模拟情景,分析模拟结果表明,在山阴取水口和怀仁取水口水质达地表水Ⅲ类标准条件下,册田水库的入水水质不达标。应用反演思想生成2个水质控制情景和3个子情景,在水库出水口水质达标的情况下,分析确定沿河各排污口的污染物排放控制量,给出了保证册田水库水质安全的控制方法。     

An early warning and control system for urban, drinking water quality protection: China’s experience

An event-driven, urban, drinking water quality early warning and control system (DEWS) is proposed to cope with China’s urgent need for protecting its urban drinking water. The DEWS has a web service structure and provides users with water quality monitoring functions, water quality early warning functions, and water quality accident decision-making functions. The DEWS functionality is guided by the principles of control theory and risk assessment as applied to the feedback control of urban water supply systems. The DEWS has been deployed in several large Chinese cities and found to perform well insofar as water quality early warning and emergency decision-making is concerned. This paper describes a DEWS for urban water quality protection that has been developed in China.     

Development and implementation of surface water quality standards for protection of human health in Korea

Current water quality standards for the protection of human health in Korea include 17 substances found in rivers and streams. Due to increasing concern over the release of hazardous chemicals into the aquatic environment, there has been a demand for additional water quality standards. Therefore, the Korean Ministry of the Environment plans to gradually increase the number of water quality standards to 30 substances, including 22 substances for protection of human health and 8 substances for protection of aquatic ecosystems by 2015. In this study, new water quality standards for protection of human health were established for 1,4-dioxane, formaldehyde, and hexachlorobenzene. We selected candidate hazardous chemicals, conducted a human health risk assessment to determine priority chemicals, established water quality standards based on technical analyses and comparison with domestic and developed countries’ water quality standards, and conducted an expert review. Water quality standards for protection of aquatic ecosystems will be derived in the near future. This study describes how the water quality standards for protection of human health were developed and implemented. Current status, recent expansion, and future plans for water quality standards in Korea are also covered.     

Interpreting drinking water quality in the distribution system using Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence

Interpreting water quality data routinely generated for control and monitoring purposes in water distribution systems is a complicated task for utility managers. In fact, data for diverse water quality indicators (physico-chemical and microbiological) are generated at different times and at different locations in the distribution system. To simplify and improve the understanding and the interpretation of water quality, methodologies for aggregation and fusion of data must be developed. In this paper, the Dempster-Shafer theory also called theory of evidence is introduced as a potential methodology for interpreting water quality data. The conceptual basis of this methodology and the process for its implementation are presented by two applications. The first application deals with the interpretation of spatial water quality data fusion, while the second application deals with the development of water quality index based on key monitored indicators. Based on the obtained results, the authors discuss the potential contribution of theory of evidence as a decision-making tool for water quality management.     

瘦西湖风光电能驱动的曝气生物接触氧化水净化系统结构与功能

在瘦西湖选择中试河段,利用太阳能风能绿色能源,研发了风光电能驱动的曝气生物接触氧化水净化系统。系统由风光互补发电子系统、曝气生物接触氧化子系统、植物生态子系统组成。风光电能驱动的曝气生物接触氧化水净化系统运行正常。按照景观娱乐用水水质标准进行水质监测,采用模糊综合评价与贴近度计算方法,进行了系统水净化功能评价。结果表明,在试验段原水水质低于景观水C类,经该系统水净化后,可以达到景观水B类。系统的开发与实验,探索了利用绿色能源河湖水净化的新途径。     

净水厂生产废水回用对供水水质的影响

通过研究生产废水回用对水质的影响,认为生产废水含固率是影响回用效果的重要评价指标,回用澄清池排泥水和滤池反冲洗水,对水质的影响规律相似.改善混凝条件的最佳含固率范围也是回用对水质影响最小的含固率范围.当含固率小于1%时,回用不会对水质造成影响,当含固率大于1%时,回用较无回用时的水质变差,但不会超过水质标准.回用生产废水可以提高有机物的去除率,主要是因为生产废水中含有的Al(OH)3沉淀物的物理吸附和卷扫絮凝功能.     

The presence of a river bird, the dipper, in relation to water quality and biotic indices in central Italy

A good water quality bio-indicator should be sensitive to different forms of water degradation in any geographical area, and effectively track water quality changes in time. We investigated whether the presence of a bird, the dipper (Cinclus cinclus), in 47 reaches of 35 streams of central Italy was affected by stream pollution as assessed by the Extended Biotic Index. Data from the literature and interviews with ornithologists furnished information about past dipper presence and water quality in the study streams. In 93.3% of cases dippers occurred in unpolluted reaches. The dipper was absent from 93.7% of polluted or strongly polluted streams. Dippers disappeared from 50% of the study streams for which past information was available. In a few streams dippers disappeared after the quality of water had degraded. Water quality degradation in the study area, especially in the hill streams, is causing dipper areale to contract to higher altitudes. Dipper is a good water quality bio-indicator for Mediterranean streams.     

The effect of an industrial effluent on an urban stream benthic community: water quality vs habitat quality

We studied the effect of an industrial effluent on the water quality, habitat quality, and benthic macroinvertebrates of an urban stream in southwestern Michigan (USA). The effluent affected water quality by raising in-stream temperatures 13-18 degree C during colder months and carrying high amounts of iron (> 20 x higher than ambient) that covered the streambed. The effluent also affected habitat conditions by increasing total stream discharge by 50-150%, causing a significant change in substrate and flow conditions. We used three methods to collect benthic macroinvertebrates in depositional and erosional habitats and to understand the relative importance of habitat quality and water quality alterations. Macroinvertebrate response variables included taxonomic richness, abundance, and proportional abundance of sensitive taxonomic groups. Results indicated that the effluent had a positive effect on macroinvertebrate communities by increasing the quantity of riffle habitat, but a negative effect on macroinvertebrate communities by reducing water quality. Results illustrated the need for careful consideration of habitat quality and water quality in restoration or remediation programs.     

一种新的水质评价方法

每种水质评价方法的运用都离不开水质标准的正确选用。本文提出的一种新的水质评价方法,旨在使评价结果与国内现行的水质标准相吻合,同时,又能反映出被评价的水质所属其类别的程度。     

美国水质交易政策及其对上海的启示

介绍了美国水质交易政策的概念和实施状况,分析了水质交易必备的要素及取得的经济、环境和社会效益.上海在排污交易方面有多年的积累,可以借鉴美国在水质交易方面的经验,研究点源和非点源间的交易,基于市场的经济刺激政策,解决城市和农田径流产生的排放控制问题.     

Evaluation of spatial-temporal variations and trends in surface water quality across a rural-suburban-urban interface

Water quality degradation is often a severe consequence of rapid economic expansion in developing countries. Methods to assess spatial-temporal patterns and trends in water quality are essential for guiding adaptive management efforts aimed at water quality remediation. Temporal and spatial patterns of surface water quality were investigated for 54 monitoring sites in the Wen-Rui Tang River watershed of eastern China to identify such patterns in water quality occurring across a rural-suburban-urban interface. Twenty physical and chemical water quality parameters were analyzed in surface waters collected once every 4–8 weeks from 2000 to 2010. Temporal and spatial variations among water quality parameters were assessed between seasons (wet/dry) and among major land use zones (urban/suburban/rural). Factor analysis was used to identify parameters that were important in assessing seasonal and spatial variations in water quality. Results revealed that parameters related to organic pollutants (dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (manganese) (COD_Mn), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅)), nutrients (ammonia nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺-N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP)), and salt concentration (electrical conductivity (EC)) were the most important parameters contributing to water quality variation. Collectively, they explained 70.9 % of the total variance. A trend study using the seasonal Kendall test revealed reductions in COD_Mn, BOD₅, NH₄ ⁺-N, petrol, V-phen, and EC concentrations over the 11-year study period. Cluster analysis was employed to evaluate variation among 14 sampling sites representative of dominant land use categories and indicated three, three, and four clusters based on organic, nutrient, and salt water quality characteristics, respectively. Factors that are typically responsible for water quality degradation (including population, topography, and land use) showed no strong correlation with water quality trends implying considerable point source inputs in the watershed. The results of this study help inform ongoing water quality remediation efforts by documenting trends in water quality across various land use zones.     

基于水质污染风险识别的人工湖需水研究

人工湖需水量是指维持湖区水量平衡、满足人工湖水质目标的供水量,人工湖需水量确定是人工湖水体工程设计的主要内容之一。以上虞滨海新城建设的人工湖为例,分析了人工湖建成后的可能污染源,采用TP质量守恒模型,预测了不同生活污水截污率、生态措施作用前后的人工湖需水量及水质要求。结果表明,当生活污水截污率为100%时,若供水TP≤0.10mg/L,则人工湖需水量为240万t/a;当生活污水截污率为95%时,若供水TP=0.05mg/L,不考虑生态措施作用,则人工湖需水量为1 600万t/a;当生活污水截污率为95%时,若供水TP=0.05mg/L,在生态措施作用下人工湖需水量为730万t/a。     

基于聚类分析和水质标识指数的水质评价方法

为探讨一种适用于大尺度、多断面和长时间的水质评价方法,用层次聚类分析将2006~2008年海河5个监测断面的165个水质样本分为20组,并用方差分析验证了结果的可靠性。用综合水质标识指数表示水质样本的综合特征,与单因子评价法相比,该方法充分考虑了最差水质因子的影响,避免了单因子评价法以偏概全的缺陷,且分辨率高。将评价结果分解到各断面,结果表明:密云水库、官厅水库和于桥水库的水质处于II~III类水之间,可满足作为饮用水水源水的要求,三岔口断面大部分时间为IV~V类水,张家口八号桥断面全年有6个月以上水质属于劣V类。     

Multivariate statistics and entropy theory for irrigation water quality and entropy-weighted index development in a subtropical urban river,Bangladesh

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Currently, a well-developed combination of irrigation water quality index (IWQIs) and entropy water quality index (EWQIs) for surface water appraisal...     

Assessment and rationalization of water quality monitoring network: a multivariate statistical approach to the Kabbini River (India)

The establishment of an efficient surface water quality monitoring (WQM) network is a critical component in the assessment, restoration and protection of river water quality. A periodic evaluation of monitoring network is mandatory to ensure effective data collection and possible redesigning of existing network in a river catchment. In this study, the efficacy and appropriateness of existing water quality monitoring network in the Kabbini River basin of Kerala, India is presented. Significant multivariate statistical techniques like principal component analysis (PCA) and principal factor analysis (PFA) have been employed to evaluate the efficiency of the surface water quality monitoring network with monitoring stations as the evaluated variables for the interpretation of complex data matrix of the river basin. The main objective is to identify significant monitoring stations that must essentially be included in assessing annual and seasonal variations of river water quality. Moreover, the significance of seasonal redesign of the monitoring network was also investigated to capture valuable information on water quality from the network. Results identified few monitoring stations as insignificant in explaining the annual variance of the dataset. Moreover, the seasonal redesign of the monitoring network through a multivariate statistical framework was found to capture valuable information from the system, thus making the network more efficient. Cluster analysis (CA) classified the sampling sites into different groups based on similarity in water quality characteristics. The PCA/PFA identified significant latent factors standing for different pollution sources such as organic pollution, industrial pollution, diffuse pollution and faecal contamination. Thus, the present study illustrates that various multivariate statistical techniques can be effectively employed in sustainable management of water resources. Highlights ? The effectiveness of existing river water quality monitoring network is assessed ? Significance of seasonal redesign of the monitoring network is demonstrated ? Rationalization of water quality parameters is performed in a statistical framework     

城市景观水体水质净化的人工湿地设计

从设计规模、水质标准、湿地平面和堤坝设计、进水方式以及防渗结构和湿地植物等方面,介绍了用于景观水体水质净化的人工湿地系统及设计方案。以西北地区某园区为例,根据天然地势设计了5级阶梯式人工湿地,确保出水水质作为景观水水源,并参与城市人工河湖系统的水循环系统的正常代谢。     

黄浦江上游来水与黄浦江水源水质内在关联研究

使用有机污染综合指数评价和数理统计方法,对1986—2000年黄浦江水源地及黄浦江上游来水的水质监测数据进行分析。结果表明,黄浦江水源近15a水质变化可分为缓慢恶化、加速恶化和逐渐改善3个阶段;黄浦江松浦大桥取水口水质与园泄泾相近,且均劣于淀峰和太浦河,优于大泖港;大泖港与松浦大桥水质密切相关,对松浦大桥取水口水质恶化贡献很大。基于这一机理建立的回归方程能够较好地拟合出取水口水质的演变趋势。     

Issues to consider in the derivation of water quality benchmarks for the protection of aquatic life

While water quality benchmarks for the protection of aquatic life have been in use in some jurisdictions for several decades (USA, Canada, several European countries), more and more countries are now setting up their own national water quality benchmark development programs. In doing so, they either adopt an existing method from another jurisdiction, update on an existing approach, or develop their own new derivation method. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages, and many issues have to be addressed when setting up a water quality benchmark development program or when deriving a water quality benchmark. Each of these tasks requires a special expertise. They may seem simple, but are complex in their details. The intention of this paper was to provide some guidance for this process of water quality benchmark development on the program level, for the derivation methodology development, and in the actual benchmark derivation step, as well as to point out some issues (notably the inclusion of adapted populations and cryptic species and points to consider in the use of the species sensitivity distribution approach) and future opportunities (an international data repository and international collaboration in water quality benchmark development).