温度对合成钛酸盐纳米材料的影响及其对水中Cd (Ⅱ)的去除效果

为有效去除水中Cd（Ⅱ）,以TiO₂纳米粉和NaOH为原料,调节水热反应温度分别为100、120、150和190℃,制备出了不同形貌的TNs（钛酸盐纳米材料）,分别记为TNs-100、TNs-120、TNs-150和TNs-190,并对其形貌、结构、比表面积、化学组成等物理化学性能进行了表征;通过对水中Cd（Ⅱ）的静态吸附试验,考察了TNs对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附性能.结果表明:随着合成温度的升高,TNs的形貌逐渐从纳米片演变成纳米管,管长逐渐变长,最后变成纳米棒.TNs-100的晶型结构主要是锐钛矿型;随着温度升高,结晶度逐渐增强;TNs-190出现了部分金红石相.TNs-150对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附能力最强,最大平衡吸附量为254.66 mg/g,最佳吸附pH为5.0.再生的TNs-150对Cd（Ⅱ）循环吸附6次的去除率和解吸率均可达93%以上.TNs-150对Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附过程符合准二阶动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温模型,吸附机制主要是TNs层间Na+和H+与溶液中Cd（Ⅱ）的离子交换.研究显示,TNs的饱和吸附量均高于同类吸附剂,能有效去除水中Cd（Ⅱ）.      

温和水热法合成钛酸盐纳米管及其对水中重金属离子的吸附研究

采用温和水热法一步快速合成了钛酸盐纳米管(TNTs),并应用于对水中重金属离子Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的吸附.通过选择纳米级锐钛矿替代P25型二氧化钛作为反应原材料,成功将水热反应时间从72 h缩短至6 h.TEM,XRD和FT-IR等表征证实了新合成材料的为管状钛酸盐结构.TNTs对3种重金属离子的吸附动力学均符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型,且对Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的理论最大吸附量分别高达525.58、214.41和69.65 mg·g~(-1).p H=5时,吸附动力学实验表明对于初始浓度分别为200、100和50 mg·L~(-1)的Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ),在TNTs上的平衡吸附量分别为513.04、212.46和66.35 mg·g~(-1),吸附性能优于传统吸附材料.合成的TNTs结构为三联的[Ti O6]八面体骨架和层间H+/Na+,其吸附机理为金属阳离子与TNTs层间Na+的离子交换.同时,共存离子对吸附的影响实验表明TNTs对重金属离子的吸附存在选择性,即使在较高的共存离子浓度下(10 mmol·L~(-1))TNTs对目标重金属离子的吸附性能依然优异.该研究提供了一种应用钛酸纳米材料高效去除水体重金属离子的方法.     

碳纳米管-羟磷灰石对铅的吸附特性研究

采用多壁碳纳米管-羟磷灰石(MWCNT-HAP)复合材料,通过间歇试验研究了MWCNT-HAP对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性.主要探讨了固液比、p H、离子强度、反应时间、Pb(Ⅱ)的初始质量浓度及温度等因素对吸附的影响.结果表明,固液比、p H与温度对于去除Pb(Ⅱ)的影响较大,离子强度影响较小.当温度为20℃,固液比为0.08 g·L-1,p H0为5.5,Pb(Ⅱ)的初始质量浓度为100 mg·L-1时,吸附量为716.13 mg·g-1.动力学试验结果表明,MWCNT-HAP吸附Pb(Ⅱ)为快速反应过程,在30 min时,吸附量可达最大吸附量的90%,60 min即可达平衡.伪二级动力学模型可较好地拟合动力学试验数据,可采用该模型描述MWCNT-HAP对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附的动力学过程.热力学试验结果表明,在不同温度下的自由能变均为负值,表明MWCNT-HAP对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附为自发反应,升温有利于反应进行.Langmuir模型拟合不同温度下的等温试验结果得到可决定系数(R2为0.999 8~1.000 0),可采用该模型模拟MWCNT-HAP对Pb(Ⅱ)的等温吸附过程.MWCNT-HAP去除Pb(Ⅱ)的主要机制为MWCNT-HAP表面含氧官能团与Pb2+间的络合反应、HAP的分解-沉淀、Pb2+与Ca2+离子交换等.     

茶叶基水合氧化铁吸附水体中Pb(Ⅱ)的性能

采用原位沉积技术将水合氧化铁(HFO)负载于废弃茶叶渣表面制备了复合材料茶叶基水合氧化铁(HFO-TW),研究了HFO-TW对水溶液中Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性,探讨了溶液pH值、时间、共存碱土离子、温度、Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度等因素对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附效果的影响.结果表明酸性范围内,Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量随溶液pH升高而增大;Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附速度较快,100 min内便可达吸附平衡,且动力学曲线较好地符合伪一级和伪二级动力学模型,拟合系数可达98.8%;在竞争离子Ca(Ⅱ)/Mg(Ⅱ)的浓度高于Pb(Ⅱ)50倍时,HFO-TW对Pb(Ⅱ)仍具有较强的吸附能力,Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量仅分别下降12.1 mg·g-1和8.1 mg·g-1;Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附过程较好地符合Langmuir等温模型,理论最大吸附容量为89.43 mg·g-1,远高于未经改性的茶叶渣和其他生物吸附剂.所有结果均证实HFO-TW在净化实际铅污染水体中有着较为广阔的应用潜力.     

钛酸盐纳米管对水中氨氮的吸附特性

以P25和Na OH为原料,采用水热法制备钛酸盐纳米管(TNTs),利用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)对材料的组成和形貌进行表征,通过其对水中氨氮的静态吸附实验,考察TNTs对水中氨氮的吸附特性及规律.结果表明碱浓度为10mol·L-1时,可以获得管长约120 nm,管径约为8 nm的钛酸盐纳米管,其对氨氮的平衡吸附量达到10. 67 mg·g-1. p H值介于3～8时,TNTs能有效地吸附水中的氨氮.吸附过程在1 h基本达到平衡,符合准二级动力学方程.颗粒内扩散方程拟合结果发现,TNTs对氨氮的吸附过程由表面吸附和颗粒内扩散共同控制. Temkin方程能较好地描述TNTs对氨氮的吸附行为.热力学实验表明钛酸盐纳米管对氨氮的吸附是自发进行的吸热过程.共存阴阳离子对氨氮的吸附具有抑制作用,分别表现为SO_4~(2-) Cl~- H_2PO_4~-、K~+ Na~+ Ca~(2+).再生的钛酸盐纳米管对氨氮循环吸附5次仍有88. 64%的吸附效果.红外光谱(FT-IR)研究表明钛酸盐纳米管对氨氮的吸附机制是TNTs层间的Na~+与溶液中的NH_4~+之间发生离子交换.钛酸盐纳米管的优良循环使用性能和大吸附容量使得其能有效地去除水中氨氮.     

酸和热处理对海泡石结构及吸附Pb2+、 Cd2+性能的影响

通过X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱及比表面积分析等研究了酸和热处理对天然海泡石结构的影响,并考察不同处理后的海泡石样品吸附重金属Pb2+、Cd2+性能.结果表明,海泡石比表面积均随盐酸浓度、处理时间的增加而略有增大,而结构无明显变化,0.5 mol·L-1 HCl处理时,天然海泡石中的CaCO3未能被完全去除,6.0 mol·L-1 HCl处理72 h时,海泡石比表面积达到最大301.47 m2·g-1.盐酸热处理并不能提高海泡石的比表面积,也不会使海泡石结构产生明显变化.不同类型酸处理对海泡石比表面积提高顺序依次为:HCl>HNO3>H2SO4;海泡石经焙烧后比表面积迅速下降,由100℃的21.44 m2·g-1下降到900℃的0.17 m2·g-1.重金属吸附实验表明,盐酸处理浓度和时间对海泡石吸附Pb2+、Cd2+离子性能无明显影响;不同酸处理对海泡石吸附Pb2+、Cd2+离子性能存在一定影响,H2SO4处理后海泡石对Pb2+、Cd2+离子吸附量明显高于HCl和HNO3处理.海泡石焙烧处理后对Pb2+离子吸附量无明显影响,但对Cd2+离子吸附量在焙烧700℃以上时增加明显.     

柱状污泥基活性炭制备方法及其除污染效能研究

以城市污水厂剩余污泥为原料,用氯化锌活化法研究一种柱状污泥基活性炭(CSAC)的制备方法及其工艺条件优化,并选择粉末污泥基活性炭(PSAC)和一种商品煤质碳(MAC)作为对照,考察了CSAC对重金属离子Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)及有机污染物硝基苯的吸附去除效能.结果表明,CSAC的比表面积及微孔容积分别是306.9 m2·g-1和0.109 cm3·g-1,仅为MAC的36.7%和23.6%,但其对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)的平衡吸附量却远远高于MAC,说明CSAC表面存在的高含量酸性官能团在吸附去除重金属过程中起到了重要的作用.由于制备原料相同及制备工艺相似,CSAC与PSAC的理化性质基本相同,两种炭的表面酸性官能团含量较高,对Cu(Ⅱ)和Pb(Ⅱ)均具有较好的吸附去除效果,优于MAC,只是CSAC的比表面积和微孔容积略低于PSAC;在对硝基苯的吸附实验中,CSAC及PSAC的吸附效率均远远低于MAC,说明在对有机物硝基苯的吸附中,活性炭的比表面积等物理性质起到了较大的作用.同时,所制备的CSAC的稳定度大于95%,易于分离回收,不会造成二次污染,适合废水中重金属离子的吸附去除.     

酿酒酵母吸附Zn2+、Pb(2+)、Ag+、Cu2+的动力学特性研究

利用静态摇瓶实验方法,研究了工业废弃酿酒酵母无缓冲溶液体系吸附Zn2 、Pb2 、Ag 、Cu2 的动力学特性.结果表明,酵母吸附Zn2 、Pb2 、Ag 、Cu2 的动力学过程可以用准二级动力学方程进行描述.金属离子初始浓度在0.08～3.0 mmol·L-1范围内,Langmuir方程可以较好地描述Zn、Pb、Ag的等温吸附行为,Zn、Pb、Ag的理论饱和吸附量分别为0.522 mmol·g-1(34.11 mg·g-1)、0.577 mmol·g-1(119.50mg·g-1)和0.329 mmol·g-1(35.50 mg·g-1).以mol为基础的金属离子吸附量顺序是:Pb＞Zn＞Ag;以mg为基础的金属离子吸附量顺序是:Pb＞Ag＞Zn.Freundlich方程对整个浓度范围内的平衡数据拟合效果较差,但是它可以较好地描述低浓度Zn2 (初始浓度0.08～0.5mmol·L-1)、低浓度Pb2 (0.08～1.0 mmol·L-1)以及高浓度Ag (1.5～3.0 mmol·L-1)的等温吸附行为.酵母吸附Zn2 、Pb2 、Ag 、Cu2 过程中,溶液pH值有不同程度的增加,增加幅度大小顺序是Zn＞Pb＞Ag＞Cu,这间接反映出Zn2 、Pb2 、Ag 、Cu2 与水溶液中H 的竞争力逐步减弱.吸附过程中酵母释放大量的K ,其次是Mg2 ,而Ca2 、Na 的释放量较低,数量级一般可分别达到几百μmol·g-1 、几十μmol·g-1、几到几十μmol·g-1、十几μmol·g-1.     

花椰菜基生物炭对水中Pb (II)的吸附性能

以农业废弃物花椰菜的根和叶为原材料,采用限氧裂解法在500℃条件下制备花椰菜根基生物炭(BCR)和叶基生物炭(BCL),探究了吸附时间、温度、Pb(Ⅱ)初始浓度、pH及不同共存离子对2种生物炭吸附性能的影响,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、红外光谱(FTIR)及比表面积测定(BET)等手段对生物炭的结构和性质进行了表征,初步探讨了吸附机理.结果表明,2种生物炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合准二级动力学和颗粒内扩散模型,BCR和BCL对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附分别在3 h和6 h达到吸附平衡;2种生物炭对不同浓度下Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型;在25℃条件下,BCR和BCL对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别达到454.55和434.78 mg·g~(-1),BCR和BCL具有良好的吸附效果,可作为优良的生物质基吸附材料.     

毛木耳和白木耳子实体对Cd(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)和Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附特性研究

通过批量实验研究了毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha)子实体和白木耳(Tremella fuciformis)子实体对水溶液中不同浓度的Cd(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附能力和吸附动力学特性.此外,研究了多种离子共存对吸附效果的影响,以及吸附剂在多重金属混合溶液中对各重金属离子的吸附量大小顺序.结果表明,毛木耳子实体对单金属溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为18.91、18.69、20.33和12.42mg·g-1,最大去除率在实验设置条件下均在85%以上;白木耳子实体对单金属溶液中Cd(Ⅱ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为19.98、20.15、19.16和16.41mg·g-1,最大去除率在实验条件下均在75%以上.在初始浓度分别为10、50和100mg·L-1的溶液中,随初始浓度的增加,菌体对重金属的吸附量增加,但去除率下降.准二阶模型比准一阶模型能更好地描述吸附动力学过程.2种吸附剂对多金属溶液中重金属离子吸附量的大小均呈现Pb(Ⅱ)Cu(Ⅱ)Zn(Ⅱ)Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附规律,电负性大的金属离子被优先吸附.溶液中其它重金属离子的存在使白木耳子实体对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量上升,而使毛木耳子实体对4种离子和白木耳子实体对其它3种离子的吸附量下降.研究发现,毛木耳和白木耳子实体都是潜在的生物吸附剂.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.