镉与碘化钾和结晶紫在水溶液中的显色反应—分光光度法测定微量镉

本文提出的用分光光度法测定溶液中镉-碘-结晶紫三元离子络合物的方法是一种简便灵敏的分析方法。该离子络合物在520nm附近有最大吸收,摩尔吸光系数为2.1×10~5l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),含镉量在0—8μg/25ml时服从比尔定律,可直接在水溶液中测定微量镉。     

Cr(Ⅵ)-Ⅱ底唑-CTAB体系显色反应的研究

本文提出了甩(口底)唑和CTAB分光光度法测定微量Cr(Ⅵ)的新方法。五法灵敏度高,络合物在555nm处有最大吸收,表观摩尔吸光系数为9.0×10~4/摩尔·厘米。铬量在0—10μg/50ml符合比尔定律。用C_yDTA和H_2O_2掩蔽Fe(Ⅲ)、Al(Ⅲ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Ti(Ⅳ)和V(Ⅴ).Cr(Ⅲ)不干扰测定。本法可应用于水中微量Cr(Ⅳ)的测定。     

紫外光度法在水污染分析与检测中的应用

本文介绍用于水污染监视用的紫外专用分析仪和用紫外分光光度法测定水中污染物的方法,前者包括用于评价水中有机污染物的紫外分析器、总酚自动测定仪和硝酸盐自动测定仪;后者包括硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、酚类化合物、微量油、氰、烷基苯磺酸和苯并(a)芘等的测定方法。以简单实用的方法为主,对基本原理和操作关键做了评述。     

5—Br—PADAP全差示分光光度法测定人发中的铁

本文研究了Fe~(2+)-5-Br-PADAP-曲通X-100络合体系的显色反应.在pH3.3醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液中,络合物的最大吸收λ_(max)=565nm,摩尔吸系数ε=6.0×10~4,络合物的组成比Fe~(2+):5-Br-PADAP=1:3.铁量在0—12.5μg/25ml范围内符合比尔定律,利用全差示分光光度法测定了人发中的铁,结果满意。     

水环境试样中黄磷的气相色谱法测定

污水中黄磷的测定可用溴水氧化钼蓝比色法。但它们不适于测定微量黄磷的试样。为了提高测定灵敏度,有人用有机溶剂萃取磷钼络合物,在有机相中显色。也可用磷钼酸-甲基紫三元络合物直接水相显色测定黄磷,检测下限为ppb。 60年代末,Ackman等人用气相色谱法直接测定水、底泥和鱼体等水环境试样中的     

用四-(对-三甲铵苯基)卟啉分光光度法测定人发、水中的微量锌(Ⅱ)

本文研究了在pH9.0—11.5之间四-(对-三甲铵苯基)卟啉(简称TAPP)与锌(Ⅱ)的络合反应。反应完全后加入Pb(Ⅱ),使剩余TAPP转变为Pb(Ⅱ)的络合物。提出了高灵敏度测定微量锌(Ⅱ)的光度法。本法可直接用于人发中微量锌的测定。采用离子变换分离法清除干扰后,可用于水中微量锌的测定。     

纳米金比色探针检测环境样品中邻苯二甲酸酯类

邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)是目前主要的环境有机污染物之一,广泛存在于环境介质中,且是一种环境荷尔蒙物质,具有生殖毒性、致突变和致癌性.因此,环境中PAEs的监测十分重要.测定PAEs的方法主要是色谱法和色质联用法.这些方法虽然灵敏度高,但仪器昂贵,测定费用高并需对样品进行繁琐处理,难以达到即时监控的目的.有关分光光度法和荧     

钒—3,5-Br_2-PADAP-羟胺三元络合物及其在环境分析中的应用

在弱酸介质中钒(V),3,5-Br_2-PADAP与羟胺生成组成为1:1:1的蓝色三元络合物,其吸收峰位于610纳米,摩尔消光系数为6.0×10~4,该络合物的生成与试剂的加入顺序有关,并且一经形成后十分稳定,不为强无机酸所破坏,据此拟订了测定微量钒的方法,方法灵敏度高,选择性好,钴干扰可通过改变试剂加入顺序得以消除,经试用于工业废水和土壤中微量钒的测定,取得良好结果。     

评介《紫外吸收光谱法及其应用》

紫外吸收光谱法是许多有机物和无机物分析的很方便的一种手段。可用于定性和定量分析,其中定量分析是最重要的用途之一。 哈尔滨建筑工程学院黄君礼教授编著的《紫外吸收光谱法及其应用》,从实际应用出发,除了详细介绍了紫外吸收光潜的基本方法外,还介绍了紫外分光光度法在有机污染物监测、无机物测定、药品检验、农药制剂、添加剂、防腐剂、作物提取物等测定方面的大量应用实例,同时列出了几百个化合物的谱图,有重要的使用价值。     

铜(Ⅱ)-过氧化氢-溴甲酚紫-吐温80体系胶束催化动力学光度法测定铜(Ⅱ)

本研究建立了Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）Ｈ２Ｏ２溴甲酚紫Ｔｗｅｅｎ８０体系胶束催化动力学光度法,测定重金属污染物Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）。检出限２．６５×１０１１ｇ／ｍＬ,精密度１．０８％（ｎ＝１０）,线性范围０～４０ｎｇ／２５ｍＬ。选择性好,手续简便,分析速度快,无毒,价廉。可用于环境样品中微量铜的测定。     

Experimental study of chromium adsorption on minerals in the presence of phthalic and humic acids

The effect of phthalic acid (benzene 1,2 dicarboxylic acid), a surrogate compound for natural organic matter, and of humic acid, on the adsorption of chromium to the surface of minerals was observed. In ternary systems involving phthalic acid, chromium(III) adsorption decreases on clays, probably because of aqueous Cr(III)-phthalate complexation, preventing ionic-exchange. Phthalic acid was also found to reduce chromium(VI) adsorption onto alumina, because of a competitive effect. In ternary systems involving humic acid, Cr(III) adsorption is increased in the low pH range because of the formation of surface ternary complex S-L-Cr(III) and is decreased in the high pH range because of aqueous Cr(III)-humate complexation.     

Polarographic determination of the stability constant of the ternary complex formed between cocaine and cobalt thiocyanate

The interactions between cocaine -- Co(II) and thiocyanate (or dimethylglyoxime) have been studied by electrochemical means, assuming the existence of a ternary complex with the stoichiometry [(H₂O)₃Co(SCN)(C₁₇H₂₁NO₄)]⁺ and the absence of similar ternary species containing dimethylglyoxime. The formation constant of the complex has been evaluated by polarographic titrations because of the irreversibility of electrochemical processes. This relatively small value of 2.37 × 10⁵ is in agreement with the experimental conditions at which Scott's method is typically carried out to detect cocaine in solid samples by reaction with Co(II) thiocyanate.     

两栖动物监测方法和国外监测计划研究

两栖动物是生物多样性的重要组成部分,对环境变化非常敏感,可被用作环境监测的指示物种.介绍了两栖动物监测的指标、时间、频次以及监测的主要方法,包括目视遇测法、样线（带）法、繁殖区调查法、鸣叫调查法、围栏陷阱法、人工庇护所法、人工隐蔽物法和标志重捕法,分析了各种方法的适用性和局限性;还详细介绍了国外比较成熟的2个两栖动物监测计划——美国两栖动物监测计划和英国两栖爬行动物监测计划.     

VOCs走航监测:技术方法与案例应用

挥发性有机物(VOCs)来源广泛、组成复杂,是臭氧(O3)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)的重要前体物,且其中一些组分对人体健康存在潜在威胁。VOCs的主要排放方式包括点源、面源和无组织源排放,排放过程具有瞬时性,难以控制和监测。与传统的离线监测和在线监测相比,走航监测技术具有监测范围大、响应快速、机动性强的特点,但中国VOCs的走航监测研究还鲜有报道。该研究通过使用装载了单质谱分析仪与便携式气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)的走航车对珠三角沿海城市某工业集聚区进行VOCs走航监测,走航过程中对环境空气中的TVOCs进行快速监测并对TVOCs质量浓度高值点进行采样及VOCs组分的成分和浓度分析。该次走航共监测到32种优控污染因子和CW加油(加气)站、JH加油站、G空调电器生产企业的两器车间及南门货场等多个TVOCs质量浓度高值点,并通过分析进一步判断VOCs排放源。结合监测结果和实地调研推断:加油站的VOCs高值主要来源于油气挥发及机动车尾气排放;G空调企业的VOCs高值则主要来源于两器车间的喷涂、烘干、洗网工序及厂区内的机动车尾气排放。尽管VOCs走航监测技术目前还存在一定不足,该方法的应用能够为掌握区域VOCs污染现状及分布特征提供新的技术手段,为实现VOCs精细化管控提供新的思路。     

Monitoring of Biological Diversity: a Common-Ground Approach

Abstract:  Practical approaches to monitoring biological diversity vary widely among countries, and the accumulating data are frequently not generalizable at the international scale. Although many present monitoring schemes, especially in developed countries, produce highly complex data, there is often a lack of basic data about the level and spatial distribution of biodiversity. We augmented the general framework for improving biomonitoring, proposed by Green et al. (2005) , and identified its core tasks and attributes. The first priority for a more unified biodiversity monitoring is to agree on a minimum set of core tasks and attributes, which will make it possible to build a standardized biomonitoring system even in countries with few resources. Our scheme has two main organizational levels—taxa and ecosystems. The basic elements of the biomonitoring system proposed are recording of presence and absence of taxa and ecosystems in a target area, mapping of their distribution in space, and assessment of their status. All the elements have to be repeated over time. Although these tasks are fundamental, they are frequently not considered in currently functioning biomonitoring programs. The whole system has to be hierarchical and additive: if more resources are available, new activities may be added to the basic routine. Agreeing on a common standard will facilitate aggregating measures of biodiversity status and trends into regional and global indices. This information will relate directly to several Convention on Biological Diversity indicators for assessing progress toward the 2010 Biodiversity Target.     

城市生态监测指标体系研究——以江苏省城市为例

从生态监测的发展出发,总结了目前江苏省城市主要的生态问题,并从城市生态系统原理的角度,分析了江苏城市问题的生态学实质。根据生态检测指标体系制定的目的性,以生态系统理论为基础,提出了构建思路和构建原则,最后进行了生态监测指标体系的构建,并指出了构建意义。     

天津市水环境功能区划分方案及水质标准的确定

本文在天津市原水环境功能区划分的基础上,根据历史,现状,近期和远期水环境功能分析和水环境质量现状评价结果,在保证主要河道水环境功能的前提下,依照水环境质量现状和污染源排放情况以及《海河流域水污染防治规划》确定的上游河流功能区水质保护目标,确定天津市属河道,水库水环境功能区水质标准。     

农田N2O排放研究进展

农田土壤是大气中N2O的重要来源，与1990年相比，2000年我国氮肥用量升高了40％，因此，迫切需要对我国农田土壤N2O的排放通量作出新的估算。土壤理化性状的空间变异和不同生态条件下进行长期的、多点的农田N2O原位监测数据的匮乏成为提高N2O排放测定精度的制约因素。目前，航空采样法-驰豫涡动技术(微气象学方法)能够成功克服空间变异，且已经被成功应用在农业生态系统N2O排放的定量化观测上；另外Century-NGAS和DNDC模型是目前应用较广泛的机理模型，但应用不同模型所获得的N2O排放量相差较大。因此，今后农业土壤N2O排放的工作重点应集中在如何提高N2O原位观测精度，寻找合适的机理模型和提出相应的减排措施。     

Software sensor design based on empirical data

Software sensor design consists of building an estimate of some quantity of interest. This estimate can be used either to replace a physical measurement, or to validate an existing one. This paper provides some general guidelines for the design of software sensors based on empirical data. When the model is a priori unknown, the problem can be stated in terms of non-parametric regression or black-box modelling. Complexity control is the main difficulty in this setting. A trade-off must be achieved between two antagonist goals: the model should not be too simple, and model identification should not be too variable. We propose to address this issue by a penalization algorithm, which also estimates the relevance of input features in the identification process. A data-driven software sensor should also provide accuracy and validity indexes of its prediction. We show how these indexes can be estimated for complex non-parametric methods, such as neural networks. An application in environmental monitoring, the design of an ammonia software sensor, illustrates each step of the approach.     

Environmental indicators GIS of the Catalan coast

This paper describes the environmental indicators GIS of the Catalan coast, Spain. The spatial data model is based on vector and raster layers with three main modules: the biodiversity, the general biophysical and the socioeconomic. Presently, the database has a number of pressure and impact indicators that have been used to model the components and structure of the system and are suggested to build ecological resilience. Special interest has been given to the analysis of functional groups of species that are relevant to the dynamics of the coastal system, and preliminary results are presented. This system constitutes a user-oriented analytical and monitoring tool for coastal zone managers and researchers. Although, the system is under development it is expected that resulting spatial indicators of environmental condition can be used to promote more sustainable coastal strategies and actions in the Catalan coast.