河流底泥重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价——以湘江株洲段为例

通过对湘江株洲段6个监测断面左右两岸共32个底泥样品重金属Pb,Zn,Cd,As,Hg和Cr质量比进行分析研究,并进行潜在生态风险评价。结果表明：霞湾断面是重金属富集最严重的断面;Cd,Hg和As的含量均超过GB15618—1995三级标准和长沙-湘潭-株洲3市土壤背景值;重金属含量大部分分布特征为右岸高于左岸;从重金属污染的潜在生态风险看,湘江株洲段各监测断面潜在生态风险都很高;各重金属元素对生态风险影响程度从大到小的顺序为：Hg〉Cd〉As〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr。     

洞庭湖表层底泥重金属污染及其生态风险评价

对洞庭湖表层底泥样进行了Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn、As、Hg和Cr等7种元素含量分析,并采用潜在生态风险指数法和土壤环境质量标准首次对各河流入湖口和各子湖区(段)表层底泥重金属的污染状况进行了评价。结果显示,洞庭湖各子湖区(段)表层底泥中以Cd污染最为严重,所有样点Cd含量均超过国家土壤质量三级标准限值;其次为Pb、Cu和Zn,各子湖区该三种金属含量均属于国家土壤质量二级标准;再次为As和Hg,东洞庭湖和西洞庭湖等湖区As、Hg均属于国家土壤质量二级标准;而Cr对洞庭湖表层底泥的污染最轻。主要河流入湖口中,湘江和资江入湖口表层底泥的Cd、Pb、Zn和As污染最为严重,沅江入湖口表层底泥的Hg污染最为严重,资江和汨罗江表层底泥的Cu和Cr污染最为严重。潜在生态风险指数法评价结果表明:西洞庭湖表层底泥重金属污染对生态潜在危害极高,南洞庭湖、东洞庭湖、城陵矶和大通湖的重金属污染潜在生态风险指数分级为高。根据潜在生态风险综合指数(RI)值大小,洞庭湖各子湖区(段)重金属复合污染程度由重到轻次序为:西洞庭湖大通湖城陵矶东洞庭湖南洞庭湖。     

长江入海口北支沿海滩涂养殖区底泥重金属污染特征及趋势评价

对长江入海口北支沿海滩涂养殖区底泥重金属污染的总体水平进行调查,结果表明,滩涂养殖区底泥重金属含量满足海洋沉积物质量一类标准要求,污染程度属于安全Ⅰ级水平,重金属潜在生态危害属轻微级别,6种重金属潜在生态危害由大到小排序依次为Cd﹥Hg﹥Cu﹥Cr﹥Pb﹥As,2005年～2011年,底泥重金属污染程度均处于安全的Ⅰ级水平。     

甲鱼养殖底泥中重金属含量及生态风险评价

为评价东林镇甲鱼养殖底泥中重金属的生态风险,利用ICP、石墨炉和原子荧光法分别测定了Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、Cd、As和Hg的含量,并根据地累积指数和Hakanson指数进行了生态风险评价。结果显示,甲鱼养殖底泥已受严重的重金属污染,且处于强生态风险等级。     

西溪湿地底泥质量现状与生态风险初步评价

为了解西溪湿地底泥质量现状,2012年9月采集保护区内不同干扰类型的底泥样本,测试了底泥中重金属和POPs中PCBs、OCPs和PAHs的含量,并对湿地底泥污染进行了生态风险初步评价。结果表明,底泥中未检出PCBs和OCPs,但检测出14种EPA优控PAHs,总PAHs的浓度范围为115.9～217.8 ng·g^-1,低于潜在生态风险的效应区间低值ERL,其中列入中国＂水中优先控制污染黑名单＂的7种PAHs均有检出并且其总量占∑PAHs 1/2左右（平均为50.08%）;底泥中8种重金属含量平均值低于《土壤环境质量标准》（GB 15618—1995）的二级标准,但Hg、Zn、Pb、Ni含量在多个位点已超过一级标准;分别采用土壤背景值和国家一级标准为参比值对湿地底泥中重金属进行单因子污染风险指数评价,发现分别有7种和4种元素的污染指数大于1;综合分析不同干扰类型的底泥质量,发现底泥疏浚能有效降低有机质含量、全氮和PAHs含量,但对全磷、重金属含量则无明显效果,封闭水体的干塘措施能显著减少污泥量和有机物含量。研究结果表明,西溪湿地底泥中高环PAHs和重金属污染水平可能对西溪湿地生物具有潜在的生物毒性作用及不利的生态影响效应,其疏浚底泥农用则无生态风险。     

我国南方桉树人工林区水库沉积物重金属垂向分布及污染评价

为研究我国南方桉树人工林区水库沉积物中重金属污染程度及垂向分布特征,选取南宁市那降水库和天雹水库为研究对象,采用ICP-AES测定沉积物中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Hg和Pb 7种重金属在垂向上的含量分布,并采用地累积指数法对重金属污染进行风险评价。结果表明,天雹水库沉积物中重金属污染较那降水库严重,且7种重金属平均含量远远高于南宁市土壤重金属元素背景值。重金属垂向分布特征显示,重金属Cu和Pb平均含量呈波动增长趋势,Zn和Cd呈持续增长趋势,而Cr、As和Hg呈波动下降趋势。由重金属含量变异系数垂向变化来看,重金属Hg含量变异系数最大,不同深度处均大于0.45,离散程度较高。地累积指数法评价结果表明,重金属污染程度由大到小顺序为:HgCdZnCuPbCrAs,重金属Hg累积最严重,属于中度污染程度,且有逐年加重趋势,两个水库的相似点是重金属Hg和Cd也有明显累积,处于中度污染水平。     

广西贵港柑桔产区土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

以广西贵港柑桔产区土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sc、Pb、Zn 8种重金属含量及污染特征,基于农用地土壤污染评价标准(GB15618-2018),利用潜在生态危害指数法评价了该产区重金属的综合潜在生态风险。结果表明:Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb 7种元素含量均值低于土壤污染风险筛选值,Cd元素含量均值(1. 22mg/kg)高于风险筛选值(0. 3mg/kg)。Pb、Zn元素与Hg、Ni元素各自具有相似的空间分布规律,Cd元素含量有从中心向四周扩散的趋势。Cd元素处于较强的风险水平,很强与极强级别样本所占比例分别为17. 5%和45%。Hg元素中度、强风险级别占比分别为39. 5%、29. 5%,说明该研究区土壤中Cd、Hg元素污染较严重。综合潜在风险指数RI均值为342. 4,属于强生态风险,主要受Cd、Hg元素污染影响。     

徐州云龙湖底泥重金属污染评价

本文测定了云龙湖底泥中铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)4种重金属元素含量。运用了累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其污染程度和潜在生态风险进行评价:4种重金属中Cu为中度污染,Pb为轻度污染,其余2种均未构成污染。云龙湖底泥中重金属污染的潜在生态风险表现为轻微的程度,生态风险顺序是Mn>Cu>Pb>Zn。     

川南兴文僰王山酸化土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析

以四川南部宜宾市兴文僰王山富硒酸化水稻土为研究对象,采用地质累积指数、主成分分析、多元统计分析等方法,对土壤重金属污染程度、来源及贡献率等进行了分析。结果表明,8种重金属除Cd外,均未超过国家二级标准值,说明该地区重金属Cd污染风险较高。地质累积指数表明,土壤中Cr和Ni几乎没有污染,As、Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg为无污染～轻度污染,Cd属于中度～强度污染。绝对因子得分-多元回归(APCS-MLR)估算表明,Cd来源较为多样性,主要来源于自然母质和土壤酸化等地球化学反应,分别占25. 0%、29. 37%,其次大气降尘、农业耕作方式分别贡献了22. 22%、21. 43%。     

钒钛磁铁矿尾矿库周边农用土壤重金属污染诊断

通过对钒钛磁铁矿尾矿库周边农用土壤的采样调查,测定了6种重金属(Cr、Ni、Pb、Cd、Hg、As)的含量,并采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法探讨了研究区土壤重金属的污染程度。结果表明:研究区土壤中的重金属含量均未超过GB15618-2018风险筛选值,但Cr、Ni、Cd、Hg等重金属平均值高于四川省土壤环境背景值;评价显示土壤中各采样点的重金属单因子污染指数均小于1,内梅罗污染指数均小于0.7,说明各监测区域土壤环境质量处于清洁水平;从潜在生态风险指数评价结果来看,尾矿库周边农用地各重金属潜在生态风险程度强弱顺序为Hg>Cd>As>Ni>Pb>Cr,研究区整体处于中等生态危害。     

Levels of lead in blood in residents of Kuwait

Following an examination of blood samples from 1000 persons from Kuwait, a number of important differences in the levels of lead in the blood were noted. There were significant differences between the sexes living in the same residential area. Certain significant lead in blood differences were also found between females and males who dyed their hair, and between smokers and non-smokers. Lead in blood concentrations were also tested for the various blood groups of the respondents. It was noted that O⁺ blood group respondents were found to have higher lead levels than those of other major blood groups.     

Assessment of flooding impacts in terms of sustainability in mainland China

An understanding of flood impact in terms of sustainability is vital for long-term disaster risk reduction. This paper utilizes two important concepts: conventional insurance related flood risk for short-term damage by specific flood events, and long-term flood impact on sustainability. The Insurance Related Flood Risk index, IRFR, is defined as the product of the Flood Hazard Index (FHI) and Vulnerability. The Long-term Flood Impact on Sustainability index, LFIS, is the ratio of the flood hazard index to the Sustainable Development Index (SDI). Using a rapid assessment approach, quantitative assessments of IRFR and LFIS are carried out for 2339 counties and cities in mainland China. Each index is graded from ‘very low’ to ‘very high’ according to the eigenvalue magnitude of cluster centroids. By combining grades of FHI and SDI, mainland China is then classified into four zones in order to identify regional variations in the potential linkage between flood hazard and sustainability. Zone I regions, where FHI is graded ‘very low’ or ‘low’ and SDI is ‘medium’ to ‘very high’, are mainly located in western China. Zone II regions, where FHI and SDI are ‘medium’ or ‘high’, occur in the rapidly developing areas of central and eastern China. Zone III regions, where FHI and SDI are ‘very low’ or ‘low’, correspond to the resource-based areas of western and north-central China. Zone IV regions, where FHI is ‘medium’ to ‘very high’ and SDI is ‘very low’ to ‘low’, occur in ecologically fragile areas of south-western China. The paper also examines the distributions of IRFR and LFIS throughout mainland China. Although 57% of the counties and cities have low IRFR values, 64% have high LFIS values. The modal values of LFIS are ordered as Zone I < Zone II ≈ Zone III < Zone IV; whereas the modal values of IRFR are ordered as Zone I < Zone III < Zone IV < Zone II. It is recommended that present flood risk policies be altered towards a more sustainable flood risk management strategy in areas where LFIS and IRFR vary significantly, with particular attention focused on Zone IV regions, which presently experience poverty and a deteriorating eco-system.     

生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展

有机氯农药是高残留农药，进入生物体后会长期残留，对生物体产生危害。近年来，生物体中的有机氯农药的研究越来越引起各国环境化学家、生态学家的重视，渐渐成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文总结了近年来国际上有关生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展情况，以及所取得的主要研究成果。     

Closure of Disputes in Assessments of Climate Change in The Netherlands

2 greenhouse gases in assessment studies. For the cases studied, we identify variability in the assessment reports in the Netherlands during the pre-IPCC period. In the Netherlands arena, the assessments in this period can be seen as exponents of two different lines, a Netherlands line and an international line. We seek to identify what factors were decisive in the selection processes that resulted in the closure of visible disputes (visible in or across the assessment reports) for both cases. Our analysis reveals a remarkable difference in the adoption behavior of two Dutch assessment groups despite a large overlap in membership. We provide evidence that it is not the paradigmatic predisposition of the experts in the committee that was decisive for the closure of visible disputes, but it was the context in which the experts operated and the commitments they had made in each setting.     

铜陵铜官山矿区土壤重金属污染状况研究

通过野外调查和室内分析,研究了铜陵铜官山铜矿区土壤重金属含量,并采用单因子指数法和内梅罗指数法对铜官山土壤污染程度进行评价.研究结果表明,研究区土壤Cu、Zn、As、Hg平均含量高于当地的土壤背景值,土壤已受Cu、Zn、As重污染,受Hg轻污染.不同样点土壤重金属含量存在较大差异,其中处于选矿厂附近的9到16号样点土壤重金属污染情况较其它样点相对较重,15和16号样点的重金属单项污染指数和综合污染指数都很高,污染状况在所有样点中最为严重.     

攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤Zn污染调查研究

根据各水果、蔬菜基地的分区定点采样结果的对比分析,研究了四川省攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤中Zn含量。结果表明,该区土壤Zn平均值范围在75．0～160mg／kg之间。各基地土壤平均锌含量顺序为：撒莲蔬菜基地〉攀莲蔬菜基地〉会理石榴基地〉大田石榴基地〉西区芒果、桂圆基地〉仁和芒果基地〉盐边芒果、枇杷基地。7个基地中有3个基地的土壤锌含量不同程度超过土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准,其中以大田石榴基地超标最高（16％）,平均值却是两个蔬菜基地最高。     

高校参与社区精神文明建设的思考

高等院校汇集了多方面的人才,是社会主义精神文明建设的重要阵地。如何发挥其优势为社区精神文明建设服务?本文从多方面论述了高校主动参与社区精神文明建设的指导思想、意义、优势、思路和途径。     

Role of Wild Game in the Diet of Recreationists in South Carolina

Risk assessors have devoted considerable attention to the consumption of fish in the diet of recreational and subsistence anglers, but little attention has been directed toward the percentage that wild game contributes to total protein intake for people who engage in hunting and fishing. While recall studies have limitations, the relative errors should be similar for different types of fish and game. We interviewed 454 people attending the Palmetto Sportsmen's Classic in South Carolina to determine their consumption patterns of domesticated animals, fish (both wild-caught and commercial) and wild game. The percentage of people who consumed each type of meat was: chicken (98%); beef (95%); wild-caught fish (79%); deer (79%); restaurant fish (73%); pork (71%); dove (47%); commercial fish (41%); wild turkey (40%), duck, squirrel and self-caught quail (about 25% each); restaurant quail (10%); and raccoon (11%). Although a similar proportion of white respondents and black respondents consumed wild game overall (90%), there were ethnic differences in the number of meals of wild-caught fish and game. Black respondents ate more wild-caught fish, rabbit, raccoon and squirrel, and less deer, than did white respondents. Wild-caught fish and game made up 50% of the meat and fish diet of black sportsmen, but only 32% for whites. Wild-caught fish and game were being eaten disproportionately more by low-income black respondents, while more deer was consumed by higher-income black respondents. The data suggest that managers and planners should take into account age, ethnicity and income when (1) conducting exposure assessments, (2) considering consumption patterns for wild-caught fish and game and (3) managing risk from wild-caught fish and game. The data will be especially useful to policy makers and risk managers who are designing consumption advisories, for risk communicators in identifying the target audience and for managers designing long-term stewardship for sites with contamination.     

生态功能区划在县域可持续发展指标体系中的应用

在分析县域可持续发展指标体系特点的基础上,从生态功能区划依据的原则、目标等方面,深入论述了生态功能区划在县域可持续发展指标体系中的三方面作用,提出了应用生态功能区划结果对某一区域内不同县域的可持续发展状况分类别进行评价的观点。     

国土资源开发利用的综合效益分析

用定量与定性相结合的方法 ,系统分析了国土资源在开发过程中所表现出来的各种社会、经济和生态方面的数量关系和指标 ,并用经济学的基本模型 ,从国土资源开发的社会效益、经济效益和生态效益上总结了这种关系。最后提出了国土资源开发利用的综合效益就是社会效益、经济效益、生态效益的统一 ,经济效益是社会效益和生态效益基础的观点。