BOD5测定中的影响因素

BOD5的测定方法众多，文中从实验用水的质量、接种稀释液的要求、COD5值的确定、计算结果的取舍等方面予以分析．提出经验性的建议和办法。     

接种稀释水的空白对BOD5测定的影响

从接种液种类、空白ＢＯＤ５大小、接种液最佳添加范围等方面对ＢＯＤ５测定进行探讨,提出以接纳工业废水的河水作为最佳接种液,雨季时以土壤浸取液更适合。探讨了接种液空白值对ＢＯＤ５标液和工业废水的影响,结果表明,河水空白应控制在０．１－０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ土壤浸取液空白控制在０．０１－０．１０ｍｇ／Ｌ为宜。     

BOD5 measurements of water presenting inhibitory Cu2+. Implications in using of BOD to evaluate biodegradability of industrial wastewaters

In industrial effluents, the presence of an infinite number of possible mixtures of substances and the high variability of chemical conditions ask for an evaluation of biodegradability by a global and simple method. Biological oxygen demand after five days (BOD5) using synthetic wastewater was studied by two different ways: dilution and manometric methods. It can therefore be established that BOD5 obtained by adding manufactured inocula to the synthetic medium (effluent containing known and easily biodegradable substances) is close to the values obtained with inocula taken from the treated effluent of an urban and a rural purification plant. It was found that BOD5 measurement of effluents presenting factors affecting biodegradation, similar of those found in industrial effluents, is very questionable. The BOD is in this case influenced by the synergic and antagonist interactions between numerous and variable parameters like as pH, nature and concentration of inoculum, concentration of nutriments, amount and nature of assimilable substances, presence of toxicants, and presence of nitrification inhibitors, which are typical of real industrial wastewaters.     

基于荧光猝灭的地表水光化学BOD微生物传感器的研究

选择大肠埃希氏菌、热带假丝酵母、枯草芽胞杆菌以及3种菌株间的混合菌等淡水微生物菌株,利用有机改性溶胶-凝胶包埋法在载玻片上分别固定不同淡水微生物菌株和氧猝灭荧光探针,制备出不同光化学BOD微生物传感膜,与光纤BOD测定仪耦合成光化学BOD微生物传感器.比较了单株菌、混合菌不同光化学BOD微生物传感器的荧光响应行为、重金...     

BOD生物传感器的研制与应用

介绍了ＢＯＤ生物传感器的原理、研制过程以及实际测定。该仪器测定ＢＯＤ的周期为３０ｍｉｎ，有较高的精密度和准确度，与稀释法有良好的相关性，可以及时信息反馈，特别适用于污水处理过程中的控制分析以及ＢＯＤ的快速测定。     

双室微生物燃料电池型BOD传感器性能

构建了双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),并应用于污水BOD的检测。优化了MFC型BOD传感器的检测条件,分析了传感器进行污水BOD检测的特征。结果表明,以A2/O污水处理工艺中厌氧段污泥进行接种,双室MFC型BOD传感器2周内完成启动,所产电流达到稳定。传感器的最佳检测条件为外接电阻500Ω,添加缓冲溶液并维持待测水样pH为7.0,添加35 mg/L的L-半胱氨酸作为吸氧剂维持阳极室厌氧环境,阴极室富氧水流量为20 mL/min。利用MFC产生的电流峰值准确检测污水水样BOD浓度,传感器检测范围为10~50 mg/L,检测时间小于3 h;利用MFC产生的电荷量准确检测污水水样BOD浓度,检测范围为10~100 mg/L,检测时间小于10 h。利用MFC电流峰值和电荷量检测污水水样BOD浓度,偏差均小于15%,传感器运行稳定,寿命较长。     

Filter light attenuation as a surrogate for elemental carbon

Light attenuation (b(att)) measured from filter light transmission is compared with elemental carbon (EC) measurements for more than 180,000 collocated PM2.5 (particulate matter [PM] < or = 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter) and PM10 (PM < or = 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter) samples from nearly 200 U.S. locations during the past 2 decades. Although there are theoretical reasons for expecting highly variable relationships between b(att) and EC (such as the effects of "brown carbon" and iron oxides in PM2.5), reasonable correlations are found. These correlations are not a strong function of season or location (e.g., rural vs. urban). Median EC concentrations can be predicted from filter transmittance measurements to within +/- 15-30%. Although EC predicted from b(att) shows larger uncertainties (30-60%), especially at concentrations less than 0.3 microg/m3, the consistent mass absorption efficiency (sigm(att)) derived from the regression analysis demonstrates the feasibility of using b(att) as a surrogate for EC. This study demonstrates that a constant factor of 0.1 g/m2 (equivalent to the 10 m2/g sigma(att) used in the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments chemical extinction formula) can be used to estimate EC concentrations from b(att) through a Teflon-membrane filter sample. Greater accuracy is achieved with site-specific sigma(att) derived from a period with collocated EC measurements.     

微生物膜法快速测定水中的BOD

利用微生物膜法快速测定水中的BOD,用质控样和标液进行方法准确度和精密度的考察,标准偏差在0.9%～5.2%之间,相对误差≤4.0%,加标回收率为95.5%～103%.与接种稀释法进行对比实验,相对误差在1.5%～10.3%范围内,两种方法测定结果基本一致.     

Thermal inactivation of Bacillus anthracis surrogate spores in a bench-scale enclosed landfill gas flare

A bench-scale landfill flare system was designed and built to test the potential for landfilled biological spores that migrate from the waste into the landfill gas to pass through the flare and exit into the environment as viable. The residence times and temperatures of the flare were characterized and compared to full-scale systems. Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus atrophaeus, nonpathogenic spores that may serve as surrogates for Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent for anthrax, were investigated to determine whether these organisms would be inactivated or remain viable after passing through a simulated landfill flare. High concentration spore solutions were aerosolized, dried, and sent through a bench-scale system to simulate the fate of biological weapon (BW)-grade spores in a landfill gas flare. Sampling was conducted downstream of the flare using a bioaerosol collection device containing sterile white mineral oil. The samples were cultured, incubated for seven days, and assessed for viability. Results showed that the bench-scale system exhibited good similarity to the real-world conditions of an enclosed standard combustor flare stack with a single orifice, forced-draft diffusion burner. All spores of G. stearothermophilus and B. atrophaeus were inactivated in the flare, indicating that spores that become re-entrained in landfill gas may not escape the landfill as viable, apparently becoming completely inactivated as they exit through a landfill flare.     

新型BOD微生物传感流动注射检测仪的研制

研制采用微生物传感技术和流动分析技术来快速测定BOD的仪器。主要技术性能:测量周期为15min;误差率<5%;偏差<5%。通过对国家标准样品和不同水质污水的测试表明,其具有自动化程度高,测量周期短的优点;准确度、稳定性均达到国家标准;且具有良好的适应性。     

Real-time-monitored decrease of trichlorophenol as a dioxin surrogate in flue gas using iron oxide catalyst

The decrease of trichlorophenol by injecting oxidation catalyst into a municipal solid waste incinerator was monitored in real time. Direct sampling atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)/ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) was used for the real-time monitoring. The oxidation catalyst was iron oxide type, which exponentially reduced trichlorophenol emission. CO emission, however, did not show any correlation with the catalyst injection rate. Simultaneous analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) suggested that real-time monitoring of trichlorophenol as a surrogate of PCDDs/PCDFs, has a potential to timely control the optimum injection rate of PCDD/PCDF suppression catalyst continuously and economically.     

Mechanistic study of the ChemChar Process using hexachlorobenzene as a surrogate for monitoring reaction products

The ChemChar Process, a non-incinerative thermolytic technology designed to destroy hazardous and non-hazardous wastes, was studied using the surrogate compound hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The process was varied from the conventional mode of operation, and thermal degradation products of HCB were collected in sampling trains. A mechanism of thermal destruction was proposed from experimental results and comparison to known mechanisms employing similar coal conversion technology.     

微生物降解前后COD差值法快速测定BOD

采用活性污泥曝气法降解前后COD差值的方法,进行了BOD快速检测的研究。条件实验结果表明,其适宜检测条件为:降解时间180 min;污泥量5 mL/100 mL;pH值7.0;温度25℃。模拟废水检测结果表明,该测定方法具有较高的重复性,5次测定的相对偏差小于6.5%,在BOD浓度为0~500 mg/L范围内,微生物降解前后COD差值与BOD5有良好的相关性,其相关系数达到0.98。因此,可以通过测定微生物降解前后COD值,实现快速BOD检测的目的,同时,也可实现COD和BOD一体化检测,这将是今后COD和BOD检测研究的发展方向之一。     

胶原纤维固定酿酒酵母BOD传感器性能及应用

金属离子改性胶原纤维是一种新型细胞固定化材料,将其作为微生物固定化载体用于传感器可增加固定微生物数量并较好保持微生物活性。以金属离子锆(Zr)改性胶原纤维(ZICF)固定化酿酒酵母为响应元件制备BOD微生物传感器,考察不同温度、pH、NaCl浓度和固定化酿酒酵母用量对传感器性能的影响。结果显示,传感器在29℃、pH 6.0、NaCl浓度5法所测结果呈现出良好的相关性。     

Near-road multipollutant profiles: associations between volatile organic compounds and a tracer gas surrogate near a busy highway

This research characterizes associations between multiple pollutants in the near-road environment attributed to a roadway line source. It also examines the use of a tracer gas as a surrogate of mobile source pollutants. Air samples were collected in summa canisters along a 300 m transect normal to a highway in Raleigh, North Carolina for five sampling periods spanning four days. Samples were subsequently measured for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using an electron capture gas chromatograph. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was released from a finite line source adjacent to the roadway for two of the sampling periods, collected in the canisters and measured with the VOCs. Associations between each VOC, and between VOCs and the tracer, were quantified with Pearson correlation coefficients to assess the consistency of the multi-pollutant dispersion profiles, and assess the tracer as a potential surrogate for mobile source pollutants. As expected, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p- and o-xylenes (collectively, BTEX) show strong correlations between each other; further BTEX shows a strong correlation to SF6. Between 26 VOCs, correlation coefficients were greater than 0.8, and 14 VOCs had coefficients greater than 0.6 with the tracer gas. Even under non-downwind conditions, chemical concentrations had significant correlations with distance. Results indicate that certain VOCs are representative of a larger multi-pollutant mixture, and many VOCs are well-correlated with the tracer gas.     

Application of surrogate methods for assessing the bioavailability of PAHs in sediments to a sediment ingesting bivalve

The usefulness of two surrogate methods for rapidly determining the bioavailability of PAHs in hydrocarbon-contaminated marine sediments was assessed. Comparisons are made between the PAHs accumulated by the benthic bivalve, Tellina deltoidalis, and the extractable-PAHs determined using a 6-h XAD-2 resin desorption method and a 4-h gut fluid mimic (GFM) extraction method. There were significant positive relationships between PAH bioaccumulation by the bivalves and sediment PAH concentrations. These relationships were not improved by normalising the sediment PAH concentrations to the organic carbon concentration. The average percentage lipid content of the bivalves was 1.47 ± 0.22% and BSAFs for total-PAHs ranged from 0.06 to 0.80 (kg OC/kg lipid). The XAD-2 and GFM methods both extracted varying amounts of PAHs from the sediments. Low concentrations of PAHs were extracted by the GFM method (0.2–3.6% of total-PAHs in sediments) and the GFM results were inadequate for generalising about the bioavailability of the PAHs in the sediments. The XAD-2 method extracted greater amounts of PAHs (3–34% of total-PAHs in sediments), however, the total-PAH concentrations in the sediments provided a better, or equally good, prediction of PAH bioaccumulation by T. deltoidalis. The results indicated that these methods required further development before they can be applied routinely as surrogate methods for assessing the bioavailability of PAHs in sediments. Future research should be directed towards lowering detection limits and obtaining comparative data for a greater range of sediment types, contaminant classes and concentrations, and organisms of different feeding guilds and with different gut chemistry.     

阳极石墨毡酸处理对微生物燃料电池型BOD传感器性能的影响

通过石墨毡表面润湿性的变化,确定了硝酸酸化处理石墨毡的操作条件。采用硝酸处理后的石墨毡作为电极材料,构建双室无介体微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)型BOD传感器,并对BOD传感器的性能进行评价。结果表明,硝酸酸化处理明显提高石墨毡表面的润湿性,经过4 h酸化处理,石墨毡的表面接触角由142.5°下降到86.5°。采用硝酸处理的石墨毡作为电极材料,MFC的电流输出明显提高且稳定,在响应时间小于10 h条件下,废水BOD检测上限为100 mg/L。废水BOD浓度在2~50 mg/L范围内,可以利用BOD浓度与电流最大值之间的线性关系进行废水BOD浓度检测,废水BOD浓度在2~100 mg/L范围内,可以利用BOD浓度与电荷量之间的线性关系对废水BOD浓度进行检测,检测相对误差均在12%以下。MFC型BOD传感器运行稳定,相对标准偏差均在10%以下。     

Copper toxicity to Lemna minor modelled using humic acid as a surrogate for the plant root

Humic acids are chemically analogous to plant root cell walls in that their surface sites are principally comprised of carboxylic and phenolic acids which bind both metals and protons. Based on this analogy, we developed a biotic-ligand type of model to predict Cu toxicity to Lemna minor, using particulate humic acid (HA(part)) of the Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM), and 7d static-renewal exposures with five surface waters and one nutrient media which varied in DOC (1-10 mg L(-1)), pH (6.9-8.7), and water hardness (35-236 mg equivalent CaCO(3)L(-1)). Although the range of waters tested resulted in a 36-fold variation in 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, the calculated concentration of Cu bound to HA(part) using this framework was highly correlated with pooled percent net root elongation (%NRE) (R(2)=0.95). Ten and fifty percent IC values based on [Cu-HA(part)] were additionally within a factor of ±1.5 and ±1.4, respectively, inclusive of 95% confidence limits. This model construct, which defines the free metal ion and the first hydrolysis product (but not metal carbonate complexes) as being bioavailable, provides an alternative means of defining the binding surface in bioavailability models, whereby a heterogeneous mixture of ligands collectively influence root-metal sorption and toxicity.