催化还原法深度处理污水中硝态氮的研究

为有效降低城市污水处理厂出水硝态氮的含量,减轻氮素污染,依次进行了基础性试验和验证性试验.基础性试验以Fe0为还原剂,以配置的KNO3溶液为试验用水对分别添加H+、Fe2+、Cu2+、Pd/Al2O3等后的脱氮效果进行了对比研究.试验结果表明,系统pH值为2.1,Fe2+、Cu2+投加量分别为1000mg/L时,系统均可获得较好的脱氮效果,分别为92%、41%、61%,产物均以氨氮为主;当投加10g/L催化剂Pd/Al2O3,调节系统pH值为3.02时,系统脱氮率可达48%,且其产物以氮气为主,副产物较少.在此基础上,验证性试验以北京市某污水处理厂出水为试验用水,对上述各方法的脱氮效果进行了试验验证,并对其可行性进行了分析.结果表明,在一定条件下,各方法均可达到理想的脱氮效果,其去除率分别可达到87%、36%、50%、46%.但综合脱氮效果、产物分析、出水水质等考虑,相比较而言,添加催化剂的化学催化还原法在去除污水中的硝态氮时具有更好的可行性.     

Chemical oxygen demand reduction in coffee wastewater through chemical flocculation and advanced oxidation processes

The removal of the natural organic matter present in coffee processing wastewater through chemical coagulation-flocculation and advanced oxidation processes （AOP） had been studied. The effectiveness of the removal of natural organic matter using commercial flocculants and UV/H202, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3 processes was determined under acidic conditions. For each of these processes, different operational conditions were explored to optimize the treatment efficiency of the coffee wastewater. Coffee wastewater is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and low total suspended solids. The outcomes of coffee wastewater treatment using coagulation-flocculation and photodegradation processes were assessed in terms of reduction of COD, color, and turbidity. It was found that a reduction in COD of 67% could be realized when the coffee wastewater was treated by chemical coagulation-flocculation with lime and coagulant T-1. When coffee wastewater was treated by coagulation-flocculation in combination with UV/H2O2, a COD reduction of 86% was achieved, although only after prolonged UV irradiation. Of the three advanced oxidation processes considered, UV/H2O2, UV/O3 and UV/H2O2/O3, we found that the treatment with UV/H2O2/O3 was the most effective, with an efficiency of color, turbidity and further COD removal of 87%, when applied to the flocculated coffee wastewater.     

Monitoring of 943 organic micropollutants in wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plants with secondary and advanced treatment processes

To perform a systematic survey on the occurrence and removal of micropollutants during municipal wastewater treatment, 943 semi-volatile organic chemicals in 32 wastewater samples including influents of secondary treatments, secondary effluents and final effluents(effluents of advanced treatments), which were collected from seven full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants(MWTPs) in China, were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) coupled with an automated identification and quantification system with a database(AIQS-DB). In total, 196 and 145 chemicals were detected in secondary and final effluents, respectively. The majority of the total concentrations(average removal efficiency, 87.0%±5.9%) of the micropollutants were removed during secondary treatments. However, advanced treatments achieved different micropollutant removal extents from secondary effluents depending on the different treatment processes employed. Highly variable removal efficiencies of total concentrations(32.7%–99.3%) were observed among the different advanced processes. Among them,ozonation-based processes could remove 70.0%–80.9% of the total concentrations of studied micropollutants. The potentially harmful micropollutants, based on their detection frequency and concentration in secondary and final effluents, were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)(2-methylnaphthalene, fluoranthene, pyrene, naphthalene and phenanthrene), phosphorus flame retardants(tributyl phosphate(TBP), tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate(TCEP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate(TDCP)), phthalates(bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)), benzothiazoles(benzothiazole,2-(methylthio)-benzothiazol, and 2(3H)-benzothiazolone) and phenol. This study indicated that the presence of considerable amounts of micropollutants in secondary effluent creates the need for suitable advanced treatment before their reuse.     

化学预处理与生化组合处理兰炭生产污水

通过现场中试实验对曝气微电解、强化混凝、催化电氧化作预处理提高兰炭污水的可生化性进行了探讨.并对通过预处理与生化处理的组合实现兰炭污水达到污水排放标准的可行性进行了研究.结果表明,原水首先调节pH值为3左右,在通过120min的曝气微电解处理后,可使有机物由25000mg/L下降到10000mg/L,氨氮由3000mg/L降到1200mg/L,COD和NH3-N的去除均可达到60%;然后调节曝气微电解出水的pH值为8~9,通过投加200mg/L PAC、4.5mg/L PAM强化混凝后,出水COD和NH3-N可去除50%;强化混凝后出水再通过120 min的催化电氧化反应器的高级氧化处理,废水中COD去除率可达65%,NH3-N去除率为60%;催化电氧化反应器出水最后通过厌氧/好氧生物接触处理,其出水COD<150mg/L,NH3-N<25 mg/L.     

纳滤膜技术在废水深度处理中的膜污染及控制研究进展

纳滤(Nanofiltration)膜技术是实现废水再生利用的有效途径,但膜污染是限制其推广应用的主要因素之一.本文总结了纳滤膜技术在废水深度处理过程中的膜污染研究现状,分析了膜污染分析方法研究进展,并探讨了纳滤膜污染的控制策略,最后对今后的工作重点进行了展望,以期为纳滤膜技术在不同废水深度处理过程中的膜污染调控提供参考.     

面向未来污水处理技术应用研究现状及工程实践

目前全球面临巨大能源、水污染及资源危机,传统污水处理技术已无法满足可持续发展需求,实现能源自给、污水再生及资源回收的新型污水处理技术是未来水厂重要实施路径.污水处理厂实现能源自给的关键一是"开源",即高效回收污水中有机物化学能、低品位热能,并利用外源有机物厌氧共消化、太阳能、风能等技术开发能源;二是"节流",即利用高效...     

Role of quantum dots nanoparticles in the chemical treatment of colored wastewater: Catalysts or additional pollutants

The objective of the study was to investigate the presence and the activity of quantum dots nanoparticles in colored wastewaters. The special interest is devoted to the investigation of their role in the typical treatment of water or wastewater, studying their influence on the effectiveness of applied treatments methods. The standard chemical processes for water treatment and disinfection (direct UV photolysis and direct ozonation) were applied for the degradation of colored organic pollutant, reactive azo dye, in the presence/absence of CdSe/ZnS core-shells quantum dots. The obtained results indicated that investigated nanoparticles inhibit the overall efficiency of applied processes, especially in the case of direct UV photolysis, although catalytic effect might be expected in part due to the semiconductor nature of quantum dots. Such results lead to a conclusion that CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles behave as additional pollutants in the system. They should be removed from the system prior the treatment, because their presence could decrease the efficiency, i.e., prolong the time of treatment and correspondingly increase the costs of the treatment process.     

臭氧催化氧化在石化废水深度处理应用中的若干问题

石化污水处理厂二级出水可生化性低,含部分有毒难降解有机物。随着GB 31571—2015《石油化学工业污染物排放标准》2015年7月1日的实施,我国石化污水处理厂迎来了一次集中处理技术升级,其大多采用以臭氧/臭氧催化氧化为核心的处理工艺建成深度处理单元,对石化污水处理厂二级出水进行深度处理使其达标排放。目前这类装置大多已运行超过2年,实际运行过程中,该技术出现了设计之初未曾考虑到的一系列问题,致使臭氧利用率不高且持续下降,治理成本逐年增高等。结合实际工程,从絮体、胶体大分子有机物、臭氧传质和催化剂4个方面对这些问题进行了系统分析,同时对臭氧催化氧化技术在石化污水处理厂二级出水处理中的发展方向进行了展望。     

响水化工园区爆炸事故爆坑污水应急处理技术研发与工程实践

化工园区突发环境污染事故产生的污水具有污染物浓度高、毒性大、成分复杂、应急处理难度大等特点,对生态环境危害严重,且社会影响较大。针对响水化工园区爆炸事故爆坑污水应急处理需求,开展了污水水质分析、处理工艺筛选、小试试验验证以及工程实施成效研究。小试试验显示,采用活性炭-活性污泥（AC-AS）工艺对爆坑污水进行强化预处理,可大幅降低污水中污染物浓度,总有机碳和氨氮去除率达96.9%和65.7%,预处理后出水满足后续陈家港污水处理厂进水要求。工程运行结果显示,经AC-AS工艺预处理和陈家港污水处理厂处理后,出水COD、氨氮及其他污染物指标均满足污水处理厂执行的DB 32/939—2006《江苏省化学工业主要水污染物排放标准》和GB 31571—2015《石油化学工业污染物排放标准》,爆坑污水应急处理工程对COD、氨氮、苯胺累计削减量分别为33 319.6、209.4和6.2 kg。爆坑污水经陈家港污水处理厂达标处理排放后,受纳水体下游水质未出现异常,水环境未受到明显影响。此次污水处理案例表明,AC-AS工艺对该类事故污水具有较好的处理效果。

     

A/O生物膜法强化处理石化废水及生物膜种群结构研究

采用A/O生物膜反应器处理石化综合废水.反应器在O段添加装有改性聚氨酯泡沫的多孔塑料球载体,强化有机物的降解效率.反应器进水分别为水解酸化池出水(阶段I),石化工业废水与生活污水比例为3:1(阶段II)以及单纯的石化工业废水(阶段III). 结果表明,尽管进水COD和氨氮波动较大,但出水COD和氨氮的去除率保持稳定,说明生物膜反应器具有较好的抗冲击负荷能力.在HRT为30h, COD和氨氮的去除率为74%~77%和96%~93%,总氮和总磷的去除率为58%和79%.第II阶段进水为工业废水和生活污水混合的处理效果最好,出水COD和氨氮浓度分别为(63±12)mg/L和(0.75±0.28)mg/L.出水总氮主要为硝酸氮,亚硝酸氮的浓度很低(小于0.1mg/L),表明硝化作用进行得较为完全.进水中有机物的分子量主要分布在小于1kDa(70.9%)和大于100kDa(10.4%).出水中大于10kDa的有机物所占比例减小,分子量主要分布在小于1kDa(56.6%)和1~5kDa(26.2%),表明A/O生物膜反应器对大分子有机物的降解较好.454高通量测序结果表明: 生物膜中变形菌门菌群所占比例最大(60.0%),其次是浮霉菌门(16.9%)和拟杆菌门(9.8%).在属的水平检测到氨氧化菌(AOB)Nitrosomonas和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB) Nitrospiraceae Nitrospira以及反硝化菌Azospira和Thermomonas.NOB的比例较高,这与反应器较好的硝化作用相一致.     

煤化工废水反渗透处理系统的运行效果及膜污染分析

针对煤化工废水反渗透(RO)膜处理系统夏季严重污堵的问题,本研究以实际某煤化工污水处理厂一级两段式RO系统为考察对象,分析了系统运行效能及膜污染特征,研究发现,生化段稳定地实现了有机物的削减,离子交换树脂进一步保障了产水的脱盐率,促进实现高水回收率,是煤化工废水零排放的重要保障.但对膜系统而言,脱盐及有机物去除的主要负...     

Development and application of some renovated technologies for municipal wastewater treatment in China

China has been experiencing fast economic development in recent decades at the cost of serious environmental deterioration. Wastewater discharge, especially municipal wastewater discharge, and non-point pollution sources are becoming the major water pollution source and research focus. Great efforts have been made on water pollution control and a number of renovated technologies and processes for municipal wastewater treatment and reclamation as well as non-point pollution control have been developed and applied in China. This paper discusses the development and application of the appropriate technologies, including natural treatment systems, anaerobic biological treatment, biofilm reactors and wastewater reclamation technologies, for water pollution control in the country.     

O/H/O生物工艺中焦化废水含氮化合物的识别与转化

富氮缺磷是焦化废水的特征之一,而含氮化合物存在多种组分与形态,其在废水处理过程中的利用与顺序会影响工艺条件与达标可行性,因此,通过识别含氮化合物的种类并了解其转化可以获得优化的运行工况.为考察含氮化合物的去除过程,在与实际生产330×104t·a-1焦炭工艺相配套的焦化废水处理工程O/H/O生物工艺中,检测了原水与生物出水中含氮化合物的种类与形态,以及各单元工艺中无机氮及部分有机氮化合物的浓度,分析特征化合物的转化.研究发现,焦化废水原水中含有的无机氮化合物主要为NH+4-N(33.6%)、氰化物(7.5%)、硫氰化物(40.4%),NO-2-N及NO-3-N的含量约为1%,折算总氮浓度约为240 mg·L-1,占82.5%左右;有机氮当中,可检测到胺类14种,有机腈类22种,含氮杂环化合物76种,以总氮形式表达其浓度低于50 mg·L-1,约占17.5%.处理过程中,O1反应器能够把氰化物、硫氰化物氧化为氨氮,有机氮发生形态改变;H反应器中,环状含氮化合物通过水解作用实现分子开环转变为氨氮,回流液中的硝态氮实现反硝化转变为氮气;O2反应器能够将低价状态的含氮化合物转变为硝态氮;生物出水中,硝态氮占总氮的70%以上;含氮化合物的转化受反应器的性质与运行条件控制,表现出复杂性.研究指出,焦化废水总氮的控制需要依据含氮化合物种类与形态判断、工艺组合及条件优化综合考虑.     

高原高寒污水处理系统的微生物群落特征

为研究高原高寒污水处理系统活性污泥的微生物群落结构及多样性,以拉萨、云南、四川的3座高原污水厂作为实验组,同时以重庆2座非高原污水厂作为对照,采用PCR-DGGE技术对比分析了高原与非高原污水厂的微生物特性.研究表明:高原污水厂样品与非高原样品在聚类中展现出了较为疏远的关系,微生物群落区别明显.受强紫外线辐照的抑制,高原高寒污水处理系统微生物多样性的平均水平显著低于非高原污水厂,较低的微生物多样性是导致高原高寒地区污染物去除效果不佳的一项重要原因.群落构成方面,共鉴定出16个优势菌属,对应Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Firmicutes、Verrucomicrobia4个门.组间差异分析结果发现,高原组中丰度显著偏高的菌属只有Prosthecobacter,该菌在污水厂内分布广泛,且能够适应高原低温的条件.对于大多数活性污泥微生物而言,高原强紫外线是不利的生存条件.因此,减少高原露天污水处理系统的紫外辐照,是提升污水处理效能的一个潜在措施.     

Pollutants removal and simulation model of combined membrane process for wastewater treatment and reuse in submarine cabin for long voyage

A laboratory scale test was conducted in a combined membrane process (CMP) with a capacity of 2.91 m3/d for 240 d to treat the mixed wastewater of humidity condensate, hygiene wastewater and urine in submarine cabin during prolonged voyage. Removal performance of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N), turbidity and anionic surfactants (LAS) was investigated under di erent conditions. It was observed that the e uent COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS flocculated in ranges of 0.19–0.85 mg/L, 0.03–0.18 mg/L, 0.0–0.15 NTU and 0.0–0.05 mg/L, respectively in spite of considerable fluctuation in corresponding influent of 2120–5350 mg/L, 79.5–129.3 mg/L, 110–181.1NTU and 4.9–5.4 mg/L. The e uent quality of the CMP could meet the requirements of mechanical water and hygiene water according to the class I water quality standards in China (GB3838-2002). The removal rates of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS removed in the MBR were more than 90%, which indicated that biodegradation is indispensable and plays a major role in the wastewater treatment and reuse. A model, built on the back propagation neural network (BPNN) theory, was developed for the simulation of CMP and produced high reliability. The average error of COD and NH4 +-N was 5.14% and 6.20%, respectively, and the root mean squared error of turbidity and LAS was 2.76% and 1.41%, respectively. The results indicated that the model well fitted the laboratory data, and was able to simulate the removal of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS. It also suggested that the model proposed could reflect and manage the operation of CMP for the treatment of the mixed wastewaters in submarine.     

畜禽养殖废水生物处理与农田利用过程抗生素抗性基因的转归特征研究进展

兽用抗生素的广泛使用造成了畜禽养殖场及其周边环境中抗生素抗性基因丰度的提高,而畜禽养殖废水所携带的抗性基因在生物处理及其农田利用过程中的转归规律尚不明确,存在抗性基因从畜禽养殖场向周边环境的传播风险.本文通过文献调研,综述了畜禽养殖废水中抗性基因的赋存特征、抗性基因在畜禽养殖废水生物处理和农田利用过程中转归的研究进展,并提出了今后的研究方向,以期为揭示畜禽养殖废水在生物处理和农田利用过程中抗性基因的消减规律、降低抗性基因传播风险提供借鉴.     

冷融技术联合化学调理对污泥脱水性能的影响及其机理

实验对比了常温(25℃)下阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)、FeCl3/CaO、加酸及阳离子表面活性剂(CTAC)4种处理方式对污泥的调理效果.结果表明,CTAC对污泥的调理效果最好,可使污泥滤饼含水率降至68%.0℃时,未经处理(原泥)、CPAM、FeCl3/CaO、加酸处理条件下污泥脱水效果较常温时都有不同程度的提高,效果最好的为未经处理(原泥)和pH=2条件下的泥样;-15℃时,CTAC条件下滤饼含水率较常温下降了约6%,达到62.8%.污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)含量和污泥絮体结构对污泥脱水性能有一定影响.测定发现,EPS的溶出提高了絮体可压缩性,使污泥絮体内部结合水流出,从而改善污泥的脱水性能.电镜扫描(SEM)和粒径分析结果表明,经过FeCl3/CaO、加酸、CTAC和冷融处理后污泥表面结构和颗粒大小变化明显,脱水效果较原泥均有不同程度的提高.     

升级A/O工艺污水处理系统中抗生素抗性基因的分布与去除研究

针对北方某采用升级A/O工艺的生活污水处理厂,使用实时荧光定量PCR技术,探究污水厂中ARGs的分布及各处理工艺段对ARGs的去除效果.结果表明:四环素抗性基因(tetA、tetC和tetM)、磺胺抗性基因(sul1和sul2)、大环内酯抗性基因(ermA和ermF)和喹诺酮抗性基因(parC和gyrA)在污水和污泥中均被检出.污水厂进水中ARGs的绝对丰度为2.65×10³～1.01×10⁶ copies·mL^-1,升级A/O工艺未能有效削减ARGs,出水中ARGs的绝对丰度为9.22×10³～1.15×10⁶ copies·mL^-1,污泥中ARGs的绝对丰度为8.07×10⁷～2.65×10¹¹ copies·g^-1.深度处理工艺对ARGs的去除效率对比结果显示,生物活性炭工艺对ARGs的削减效果优于紫外消毒.     

Advanced treatment of oil recovery wastewater from polymer flooding by UV/H2O2/O3 and fine filtration

In order to purify oil recovery wastewater from polymer flooding （ORWPF） in tertiary oil recovery in oil fields, advanced treatment of UV/H2O2/O3 and fine filtration were investigated. The experimental results showed that polyacrylamide and oil remaining in ORWPF after the conventional treatment process could be effectively removed by UV/H2O2/O3 process. Fine filtration gave a high performance in eliminating suspended solids. The treated ORWPF can meet the quality requirement of the wastewater-bearing polymer injection in oilfield and be safely re-injected into oil reservoirs for oil recovery.     

污水处理厂进水数据特征识别与案例分析

污水处理厂进水水量和水质呈现复杂的变化模式,准确掌握进水数据的变化特征已经成为改善工艺运行的关键.已有定性分析方法一般难以准确解释和预测变化特征,而已有定量分析模型常常结构复杂和实现难度大,需要针对应用需求进行改进.本研究使用统一模型描述进水特征并简化了实现方式.基于经典统计分析和开源Prophet模型,进行了污水处理厂进水数据的预处理、统计、建模和可视化.最后使用3座污水处理厂的实际数据,识别了多重季节性、长期趋势、节假日等的影响特征,说明了统一模型对污水处理厂进水特征的解释和预测能力.结果可供污水处理工艺优化运行和环境时序数据解析等参考.