陡河电厂粉煤灰烧结砖生产工艺

结合陡河电厂粉煤灰用于烧结砖的实践，介绍了用粉煤灰生产烧结砖的工艺过程及应该注意的问题。     

双掺粉煤灰再生骨料对混凝土强度影响研究

通过试验研究再生骨料混凝土中粉煤灰和再生骨料对混凝土强度的影响。采用粉煤灰替代部分水泥、再生骨料替代部分天然粗骨料的方法,通过正交试验测定混凝土立方体抗压强度的方法,来研究粉煤灰对再生骨料混凝土强度的影响。试验得出:当再生骨料掺量为20%~30%时,粉煤灰的最佳掺量为20%左右;当再生骨料掺量高于40%、粉煤灰掺量高于20%时,其混凝土拌合物搅拌时间不小于240 s,且当粉煤灰在20%~30%时,可获得较理想的混凝土抗压强度;当粉煤灰的掺入量分布在20%~30%、再生骨料的最佳掺量为50%时,可获得较理想的混凝土抗压强度。由此得出,合理的再生骨料、粉煤灰掺量对混凝土的抗压强度影响并不明显且有提高的趋势,对降低混凝土成本,提高建筑垃圾的再生利用,有一定的经济效益和社会效益。     

粉煤灰作衬砌材料的研究与应用

用不同掺量的HAS固化剂来固结粉煤灰、石屑及煤渣进行性能试验。试验结果表明：HAS固化粉煤灰是一种良好的衬砌防渗材料，若大规模应用于渠道防渗、大坝护坡等工程，必将会带来社会、经济和环境等多重效益。     

掺烧污泥型粉煤灰的物理化学性质及其重金属吸附性能

以掺烧污泥型粉煤灰（电力燃煤和市政污泥混合共燃产生）和纯煤粉型粉煤灰为对象,研究了其物理化学性质,分析了其重金属含量和浸出毒性,并进一步考察了其重金属吸附性能。结果表明：与纯煤粉型粉煤灰相比,掺烧污泥型粉煤灰的微观形貌更接近于规则球形颗粒;二者矿物组成差异明显,掺烧污泥型粉煤灰由多种矿物质均衡组成;两种粉煤灰浸出液中各重金属浓度远低于GB 8978—1996的排放浓度限值,可再利用为水中重金属吸附剂;掺烧污泥型粉煤灰对铜、铅、镉、镍、铬的饱和吸附量分别为107.53,119.99,73.39,53.14,42.19 mg/g,均远高于纯煤粉型粉煤灰,这归因于其矿物相反应活性高、化学吸附能力强。     

煤矸石代黄土作粉煤灰烧结砖粘合剂

近年来,以粉煤灰制烧结砖得到较广泛应用,但制作过程中常遇到添加粘合剂的问题。不少地方用黄土(或粘土)作粘合剂,常需毁田地,且产品质量不够理想。1982年起河南焦作市朱村粉煤灰烧结砖厂试用煤矸石粉作粘合剂,取得较好效果。目前该厂年生产能力为3000万块,年利用粉煤灰5.25万吨,煤矸石2.25万吨。     

粉煤灰烧结砖解决了岳阳电厂的灰渣出路

岳阳电厂灰渣,过去一直以灰场堆放为主,很少利用。灰场容量350×10~4M~3,仅够排放7年之用。为了解决灰渣出路,电厂分析了当地砖瓦厂多,烧砖技术力量雄厚的有利条件,于1980年率先建起一条年产4800万块粉煤灰烧结砖的生产线。粉煤灰作为烧结砖生产原料的试验生产成功,起到了很好的示范作用。此后,远村近邻纷纷效     

粉煤灰微量元素含量和放射性安全评价：粉煤灰建筑砂浆的基础研究之三

南京５个电厂粉煤灰中所含微量元素种类较多,其中包括一些有毒和有害元素,但含量均不高,不足以对环境产生明显的危害。５个电厂粉煤灰的放射性比活度测定表明：这些粉煤灰作为建筑砂浆的掺合料,其掺量控制在〈５５％符合国家放射性防护标准的要求,使用是安全的。     

粉煤灰在建筑砂浆中的水化机理和粉煤灰效应——粉煤灰建筑砂浆的基础研究之四

详细探讨了粉煤灰的形态效应、活性效应和微集料效应及在建筑砂浆中的水化反应机理。粉煤灰所含玻璃微珠与砂浆体中游离Ca(OH) 2 的火山灰反应是产生相应力学强度的主要原因 ,其品质 (细度和含碳量 )及掺量对不同类型、不同标号砂浆的强度有明显影响。     

粉煤灰在建筑砂浆中的水化机理和粉煤灰效应：粉煤灰建筑砂浆的基础研究之

详细探讨了粉煤灰的形态效应、活性效应格微集料效应及在建筑砂浆中的水化反应机理。粉煤灰所含玻璃微珠与砂浆体中游离Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２的火山灰反应是产生相应力学强度的主要原因,其品质（细度与含碳量）及掺量对不同类型、不同标号砂浆的强度的明显影响。     

不同掺量再生骨料对混凝土强度的影响研究

通过混凝土配合比设计试验采用等量取代普通骨料的方法,研究不同掺量连续级配再生骨料对混凝土拌合物和易性及混凝土立方体抗压强度影响。主要采取对照组与不同处理组拌合物和易性、不同龄期试件抗压强度等的对比试验得出试验结果。试验结果表明连续级配混凝土再生骨料的掺量对混凝土的和易性及强度均有一定的影响并呈线性变化。通过试验数据结合理论分析得出在再生骨料混凝土配合比设计中,其流动性的大小受到混凝土再生骨料及粉煤灰掺量的影响;再生骨料混凝土的早期强度与拌合物的搅拌时间有直接关系,试验分析得出为提高混凝土早期抗压强度,混凝土再生骨料混凝土配制时其搅拌时间应适当延长;同时,为提高混凝土的和易性、早期及后期抗压强度粉煤灰的掺量百分比应随连续级配混凝土再生骨料掺量的增加而提高。利用试验研究成果,可有效提高混凝土再生骨料的利用量,保障再生骨料混凝土的抗压强度,提高建筑废渣的利用率减轻生态环境压力达到节能减排的目的。同时又能大幅度降低混凝土工程的成本具有一定的经济效益和社会效益。     

Review of the kinetics of alkaline degradation of cellulose in view of its relevance for safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories

The degradation of cellulose (a substantial component of low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste) under alkaline conditions occurs via two main processes: a peeling-off reaction and a basecatalyzed cleavage of glycosidic bonds (hydrolysis). Both processes show pseudo-first-order kinetics. At ambient temperature, the peeling-off process is the dominant degradation mechanism, resulting in the formation of mainly isosaccharinic acid. The degradation depends strongly on the degree of polymerization (DP) and on the number of reducing end groups present in cellulose. Beyond pH 12.5, the OH^- concentration has only a minor effect on the degradation rate. It was estimated that under repository conditions (alkaline environment, pH 13.3-12.5) about 10% of the cellulosic materials (average DP = 1000-2000) will degrade in the first stage (up to 10⁵ years) by the peeling-off reaction and will cause an ingrowth of isosaccharinic acid in the interstitial cement pore water. In the second stage (10⁵-10⁶ years), alkaline hydrolysis will control the further degradation of the cellulose. The potential role of microorganisms in the degradation of cellulose under alkaline conditions could not be evaluated. Proper assessment of the effect of cellulose degradation on the mobilization of radionuclides basically requires knowing the concentration of isosaccharinic acid in the pore water. This concentration, however, depends on several factors such as the stability of ISA under alkaline conditions, sorption of ISA on cement, formation of sparingly soluble ISA-salts, etc. A discussion of all the relevant processes involved, however, is far beyond the scope of the presented overview.     

Study of Aging Characteristics of Ternary Blends of Polyethylenes—II

Six film samples of low-density polypropylene (LDPE)/linear LDPE (LLDPE)/high-density polypropylene (HDPE) with varying ratios of LDPE (20–45 ... wt%) and LLDPE (25–50 wt%) having a fixed amount of HDPE at 30 wt% were prepared by blown film extrusion technique. The samples were aged at four different temperatures, 55°, 70°, 85°, and 100°C, for four different time periods in the interval of between 150 hours and up to 600 hours. The change in the structure of various constituents and the formation of various oxygenated (peroxy and hydroperoxy) and unsaturated groups during thermo-oxidative degradation was discussed by infrared spectroscopy. The visiosity-average molecular weight was found to have decreased slowly in the initial aging hours and temperatures, whereas it decreased by 10% with its previous value tensile strength that is, 100°C when aged for 600 hours. The tensile strength of the sample first increased by 67% at 55°C and 89% at 70°C up to 450 hours, whereas the values increased by 52.5% at 85°C and 33.9% at 100°C when aged for 150 hours and then decreased. The percentage elongation at break increased by 2.7% at 55°C and 10.7% at 70°C for 150 and 300 hours of aging, respectively, whereas the percentage decreased when aged at 85°C and 100°C for up to 600 hours of aging. The values of gel content (percent) increased and initial degradation temperature decreased with aging time and temperature.     

Determination of the Burning Characteristics of a Slick of Oil on Water

The burning rate of a slick of oil on a water bed is characterized by three distinct processes, ignition, flame spread and burning rate. Although all three processes are important, ignition and burning rate are critical. The former, because it defines the potential to burn and the latter because of the inherent possibility of boilover. Burning rate is calculated by a simple expression derived from a one-dimensional heat conduction equation. Heat feedback from the flame to the surface is assumed to be a constant fraction of the total energy released by the combustion reaction. The constant fraction (χ) is named the burning efficiency and represents an important tool in assessing the potential of in situ burning as a counter-measure to an oil spill. By matching the characteristic thermal penetration length scale for the fuel/water system and an equivalent single layer system, a combined thermal diffusivity can be calculated and used to obtain an analytical solution for the burning rate. Theoretical expressions were correlated with crude oil and heating oil, for a number of pool diameters and initial fuel layer thickness. Experiments were also conducted with emulsified and weathered crude oil. The simple analytical expression describes well the effects of pool diameter and initial fuel layer thickness permitting a better observation of the effects of weathering, emulsification and net heat feedback to the fuel surface. Experiments showed that only a small fraction of the heat released by the flame is retained by the fuel layer and water bed (of the order of 1%). Ignition has been studied to provide a tool that will serve to assess a fuels ease to ignite under conditions that are representative of oil spills. Two different techniques are used, piloted ignition when the fuel is exposed to a radiant heat flux and flash point as measured by the ASTM D56 Tag Closed Cup Test. Two different crude oils were used for these experiments, ANS and Cook Inlet. Crude oils were tested in their natural state and at different levels of weathering, showing that piloted ignition and flash point are strong functions of weathering level.     

Calculation of carbon balances for evaluation of the biodegradability of polymers

Establishing carbon balances has been proven to be an applicable and powerful tool in testing biodegradability of polymers. In controlled degradation tests at a 4-L scale with the model polymer poly(-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), it was shown that the degree of degradation could not be determined with satisfactory accuracy from CO₂ release alone. Instead, the course of degradation was characterized by means of establishing carbon balances for the degradation of PHB withAcidovorax facilis and a mixed culture derived from compost. Different analytical methods for determining the different carbon fractions were adapted to the particular test conditions and compared. Quantitative determination of biomass and residual polymer were the main problems in establishing carbon balances. Amounts of biomass derived from protein measurements depend strongly on assumptions of the protein content of the biomass. Selective oxidation of biomass with hypochlorite was used as alternative, but here problems arose from insoluble metabolic products. Determination of soluble components with the method of chemical oxygen demand (COD) also includes empirical assumptions but seems acceptable if the dissolved carbon fraction is in the range of some 10% total carbon. Results confirm both analytical assays and theoretical approaches, in ending up at values very close to 100%, within an acceptable standard deviation range under test conditions comparable to standard test practice.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.     

鼓泡式反应器高径比对氨法烟气脱碳性能的影响

以N2和CO2混合气模拟燃烧烟气,研究了鼓泡反应器的高径比以及反应条件对氨法烟气脱碳性能的影响。实验结果表明:在相同高径比的条件下,CO2吸收率随氨水质量分数的增加、反应温度的升高而逐渐增大,随进气CO2体积分数和模拟烟气流量的增加而逐渐减小;CO2吸收率随高径比的增加而增大,在高径比为3.98、氨水质量分数为28%、进气CO2体积分数为10%、模拟烟气流量为1.0L/min、反应温度为40℃的条件下,CO2吸收率最高可达100%。     

Model of technological alternatives of production of sodium chromate (VI) with the use of chromic wastes

This article presents a mathematical model which describes the sodium chromate (VI) production process with the use of chromic waste as a substitution of natural raw materials. This model is a function of selected process parameters common for all of the examined alternatives and based on equations of material balance. Optimization of the elaborated technological alternatives of the production process with use of recycling of chromic waste has been evaluated by determining the extreme value of the quality indicator WJ. This indicator defines the quantity of waste created in the process. Optimization results enabled the selection of the optimal technological solution from all of the alternatives possible for use in industrial practice. Negative values of the indicator prove that there is the possibility of introducing to the process a larger quantity of waste than the one obtained in the process and transported to the storage heaps.     

Structure-biodegradation relationships of polymeric materials. 1. Effect of degree of oxidation on biodegradability of carbohydrate polymers

The biodegradability of oxidized starch and inulin has been studied in relation to the degree of periodate oxidation to dialdehyde derivatives, by measuring oxygen consumption and mineralization to carbon dioxide. A higher degree of oxidation of dialdehyde starch and dialdchyde inulin results in a lower rate at which the polymers are biodegraded. It is demonstrated that the biodegradation rate of dialdehyde inulin derivatives decreases more than that of equivalent starch derivatives. The differences in biodegradation behavior between dialdehyde starch and dialdehyde inulin, resulting from comparable modifications, are discussed in terms of conformational structure.     

化学品生物降解性的评价与预测

介绍了有机化学物质生物降解性的测定方法及其预测方法研究概况，并讨论了生物降解性评价的发展前景。     

Mechanism of Microbial Degradation of Slow-Release Fertilizers

Methyleneureas are condensation products of urea and formaldehyde of different molecular mass and solubility; they are used in large amounts both as resins, binders, and insulating materials for industrial applications, as well as a slow-release nitrogen fertilizer for greens, lawns, or in bioremediation processes. In the present study, the microbial breakdown of these products was investigated. The nitrogen was released as ammonia and urea, and the formaldehyde released immediately oxidized via formiate to carbon dioxide. The enzymatic mechanism of metabolization of methyleneureas was studied in microorganisms isolated from soil, which were able to use these compounds as the sole source of nitrogen for growth. A strain of the Gram-negative bacterium Ralstonia paucula (formerly Alcaligenes sp. CDC group IVc-2) completely degraded methylenediurea and dimethylenetriurea to urea, ammonia, formaldehyde, and carbon dioxide. The enzyme initiating this degradation (methylenediurease) was purified and turned out to be different from the previously described enzyme from Ochrobactrum anthropi with regard to its regulation of expression and physicobiochemical properties. Fungal degradation of methyleneureas may occur via the formation of organic acids, thus leading to a nonenzymatic degradation of methyleneureas, which are unstable under acidic conditions.     

600 MW机组低压转子叶片裂纹分析

针对某台600 MW亚临界参数汽轮机低压转子的末三级叶片(2Cr12NiMo1W1V钢)出汽侧裂纹进行了宏观形貌观察、化学成分分析、金相组织分析、室温冲击韧性试验、硬度试验,并对断口进行了扫描电镜及能谱分析。结果表明：此次开裂的低压转子叶片,是由于其化学成分Mo元素含量低于标准要求,导致材料的KISCC降低,以及硬度偏低造成裂纹扩展所需的外界启动应力降低,进而在运行过程中拉应力和湿蒸汽的氧化腐蚀共同作用下,发生了应力腐蚀开裂。