生物絮凝-AAAO中试系统污染物去除特性及反硝化除磷菌的培养

为降低污水处理成本并实现出水稳定达标,采用中试规模生物絮凝-AAAO工艺处理城镇生活污水,并模拟生物絮凝污泥厌氧消化所产生的碳源,用于强化反硝化除磷菌(DPAO)驯化效果。实验结果表明:生物絮凝系统抗冲击负荷能力较强,化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)平均去除率可达67.23%、 27%与68.93%。将模拟厌氧消化后产生的碳源投加至厌氧池促进DPAO的驯化后,AAAO系统对COD、TN和TP去除率分别提升31.53%、37.67%和26.37%,反硝化吸磷率最高可达62.97%,二沉池出水COD、TN均满足一级A出水标准,TP可低于0.30 mg·L-1。生物絮凝-AAAO工艺脱氮除磷效果较好,可为污水处理厂节能降耗运行奠定基础并有望得到广泛应用。     

投加厨余发酵产物强化MBR的脱氮除磷效果

实验中采用一体式膜生物反应器处理低有机负荷校园生活污水,但是碳源不足严重制约了该工艺的生物脱氮除磷效果,故以厨余厌氧发酵产物作为外加碳源,考察投加碳源对MBR处理效果的影响。结果表明,厨余发酵液的投加对COD、NH+4-N的去除效果影响不大,出水浓度分别在20 mg/L、1 mg/L以下;外加碳源促进了营养物质的去除,TN的出水平均浓度由18.7 mg/L降至7.6 mg/L,TP的出水平均浓度由1.8 mg/L降至0.9 mg/L。同时污泥混合液中MLVSS/MLSS由54%提高至65%,污泥沉降性能提升,EPS含量减少,污泥粘度降低。     

活性污泥吸附联合发酵产酸资源化回收污水碳源

利用活性污泥源头吸附回收污水中的有机碳源,然后进行厌氧发酵产酸,可以改变污水碳源在传统工艺中的迁移与转化途径。研究结果表明,本工艺大大提高了有机碳源的利用率,降低了后续水解释碳成本。在30 min内,活性污泥对污水COD、氨氮和总磷的吸附去除率分别达到69%、57%和58.2%。热碱水解(t=90℃,p H=11)能够实现吸附碳源污泥(富碳污泥)中有机物的快速释放,水解污泥上清液中COD、溶解性蛋白质和溶解性多糖含量分别达到8 173.8、1 508.8和1 936.0 mg·L~(-1)。将获得的有机物进行厌氧发酵产酸,挥发性有机酸总量达到6 025.4 mg·L~(-1),与普通活性污泥相比,提高了27.7%;但是有机酸的组成和发酵所需时间变化不大。本研究结果为污水处理厂节能降耗以及污泥资源化处理处置提供参考。     

剩余污泥发酵产酸特征及基质释放规律研究

剩余污泥发酵既能实现污泥减量,又能获得污水生物脱氮除磷所需的挥发性脂肪酸VFAs等。采用序批式污泥发酵实验,在(30±1)℃的条件下,研究剩余污泥投配比对序批式污泥发酵系统污泥减量、产酸以及基质释放过程的影响,探索VFAs生成最大化的条件。实验结果表明:投加接种污泥不能明显提高序批式污泥发酵系统剩余污泥的减量效果,但可以改善污泥的产酸特性;当污泥投配比大于50%时,发酵过程中将出现2个VFAs浓度峰,且第二次峰浓度更大;较为理想的序批式污泥发酵投配比是60%~80%、发酵时间为5 d或25 d,前者VFAs表观转化率最大(约24%),后者发酵液中VFAs浓度最高(约600 mg/L);发酵过程中,NH4+-N总体呈上升趋势,磷浓度发酵5 d时达到最大值。     

一种新型A2/O工艺处理特性

为提高传统A2/O工艺在碳源不足情况下的脱氮除磷效率,发明了一种改良型的污水处理工艺,该工艺通过在好氧池中增设生物相选择器实现结构较好的颗粒污泥与松散絮体污泥的分离,在低污泥龄运行条件下获得了良好的同步脱氮除磷效果.当进水COD为900 mg/L,SRT分别为30 d和20 d时,新型和传统A2/O工艺其COD和TN去除率均可达到90％和70％以上,但TP去除率并不理想.当污泥龄为10 d时,新型工艺的COD,TN,TP去除率分别为(96.7±0.9)％、(83.2±2.0)％和(87.6±2.5)％,在提高除磷效率的同时保持了良好的脱氮效果.当进水COD为300 mg/L、SRT为10 d时,新型和传统A2/O工艺TN去除率分别为(77.6±1.1)％和(58.1±3.9)％,TP去除率分别为(85.4±1.2)％和(66.4±8.3)％,表明在进水基质浓度较低的条件下,新工艺优于传统工艺.另外,在SRT为10 d时,新型和传统A2/O好氧池中TN亏损比分别为22.8％和7.8％,表明新工艺TN去除率的提高得益于同步硝化反硝化,TP去除率的提高得益于低污泥龄.     

改良型UCT工艺在农村生活污水处理中的应用

我国农村生活污水处理设施的进水COD往往低于设计水质,因而脱氮除磷过程中碳源不足,同时进水中TN、TP波动较大,导致现有工艺难以稳定实现脱氮除磷.针对这一问题,构建了基于改良型UCT工艺的一体化农村生活污水处理系统,并应用在江苏省常州市某村落.该处理系统可使污泥脱氮与混合液脱氮实现分离,在保证脱氮效率的同时,进一步减少...     

以剩余污泥水解酸化液为外加碳源的污水生物脱氮

为解决低碳氮比污水生物脱氮过程反硝化碳源不足的问题,利用剩余污泥水解酸化液为外加碳源,通过具有曝气段与非曝气段的一体化曝气生物滤池（BAF）,研究低碳氮比污水生物脱氮的性能与工艺条件。实验结果表明,预处理后的水解酸化液VFAs为3134．9～5251．4mg／L、ThODVFAs／COD为59．87％～91．85％,适合作为生物脱氮的外加碳源;水解酸化液的投配量、进水TN浓度对系统生物脱氮效果的影响较大,气水比、曝气段与非曝气段比例对系统的硝化和反硝化性能有重要的影响;在温度为25±1℃,水解酸化液COD平均为7555．1mg／L,进水TN、NH4-N和COD分别平均为43．88mg／L、39．04mg／L和56．8mg／L,碳源与污水投配的流量比为1：75的条件下,当BAF水力停留时间（HRT）为8h、曝气段与非曝气段比例为3：3、气水比为10：1、回流比为2：1时,NH4-N和TN的去除率分别超过98％和75％,出水COD平均为28．6mg／L。研究指出,剩余污泥水解酸化液经过预处理后可用作低碳氮比污水生物脱氮的外加碳源,有效地提高了反硝化效果,并不会造成二次污染,同时又可以实现剩余污泥的减量化和资源化。     

水力停留时间对天然纤维素类固体碳源反硝化滤池处理效果的影响

为了有效去除低C/N(质量比)生活污水中的TN,考察了水力停留时间(HRT)对以稻秆、玉米芯和大豆壳等天然纤维素为填料和固体碳源(以下简称碳源)的反硝化滤池的脱氮效果的影响,从COD、TN、TP去除规律和不同阶段释碳速率的变化,分析和比较不同HRT和碳源种类下反硝化滤池的脱氮性能,获得了不同碳源对应的最佳HRT,并探讨了最适碳源种类。以稻秆、玉米芯、大豆壳为碳源时,反硝化滤池的最佳HRT分别为2.0、2.0、4.0h,出水TN分别为0.3、0.2、0.4mg/L,TN去除率均为97.8%以上,此时出水COD、TP分别为37.6～44.9、0.4～0.6mg/L。玉米芯释碳速率低,释碳持久稳定,投加玉米芯为碳源的反硝化滤池在4个月后仍可保持高效、稳定的反硝化脱氮性能。     

运行方式对厌氧区碳源分流多级A/O工艺处理效果的影响

采用厌氧区碳源分流多级A/O工艺进行了低碳、高氮磷市政污水的中试试验,研究了运行方式对该工艺去除有机物以及脱氮除磷的影响。通过7个阶段的连续运行比较,得到系统最优流量分配比(体积比)为厌氧区分流75%∶25%,最终出水COD、氨氮、TN、TP质量浓度分别为20.8、0.64、14.2、0.89mg/L,基本满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。流量分配比对去除COD、氨氮基本没有影响,对去除TN、TP的影响较大。通过对内回流位置研究发现,内回流位置在消氧区更有利于处理效果的提升。通过对进水负荷研究发现,COD和氨氮污泥负荷还有很大的提升空间,控制TN污泥负荷为0.040kg/(kg·d)时对TN的处理效果较好。     

以玉米芯为外加碳源的SBBR脱氮特性

针对低碳氮比生活污水总氮去除效果不佳的问题,以玉米芯作为SBBR生物载体和外加碳源,开展同步硝化反硝化脱氮特性研究。主要考察了碳源投加比及曝气时间对脱氮效果的影响。在最佳碳源投加比为1∶80、最适曝气时间为5.5 h时,出水COD、TN、NH_3-N分别为48.95、6.25和1.01 mg/L,满足城镇污水厂一级A排放标准。研究表明,采用玉米芯为外加碳源,可实现固体碳源释碳与反硝化需碳的平衡,有效增强低碳氮比污水的脱氮效果,同时能够保证出水COD满足排放标准。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.