焦化废水特征有机污染物反硝化降解速率特征分析

以焦化废水特征有机污染物苯酚、喹啉、吡啶和吲哚为碳源,研究了不同C/N(COD/NO-3-N)比值进水条件下,反硝化过程中NO-2-N积累特征及反硝化动力学特征。结果表明,进水C/N比在2.5~17的条件下,均会出现NO-2-N积累的现象。当C/N比值为2.5时,NO-2-N出现稳定积累。基于完全反硝化且COD去除率最高的进水条件为,进水C/N比为6。随着C/N比值从2.5增至17,达到NO-2-N的最大积累量时间从140 min降至60 min,NO-2-N的最大积累率从51.7%降至23.1%。相同进水C/N比条件下,在NO-2-N积累阶段,NO-3-N比还原速率大于NO-2-N比还原速率,导致NO-2-N积累;在NO-2-N还原阶段,NO-3-N比还原速率小于NO-2-N比还原速率。不同进水C/N比条件下,在NO-2-N积累阶段,NO-2-N比积累速率基本不变,为0.072 g N/(g VSS·d)左右。不同进水C/N比值条件下,NO-2-N积累阶段的表观碳氮比均大于NO-2-N还原阶段的表观碳氮比。     

反硝化生物滤池用于再生水脱氮效能及动力学研究

采用反硝化生物滤池处理城市污水厂二级出水,研究了反硝化生物滤池脱氮效能及其影响因素,构建了反硝化生物滤池脱氮动力学模型。结果表明,反硝化生物滤池启动7d后出水水质稳定,对NO-3-N的去除率达到90%以上,NO-2-N积累现象消失;当外加乙酸钠作碳源并使C/N≥4.7时,对NO-3-N的去除率达到90%以上,出水NO-3-N浓度在1.0mg/L以下;反硝化生物滤池具有较高的处理负荷,当HRT≥5 min时,对NO-3-N的去除率能达到90%以上;在实验水质条件下,滤池反硝化反应遵循一级反应动力学,且反应速率常数与流速成正比。     

焦化废水在厌氧反硝化产甲烷体系中降解动力学特征

接种成熟厌氧反硝化产甲烷颗粒污泥,以焦化废水特征污染物苯酚、喹啉、吡啶和吲哚为碳源,研究了不同C/N下,反硝化产甲烷体系有机物降解特征。结果表明,焦化废水为碳源,可以发生反硝化产甲烷反应;在C/N为3、6时,只发生反硝化反应;在C/N为12、50时,同时发生反硝化产甲烷反应;体系中反硝化反应优先于产甲烷反应进行;NO_x~--N降解过程出现NO_2~--N积累,C/N比增加,NO_2~--N最高积累量降低,产甲烷活性恢复时间缩短;反硝化比耗碳速率大于产甲烷比耗碳速率,同时反硝化产甲烷体系有机物去除效率高于单一厌氧产甲烷体系,反硝化反应有助于保持pH值稳定,降低ORP,从而促进产甲烷菌的繁殖。     

生物滤池外加碳源脱氮研究

以葡萄糖、甲醇、乙醇、乙酸4种有机物为碳源,以中试二沉池出水为原水,研究了生物滤池的反硝化效能,并分析了水温和水力负荷对反硝化效果的影响.结果表明,投加4种碳源后生物滤池均能有效脱氮,对NO-3-N的去除率达67.1％～83.7％.乙酸为碳源时,NO-3-N在生物滤池内浓度下降最快;甲醇为碳源时,NO-3-N浓度下降最...     

厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化的脱氮性能及污泥性状

通过连续实验和血清瓶批式实验研究了厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化的代谢特性。在pH 7.8、温度25℃左右、水力停留时间1.5 h和苯酚浓度18.82 mg/L的条件下,耦合反应器能长期稳定运行。结果表明,NH+4-N、NO-2-N去除率高达100%,TN去除率为87.51%。消耗的NH+4-N、NO-2-N与生成的NO-3-N之比为1∶1.49∶0.12,平均总氮容积负荷为2.53 kg/(m3·d),平均总氮去除负荷可达2.26 kg/(m3·d)。系统内异养反硝化与厌氧氨氧化存在协同和竞争关系,总氮的去除是异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌共同作用的结果。耦合系统中ANAMMOX对TN去除贡献率达到86.72%,异养反硝化对TN去除贡献率达到13.28%(其中以NO-2-N为电子受体的反硝化比例为7.16%,以NO-3-N为电子受体的反硝化比例为5.89%)。污泥性状研究表明,颗粒污泥存在3种形式:一种是ANAMMOX颗粒污泥;一种是苯酚反硝化颗粒污泥;一种是ANAMMOX菌外面包裹苯酚反硝化菌的颗粒污泥。另外,颗粒污泥的无机组分较高。污泥扫描电镜照片显示厌氧氨氧化菌为球状,反硝化菌为短杆状。     

污水中不同COD组分下A/O脱氮工艺的反硝化效率

为了研究了不同COD组分进水对A/O工艺中反硝化的影响以及COD组分中溶解性易生物降解COD(SS)、颗粒性慢速可生物降解COD(XS)比例改变后系统反硝化速率和反硝化潜力的变化。以连续流A/O反应器脱氮效率为研究对象,通过改变碳源物质投配量来配置3种SS比例分别为15%、30%和50%的城市污水,系统地考察了进水中SS比例对反硝化的影响。结果表明,进水中SS比例由15%增加到50%后,可以明显提高A/O系统TN的去除率,脱氮率由82%提高到89%。同时通过缺氧反硝化间歇实验,从反硝化动力学角度分析,进一步确定进水中SS比例对反硝化速率和反硝化潜力的影响,发现进水SS比例分别为50%、30%和15%,系统反硝化速率分别为0.027 g NO-3-N/(g VSS·min)、0.022 g NO-3-N/(g VSS·min)和0.020 g NO-3-N/(g VSS·min),反硝化潜力分别为16.49、13.99和13.74 mg/L。可见随着进水中SS比例的升高,系统中反硝化速率和反硝化潜力也相应增加。得出进水中COD组分不同,尤其是SS所占比例大小,是影响反硝化效果的一个关键因素。     

一株耐盐好氧反硝化细菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从处理高盐废水的生物接触氧化工艺成熟活性污泥中分离得到一株耐盐好氧反硝化细菌F10.根据形态学特征、生理生化以及16S rRNA基因序列测定分析,初步判定该菌株为盐单胞菌属(Halomonas sp.).菌株能在盐度为3%~7%的培养基中良好的生长及脱氮,最适盐度为3%(以Na Cl计),最适碳源为乙酸钠,最适p H为7~8,最适温度为30℃.该菌株能利用NO-3-N进行反硝化作用,在盐度为3%的反硝化培养基中24 h内对NO-3-N的去除率达到92.6%,36 h基本完全去除。该菌株在3%盐度下表现出良好的异养硝化-好氧反硝化性能,初始硝态氮浓度在270 mg/L时,菌株的脱氮率可达90%以上,氨氮的去除率可达75%以上,脱氮过程中无NO-2-N积累,可实现同步硝化反硝化,具有一定的工程应用价值。     

好氧反硝化苯酚降解菌的分离鉴定及动力学

从驯化菌群中分离筛选出一株好氧反硝化苯酚降解细菌,经生理生化反应及16S rDNA测序,鉴定为Diaphorobacter属细菌。在好氧条件下,该菌株以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源,利用NO-3-N作为反硝化电子受体,其生长与反硝化特性研究表明:在接种量5%(体积分数),30℃,180 r/min振荡培养条件下,菌株降酚能力可达1 400 mg/L,同时,能有效去除初始浓度为165 mg/L的硝酸盐氮,60 h其去除率为91.5%,高含量苯酚对菌体生长有一定的抑制作用。应用Haldane方程对其生长过程进行动力学模拟,拟合曲线与实验测定值相关性良好,各参数分别为μmax(最大比增长率)0.324 h-1,Ks(半饱和常数)9.36 mg/L,Ki(抑制常数)146.72 mg/L,通过理论分析及实验验证得,该菌株苯酚降解动力学与其生长动力学表现出相似的趋势。     

基于好氧反硝化反应器的海水脱氮性能及动力学特征

以去除海水循环水养殖系统中硝酸盐(NO_3~--N)为目的,通过接种好氧反硝化细菌的方式构建海水好氧反硝化反应器,对其反硝化脱氮性能和动力学特征展开研究。研究结果显示,好氧反硝化反应器完成挂膜需要15 d。在有氧条件下,反应器对NO_3~--N浓度为30～150 mg·L-1海水具有良好的反硝化性能,NO_3~--N的去除率达到90%以上。批次实验结果显示:好氧反硝化过程呈现阶段性,NO_3~--N在整个过程中可被高效去除;NO_2~--N积累最大值随初始NO_3~--N浓度的增大而增大,且初始NO_3~--N浓度越高,NO_2~--N完全去除所需时间越长。采用Monod方程的微分方程模型,能够很好地拟合反硝化过程中NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N的变化趋势。该好氧反硝化反应器具有良好的脱氮性能,为解决循环水养殖系统NO_3~--N积累问题提供了新的思路。     

花卉秸秆为碳源的潜流人工湿地对硝氮的去除及其负效应

可用有机碳源不足是限制低碳高硝氮废水反硝化脱氮效能的关键因素。采用4种常见花卉(康乃馨、玫瑰、百合、紫罗兰)的废弃秸秆作为有机碳源投加至垂直布设于潜流人工湿地前端的穿孔管中,考察并对比各系统对低碳高硝氮废水的脱硝效能及其氮转化情况。结果表明,投加花卉秸秆显著增强了人工湿地的NO-3-N去除效能,其中,康乃馨秸秆强化脱NO-3-N效能最佳,实验期间平均去除率为51.8%和每批次去除量873.4 mg;玫瑰秸秆最差,平均去除率为31.1%和每批次去除量535.0 mg。NO-3-N去除率均随运行时间的延长而逐渐下降。伴随NO-3-N的去除,系统内产生了一定量的NO-2-N和NH+4-N,其浓度均与NO-3-N去除率呈显著正相关(p0.05)。此外,花卉秸秆的投加使系统运行初期出水中的有机物含量偏高。以玫瑰秸秆为外加碳源产生的负效应最低。综合考虑碳源投加的正负效应,康乃馨秸秆为本实验条件下的最佳碳源,玫瑰秸秆则应增加投加量以达到更好的应用效果。     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

Synthesis and characterization of m- and p-methylbenzyl-mercapturic acids derived from m- and p-xylenes

Chemical synthesis and physical properties of two mercapturic acids suggested as urinary metabolites of m- and p-xylenes ace described. These compounds may be used for the identification and quantivative determination by high-performance liquid chromatography of the corresponding mercapturic acids in urine.     

Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene

The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C₂ through C₈ organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas-phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene.     

Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in products and effluent from the Swedish pulp and paper industry and chloralkali process

Within the Swedish Dioxin Survey various samples from the pulp and paper industry and the chloralkali process have been analyzed by congener specific analytical methods. In addition to the generally discussed “bleaching pattern” of the tetrachlorinated congeners, these samples also contained higher chlorinated congeners like hexa-CDDs, hepta-CDFs, octa-CDD and octa-CDF. Consequently it is recommended that samples from the pulp industry should be analyzed for all PCDDs and PCDFs (tetra- through octa-). Counted as Nordic Toxic Equivalents (NTEQ), the recycled pulp samples had the highest contamination level followed by TMP, unbleached sulfite and bleached softwood and hardwood. In addition to the bleaching process, various chemicals used in the pulping, bleaching and wastewater treatment can contribute to the contamination.     

Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of profluralin and trifluralin

Abstract

The degradation of profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐]p‐toluidine] and trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) was studied under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Three soils (Goldsboro loamy sand, Cecil loamy sand, Drummer clay loam) were each treated with 1 ppmw herbicide; anaerobic conditions were maintained by flooding. Soil samples were extracted monthly and subjected to TLC analysis. No degradation was detected in sterile controls. Aerobic degradation of both herbicides was greatest in the Cecil loamy sand soil over the entire incubation period. Degradation of profluralin in Cecil soil under aerobic conditions was 86 percent after 4 months with three products detected; 83 percent of the trifluralin was degraded with two products detected. Anaerobic degradation accounted for 72 percent of the profluralin and 78 percent of the trifluralin after 4 months. Degradation of both herbicides increased with incubation time for the first 3 months and decreased slightly thereafter. Generally there was more extensive degradation (percent and in number of products formed) of profluralin than trifluralin under the conditions tested. More degradation products were detected for both herbicides under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions.     

Uptake and translocation of metformin, ciprofloxacin and narasin in forage- and crop plants

Transfer of bioactive organic compounds from soil to plants might represent animal and human health risks. Sewage sludge and manure are potential sources for bioactive compounds such as human- and veterinary drugs. In the present study, uptake of the anti-diabetic compound, metformin, the antibiotic agent ciprofloxacin and the anti-coccidial narasin in carrot (Daucuscarota ssp. sativus cvs. Napoli) and barley (Hordeumvulgare) were investigated. The pharmaceuticals were selected in order to cover various chemical properties, in addition to their presence in relevant environmental matrixes. The root concentration factors (RCF) found in the present study were higher than the corresponding leaf concentration factors (LCF) for the three test pharmaceuticals. The uptake of metformin was higher compared with ciprofloxacin and narasin for all plant compartments analyzed. Metformin was studied more explicitly with regard to uptake and translocation in meadow fescue (Festucapratense), three other carrot cultivars (D.carota ssp. sativus cvs. Amager, Rothild and Nutri Red), wheat cereal (Triticumaestivum) and turnip rape seed (Brassicacampestris). Uptake of metformin in meadow fescue was comparable with uptake in the four carrot cultivars (RCF 2-10, LCF approximately 1.5), uptake in wheat cereals were comparable with barley cereals (seed concentration factors, SCF, 0.02-0.04) while the accumulation in turnip rape seeds was as high as 1.5. All three pharmaceuticals produced negative effects on growth and development of carrots when grown in soil concentration of 6-10 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight.     

新型高效氧化偶合絮凝剂COF-I的研制及其应用研究

以硫酸铝为主要原料 ,经过化学改性后 ,制得兼具氧化和絮凝为一体的新型、高效水处理药剂COF I ,并设计正交实验找出了药剂最佳组合配方 ,且对微污染水源水、城市污水及印染废水进行了强化处理试验研究。结果表明 ,最佳配方为复合比 1∶1、添加剂含量 1 2 5 %、稳定剂含量 0 3%、氧化成分含量 1 0 % ,在最佳配方和最佳工艺条件下 ,复合药剂COF I对微污染水源水、城市污水及印染废水均具有良好的处理效果     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.