基于实际道路测试的大型客车排放特征研究

应用车载排放测试系统(PEMS)对天津市4辆大型客车(国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ柴油车和国Ⅴ液化天然气车)进行了实际道路尾气排放测试。结果表明,3辆柴油车CO、NOx、总碳氢化合物(THC)和颗粒物(PM)的平均排放因子分别为3.435、6.431、0.131、0.324g/km,天然气车CO、NOx、THC和PM的排放因子分别为1.240、17.451、6.535、0.003g/km。总体看来,3辆柴油车的污染物排放速率随着排放标准的提高而降低,与其相比,天然气车的CO和PM排放速率相对较低,而NOx和THC排放速率较高;4辆大型客车各污染物排放速率在加速工况下排放速率最高,怠速工况下排放速率最低。随着国Ⅳ柴油车行驶速度从0~20km/h提高到80~100km/h,尾气温度逐渐上升,选择性催化还原装置对NOx的削减率可从41.8%升高到64.5%。     

纳米氧化铈对汽油发动机尾气污染物排放的影响

通过非水微乳液法制备了纳米氧化铈,并将之添加到90^#汽油中,研究了纳米氧化铈对汽油动力性能、尾气污染物CO、HC、PM、NOx排放的影响。结果表明：非水微乳液法制备的纳米氧化铈粒径在30～50nm之间,粒径分布较窄;添加浓度为100mg／L时,不会对汽油的动力性能产生明显影响,但可以明显降低90。汽油尾气中的CO、HC、PM、NOx排放。其中,800r／min的正常怠速下可以降低CO排放19．39％、HE排放19．92％、NOx排放51．19％、PM排放25％;在2000r／min的高怠速下可降低CO排放16．17％、NOx排放46．92％、PM排放16．67％。     

低温环境中乙醇汽油和普通汽油的冷凝水与污染物排放

对低温环境中乙醇汽油和普通汽油的冷凝水、CO、HC、NOx和CO2排放特性进行了研究,并对5种排放物的形成机理和排放趋势进行了分析。ECE工况(-20、-10和0 ℃)和怠速工况(-30、-20、-10和0 ℃)下,乙醇汽油和普通汽油的冷凝水排放量主要受含氢量、车辆构造和外界环境的共同影响。ECE工况中冷凝水的总体排放趋势是随着温度降低而增加,乙醇汽油的总排水量持平或略低于普通汽油。-10 ℃时乙醇汽油的高含氧量能促进燃烧速度和燃烧效率,减少CO和HC排放,增加NOx排放;0 ℃时低温环境和乙醇的高汽化潜热会影响可燃混合气形成和燃烧速度,降低缸壁温度,增加CO和HC排放。     

北京市机动车排放遥感监测分析

机动车排放遥感监测反映实际道路行驶中的排放状况,对全面分析排放水平有很强的统计意义。北京市机动车排放遥感监测的CO、HC和NOx的平均浓度分别为1.94%、388×10-6和700×10-6。北京市机动车排放的CO、HC和NOx中50%分别来自于15.90%、13.98%、11.13%的高排放车,但某车辆对于一种污染物出现高排放并不意味着它对其他污染物也是高排放。根据遥感监测得到北京市轻型汽油车基于油耗的CO、HC和NOx平均尾气管排放因子分别为200.1g/L、11.05 g/L和6.68 g/L。     

基于QAR数据的民航发动机尾气污染物排放量估算

对现有航空发动机尾气污染物排放估算模型进行总结与分析,重点对一阶逼近3.0尾气颗粒污染物（particulate matter,PM）估算方法和ICAO尾气气体污染物估算方法进行了详细的研究。借助QAR记录的发动机相关性能数据,利用ICAO公布的排放指数,用一阶逼近3.0方法来估算CFM56民航发动机一个LTO阶段尾气颗粒污染物的排放情况,用ICAO气体排放模型估算CFM56民航发动机一个LTO阶段NOx、CO、HC气体的排放情况。最终得到CFM56发动机一个典型航班LTO阶段的尾气污染物排放总体情况。实例计算得到CFM56发动机一个典型航班LTO阶段的排放情况为：NOx,5 683.61 g;CO,3 821.89 g;HC,208.946 g;PM,121.287 g。本文提出的单机尾气污染物排放量估算方法可推广应用到估算整个机队LTO阶段的污染物排放量,以及整个机队某个时间段的排放情况,对评估机场附近区域大气环境提供了重要参考数据。     

深圳市混合动力巴士污染物排放特性的实验研究

利用高精度的车载排放测试仪,对使用同种发动机的普通柴油巴士和混合动力巴士进行城市典型道路工况下的排放测试,对比2种车型的污染物排放特征。通过对2种车型基于不同车速及比功率下的排放特性分析,发现混合动力巴士有效减少了CO和颗粒物(PM)的排放,CO、PM的排放量分别为普通柴油巴士的42.4%、28.7%;然而由于混合动力巴士的匹配控制系统相对复杂,车身总质量较大,导致其NO_x、碳氢化合物(HC)排放明显高于普通柴油巴士,NO_x、HC排放量分别为普通巴士的167.5%、931.4%。     

负载对实际道路重型柴油车排放的影响研究

利用车载测试系统对重型柴油货车空载、50％负载和100％负载不同负载情况下在实际道路的排放进行测试,基于测试数据分析负载对重型柴油货车排放CO、HC、NOx和微小颗粒物(PM)等4种污染物的影响.不同速度区间和行驶模式下负载对排放的影响分析表明,在有负载时,大多数工况下4种污染物排放呈现增加趋势,但各速度区间和行驶模式下的增幅不尽相同,部分工况出现下降.空载时测试柴油车基于新欧洲行驶循环测试(NEDC)工况的标准化CO、HC、NOx和PM排放因子分别为3.38、0.39、6.27、0.39 g/km.对于柴油车重点污染物NOx和PM而言,与空载相比,50％负载时分别增加43％和59％,100％负载时分别增加62％和44％.     

液化石油气轿车实际道路污染物排放特征

利用PEMS对国2技术LPG出租轿车和汽油轿车的实际道路排放进行测试,基于测试数据对LPG轿车排放特征进行解析,并与汽油轿车的排放因子进行对比分析.结果显示:速度和行驶模式对LPG轿车污染物排放影响明显;LPG轿车CO 2、CO、HC和NOx污染物的实测排放因子分别为(169.5±22.2)、(2.18±2.38)、(...     

基于MOVES的轻型车颗粒物排放来源和特征分析

利用实测数据对MOVES模型进行本地化修正,测算了轻型车颗粒物的排放来源以及粒径、组分构成特征。分析结果表明,全部颗粒物中,轻型汽油车的非尾气排放PM10所占比例为72.70%,PM2.5为42.64%;轻型柴油车非尾气排放PM10所占比例为40.78%,PM2.5为15.41%。2种燃油车辆的尾气排放颗粒物主要来源于尾气管排放,粒径集中在0~2.5 μm;而非尾气排放颗粒物主要来源于刹车磨损,粒径集中在2.5~10 μm。轻型汽油车的尾气排放颗粒物主要组分为有机碳,轻型柴油车则为元素碳和有机碳。进一步分析不同速度下颗粒物排放变化发现:轻型车非尾气排放颗粒物随行驶速度的增大而降低,而尾气排放颗粒物则随速度的增大先降低后升高;非尾气排放颗粒物占全部颗粒物比例随速度的增大先升高再降低;全部颗粒物中PM2.5的比例则随速度的增大先降低后升高。     

不同负载条件下国Ⅱ重型柴油货车的实际道路排放特征

重型柴油车排放已经成为中国城市与区域大气污染的重要来源。为研究负载条件对重型柴油车实际道路排放的影响,利用车载排放测试(PEMS)方法对2辆国Ⅱ重型柴油货车开展实际道路排放测试,分析不同负载(空载、半载和满载)条件下的尾气污染物排放特征。基于机动车比功率(VSP)方法分析了不同速度区间的气态污染物(NOx、CO和总碳氢化合物(THC))排放特征,同时通过滤膜采样方法对尾气PM2.5及其碳质组分(有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC))进行了定量分析。结果显示,2辆国Ⅱ重型柴油货车气态污染物排放因子与负载呈现显著的正相关关系,半载和满载时NOx、CO和THC排放因子相对于空载分别升高18%～41%、6%～67%、37%～125%。但2辆重型柴油货车的PM2.5排放因子并未随负载增加而呈现相同的变化规律。在PM2.5中碳质组分排放约占61%～97%(质量分数),其中EC排放因子随负载的增加而增大。     

基于EGR的乙醇-生物柴油-柴油发动机排放性能

在单缸风冷四冲程直喷柴油发电机上,燃用柴油、生物柴油、10%乙醇-45%生物柴油-45%柴油（E10B45D45）和20%乙醇-40%生物柴油-40%柴油（E20B40D40）,采用16%、28% EGR率,测试并分析了经济性,NOx、HC和CO的排放性能和烟气的光吸收系数。研究表明：柴油的油耗最低,生物柴油次之,随着乙醇含量的增加,混合燃料的油耗增加;随着乙醇含量的增多,NOx排放量降低,与燃用柴油相比,E10B45D45和E20B40D40平均可降低约16.1%和30.2%;采用EGR可有效降低NOx排放,对应16%、28% EGR率,E10B45D45的NOx排放可平均降低19.3%和39.5%,E20B40D40平均降低10.7%和43.5%;随着乙醇含量的增多,HC排放量显著升高,对比于柴油,E10B45D45和E20B40D40分别升高了59.8%和172.1%;采用EGR后,HC排放增加;随乙醇含量的增加,CO排放也明显增大,对比于柴油,E10B45D45和E20B40D40分别升高了58.6%和131.1%;采用EGR后CO排放增加;各燃料中,柴油在小、中负荷烟气的光吸收系数最低,大负荷时却最高;不宜在小负荷时采用较高的乙醇掺混比和较大的EGR率。     

基于国Ⅵ标准的重型柴油车气态污染物排放控制技术

基于车载尾气检测设备(portable emission measurement system, PEMS), 研究了国Ⅵ重型车气态污染物的排放特征; 基于单位燃油消耗排放因子、单位行驶里程排放因子、单位时间排放因子, 分析了NO_x、HC、CO污染物随路况的变化规律。实验结果表明, NO_x、HC、CO气态污染物较国Ⅴ重型柴油车下降幅度较大, 3种气态污染物分别下降88%、98%、62.7%。采用功基窗口法对数据进行整理分析, NO_x测量结果为460 mg·(kWh)^-1, CO测量结果为192 mg·(kWh)^-1, HC测量结果为37.5 mg·(kWh)^-1, 该重型柴油车可以满足国Ⅵ车载法规的要求。研究结果可为国Ⅵ重型车排放标准制定及其在环境污染控制领域的应用提供参考。     

国五轻型汽油车气态污染物排放劣化分析

为了解机动车行驶里程增加时气态污染物的排放劣化特性,以12辆满足国五排放水平标准的轻型汽油车为研究对象,应用底盘测功机通过台架测试方法进行整车实验并收集数据,研究了10×10⁴ km累积里程对轻型汽油车污染物(NO_x、THC和CO)排放因子的影响和不同车型的排放量随行驶里程劣化规律。结果表明,轻型汽油车NO_x、THC和CO的排放因子与累积里程之间存在线性关系。增压中冷进气方式下3种污染物的劣化速度均高于自然吸气下的劣化速度。通过计算获得实验车辆污染物NO_x、THC和CO的平均劣化系数分别为2.0、2.1和2.6(标准推荐值分别为1.6、1.3和1.5)。本研究结果可为机动车污染物变化趋势的预测和标准劣化系数的修订提供数据参考。     

Quantification of gasoline-ethanol blend emissions effects

ABSTRACT

Emissions levels from current gasoline spark-ignited engines are low, and emissions changes associated with the blending of ethanol into gasoline are small and difficult to quantify. Addition of ethanol, with a high blending octane number, allows a reduction in aromatics in market gasoline. Blending behavior of ethanol is nonlinear, altering the distillation curve, including the 50% temperature point, T50. Increase in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine technology in the fleet challenges ability of older models based on port fuel injection (PFI) results to predict the overall air quality impact of ethanol blending. Five different models derived from data collected through U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Energy Policy Act (EPAct) programs were used to predict LA92 Phase 1 particulate matter (PM) emissions for summer regular (SR) E0 (gasoline with 0% ethanol by volume), E10 (gasoline with 10% ethanol) and E15 (gasoline with 15% ethanol). Substantial reductions of PM for E10 and E15 relative to E0 were predicted when aromatics were displaced by ethanol to maintain octane rating. SR E0 and E10 were also matched to linear combinations of EPAct fuels and results showed a 35% PM reduction for SR E10 relative to SR E0. For GDI vehicles the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) E-94-3 study found that E10 had 23% or 29% PM increase. However, CRC E-129 found an E10 PM reduction of 10% when one E0 fuel and its splash blended (SB) E10 were compared. Both CRC project E-129 SB data and fuel triplets selected from the EPAct study showed variation for E15 emissions, although E-129 suggests that E15 in GDI offers about a 25% reduction of PM with respect to E0. Overall, data suggest that ethanol blending offers a modest to a substantial reduction of cold-start PM mass if aromatic levels of the finished products are reduced in response to ethanol addition.

Implications: Studies of exhaust emissions effects of ethanol blending with gasoline vary in conclusions. Blending properties are nonlinear. Modeling of real-world emissions effects must consider all fuel composition adjustments and property changes associated with ethanol addition. Aromatics are reduced in E10 or E15, compared with E0, and distillation changes. PFI-derived models show reductions in cold-start PM for expected average E10 versus E0 pump fuel, due to reduced aromatic content. Relative emissions effects from older technology (PFI) engines do not predict newer engine (GDI) results reliably, but recent GDI data show reduced cold-start PM when ethanol displaces aromatics.     

我国移动源主要大气污染物排放量的估算

在考虑我国移动源主要大气污染物排放标准变化的基础上,分别对我国2000-2012年道路移动源和非道路移动源主要大气污染物（CO、NOx、HC、PM2.5）的排放量进行了估算。研究表明：2000-2012年间,我国移动源主要大气污染物排放总量呈现先增后减的趋势,2005年达到最大值,为4 233万t,其中道路移动源的排放量占80%以上;各类大气污染物的排放量的差异性较大,CO和NOx的排放量较多,占排放总量的87%以上,从整体趋势上来看,CO的排放量逐年较少,NOx的排放量逐年增大,而HC和PM2.5变化不大;摩托车和重型柴油货车是道路移动源主要排放源,农业机械是非道路移动源的主要排放源;移动源排放的主要大气污染物在地区间的分布极不平衡,2012年排放量最高的5个省份依次是山东、河北、河南、广东和江苏;排放强度较大的地区主要集中在环渤海经济圈、长三角地区和珠三角地区,其中又以上海、北京、天津3个直辖市的排放强度最大。     

Bioethanol-gasoline fuel blends: exhaust emissions and morphological characterization of particulate from a moped engine

This study was aimed at evaluating the effects of gasoline-ethanol blends on the exhaust emissions in a catalyst-equipped four-stroke moped engine. The ethanol was blended with unleaded gasoline in at percentages (10, 15, and 20% v/v). The regulated pollutants and the particulate matter emissions were evaluated over the European ECE R47 driving cycle on the chassis dynamometer bench. Particulate matter was characterized in terms of total mass collected on filters and total number ofparticles in the range 7 nm-10 microm measured by electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI). In addition, particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emissions were evaluated to assess the health impact of the emitted particulate. Finally, an accurate morphological analysis was performed on the particulate by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) equipped with a digital image-processing/data-acquisition system. In general, CO emission reductions of 60-70% were obtained with 15 and 20% v/v ethanol blends, while the ethanol use did not reduce hydrocarbon (HC) and NOx emissions. No evident effect of ethanol on the particulate mass emissions and associated PAHs emissions was observed. Twenty-one PAHs were quantified in the particulate phase with emissions ranging from 26 to 35 microg/km and benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) emission factors from 2.2 to 4.1 microg/km. Both particulate matter and associated PAHs with higher carcinogenic risk were mainly emitted in the submicrometer size range (<0.1 microm). On the basis of the TEM observations, no relevant effect of the ethanol use on the particulate morphology was evidenced, showing aggregates composed ofprimary particles with mean diameters in the range 17.5-32.5 nm.     

Real-world fuel use and gaseous emission rates for flex fuel vehicles operated on E85 versus gasoline

Flex fuel vehicles (FFVs) typically operate on gasoline or E85, an 85%/15% volume blend of ethanol and gasoline. Differences in FFV fuel use and tailpipe emission rates are quantified for E85 versus gasoline based on real-world measurements of five FFVs with a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS), supplemented chassis dynamometer data, and estimates from the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) model. Because of inter-vehicle variability, an individual FFV may have higher nitrogen oxide (NO_x) or carbon monoxide (CO) emission rates on E85 versus gasoline, even though average rates are lower. Based on PEMS data, the comparison of tailpipe emission rates for E85 versus gasoline is sensitive to vehicle-specific power (VSP). For example, although CO emission rates are lower for all VSP modes, they are proportionally lowest at higher VSP. Driving cycles with high power demand are more advantageous with respect to CO emissions, but less advantageous for NO_x. Chassis dynamometer data are available for 121 FFVs at 50,000 useful life miles. Based on the dynamometer data, the average difference in tailpipe emissions for E85 versus gasoline is ?23% for NO_x, ?30% for CO, and no significant difference for hydrocarbons (HC). To account for both the fuel cycle and tailpipe emissions from the vehicle, a life cycle inventory was conducted. Although tailpipe NO_x emissions are lower for E85 versus gasoline for FFVs and thus benefit areas where the vehicles operate, the life cycle NO_x emissions are higher because the NO_x emissions generated during fuel production are higher. The fuel production emissions take place typically in rural areas. Although there are not significant differences in the total HC emissions, there are differences in HC speciation. The net effect of lower tailpipe NO_x emissions and differences in HC speciation on ozone formation should be further evaluated.

Implications: Reported comparisons of flex fuel vehicle (FFV) tailpipe emission rates for E85 versus gasoline have been inconsistent. To date, this is the most comprehensive evaluation of available and new data. The large range of inter-vehicle variability illustrates why prior studies based on small sample sizes led to apparently contradictory findings. E85 leads to significant reductions in tailpipe nitrogen oxide (NO_x) and carbon monoxide (CO) emission rates compared with gasoline, indicating a potential benefit for ozone air quality management in NO_x-limited areas. The comparison of FFV tailpipe emissions between E85 and gasoline is sensitive to power demand and driving cycles.     

Idle emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles: review and recent data

Heavy-duty diesel vehicle idling consumes fuel and reduces atmospheric quality, but its restriction cannot simply be proscribed, because cab heat or air-conditioning provides essential driver comfort. A comprehensive tailpipe emissions database to describe idling impacts is not yet available. This paper presents a substantial data set that incorporates results from the West Virginia University transient engine test cell, the E-55/59 Study and the Gasoline/Diesel PM Split Study. It covered 75 heavy-duty diesel engines and trucks, which were divided into two groups: vehicles with mechanical fuel injection (MFI) and vehicles with electronic fuel injection (EFI). Idle emissions of CO, hydrocarbon (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and carbon dioxide (CO2) have been reported. Idle CO2 emissions allowed the projection of fuel consumption during idling. Test-to-test variations were observed for repeat idle tests on the same vehicle because of measurement variation, accessory loads, and ambient conditions. Vehicles fitted with EFI, on average, emitted approximately 20 g/hr of CO, 6 g/hr of HC, 86 g/hr of NOx, 1 g/hr of PM, and 4636 g/hr of CO2 during idle. MFI equipped vehicles emitted approximately 35 g/hr of CO, 23 g/hr of HC, 48 g/hr of NOx, 4 g/hr of PM, and 4484 g/hr of CO2, on average, during idle. Vehicles with EFI emitted less idle CO, HC, and PM, which could be attributed to the efficient combustion and superior fuel atomization in EFI systems. Idle NOx, however, increased with EFI, which corresponds with the advancing of timing to improve idle combustion. Fuel injection management did not have any effect on CO2 and, hence, fuel consumption. Use of air conditioning without increasing engine speed increased idle CO2, NOx, PM, HC, and fuel consumption by 25% on average. When the engine speed was elevated from 600 to 1100 revolutions per minute, CO2 and NOx emissions and fuel consumption increased by >150%, whereas PM and HC emissions increased by approximately 100% and 70%, respectively. Six Detroit Diesel Corp. (DDC) Series 60 engines in engine test cell were found to emit less CO, NOx, and PM emissions and consumed fuel at only 75% of the level found in the chassis dynamometer data. This is because fan and compressor loads were absent in the engine test cell.