UASB反应器处理饮料废水污泥颗粒化过程

西安可口可乐饮料有限公司利用UASB反应器在常温条件下处理饮料废水,自投入运行以来,UASB中的污泥为絮状污泥,在旺季处理负荷较高时,造成污泥流失,出水SS增高。通过对进水水质进行分析,发现饮料废水中严重缺乏氮营养。通过添加营养物(尿素),反应器中污泥快速颗粒化。对颗粒化前后UASB的COD去除率、产气量、沼气组分、进出水氨氮浓度、污泥活性、形态以及微生物种群结构等进行监测,结果表明,颗粒化后污泥粒径大于0.5 mm的占54.66%,具有较高的沉降速度和活性;COD去除率达到92.5%,比未颗粒化时提高了约8%;污泥以乙酸、丙酸和丁酸为基质的最大比产甲烷活性(折算为COD)分别为0.69、0.47和0.39 g·(g·d)~(-1)(以VSS计),与絮状污泥相近。FISH检测表明,颗粒污泥的种群分布表现为层状结构(layered structure),发酵产酸细菌主要位于颗粒污泥外层,而甲烷菌则分布于颗粒内层。营养物(氮)浓度对UASB污泥颗粒化具有十分重要的作用。     

UASB反应器处理链霉素废水启动及运行性能

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器处理链霉素生产废水,研究了中温条件下反应器启动和稳定运行中废水处理性能及厌氧污泥颗粒化过程。结果表明,通过逐步提高链霉素废水进水比例和负荷,可以实现UASB反应器的启动和稳定运行,并对高浓度链霉素实际废水具有良好的处理性能,COD去除率稳定在80%以上,COD去除负荷达7.2 kg/(m3·d),CH4产生量达到6.2 L/d。UASB反应器启动运行过程中,链霉素废水对污泥活性具有抑制影响,造成短期反应器运行性能明显下降,而后很快恢复。同时高负荷链霉素废水造成甲烷产率降低。污泥性状变化显著,污泥形态逐渐转变为颗粒态,污泥粒径增大,出现大量0.5~1.0 mm颗粒污泥,污泥VSS/SS比值升高,污泥沉降性明显增强,比产甲烷活性显著升高,表明污泥开始实现颗粒化。     

UASB反应器处理PTA废水的启动及污泥特性分析

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,以精对苯二甲酸(PTA)废水为处理对象,研究了中温条件下反应器的启动、颗粒污泥的形态和产甲烷活性及微生物群落结构。实验结果表明:采用逐渐提高进水负荷和减少水力停留时间的运行方法,历时近200 d,可实现UASB反应器的启动。此时,反应器对COD的去除率保持在80%以上,对应的容积负荷也达到4.0 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)以上。反应器内污泥实现颗粒化,颗粒污泥的体积平均粒径为416.53μm,产甲烷活性为121.2 mL·(g·d)~(-1)(以VSS计)。颗粒污泥表面存在大量菌胶团,杆菌和丝状菌镶嵌其中。菌胶团有助于微生物的聚集,加速污泥颗粒化过程。Syntrophorhabdus是降解PTA废水中苯类污染物的重要微生物,占细菌量的27.4%,而Methanosaeta则是主要的产甲烷菌,占古细菌总量的67.3%。该研究可为UASB处理PTA废水的启动提供依据。     

厌氧序批式反应器产氢

以啤酒厂废水处理厂UASB中的厌氧污泥为种泥,葡萄糖为基质,研究了厌氧序批式反应器产氢。控制反应器内pH为4.0～4.5,温度为(36±1)℃,水力停留时间为8 h,当进水葡萄糖浓度为4 000 mg/L,容积负荷为12 kg/(m3.d)条件下,该厌氧序批式反应器实现了连续高效厌氧产氢。生物气中的氢气含量约为48%～53%,基质产氢率为1.1 mol/mol葡萄糖,COD去除率为15%～25%,最大比产氢速率为84.5 mol/(kg VSS.d)。液相末端发酵产物中乙醇和乙酸的含量占液相末端发酵产物总量的80%以上,表明该反应器内进行的是乙醇型发酵厌氧产氢。厌氧序批式反应器完全可以实现连续高效厌氧产氢,比较适用于日处理量较小的高浓度含糖废水。     

厌氧序批式反应器产氢

以啤酒厂废水处理厂UASB中的厌氧污泥为种泥,葡萄糖为基质,研究了厌氧序批式反应器产氢。控制反应器内pH为4.0～4.5,温度为（36±1）℃,水力停留时间为8 h,当进水葡萄糖浓度为4 000 mg/L,容积负荷为12 kg/（m3.d）条件下,该厌氧序批式反应器实现了连续高效厌氧产氢。生物气中的氢气含量约为48%～53%,基质产氢率为1.1 mol/mol葡萄糖,COD去除率为15%～25%,最大比产氢速率为84.5 mol/（kg VSS.d）。液相末端发酵产物中乙醇和乙酸的含量占液相末端发酵产物总量的80%以上,表明该反应器内进行的是乙醇型发酵厌氧产氢。厌氧序批式反应器完全可以实现连续高效厌氧产氢,比较适用于日处理量较小的高浓度含糖废水。     

厌氧法处理木薯淀粉废水的研究

采用厌氧法处理木薯淀粉废水,研究了厌氧反应器启动和运行的特性,以及温度和搅拌对厌氧生物降解的影响。结果表明:(1)COD去除率总体随着进水COD的增大而增大,在进水COD为9 983.38mg/L时,COD去除率最大,达到86.05%。(2)累计产甲烷量与进水COD呈正比关系,进水COD直接影响反应器的产甲烷量。(3)厌氧颗粒污泥活性最高的温度为30～35℃。(4)厌氧搅拌有利于提高厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性。     

常温下ABR处理低浓度废水性能及污泥特性

研究了常温(17~25℃)下4隔室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理低浓度废水的运行效果及污泥特性。在水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h,进水COD浓度为1 500、1 000和500 mg/L左右时,平均COD去除率分别为94%、93%和87%。进水COD浓度保持在500 mg/L左右,将HRT降为12 h和8 h,COD的去除率仍达到83%以上。厌氧污泥性质测定结果表明,最后隔室中的污泥浓度、颗粒化程度及产甲烷活性与其他隔室相比明显较低,说明低浓度进水对最后隔室厌氧污泥的性质影响较大。颗粒污泥扫描电镜观察显示,各隔室颗粒污泥内部微生物组成差异较大,第1隔室颗粒污泥以产甲烷球菌为主,第2隔室颗粒污泥中没有明显的优势菌,但杆状菌比第1隔室明显较多,第3、4隔室颗粒污泥中以索氏甲烷丝菌为优势菌。     

有机负荷冲击对固定床厌氧反应器启动及古菌群落动态影响

为开发高效率、抗冲击能力强的有机废水沼气发酵技术,以人工配制的糖蜜废水为试材,在不同有机负荷(1.7~6.73 kg/(m3·d))的冲击方式下,对4个炭纤维膜为载体固定床厌氧反应器的启动进行了研究。通过COD去除率、p H、产气量、甲烷含量、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)、16S r DNA克隆文库技术、实时荧光定量PCR(Q-PCR)等指标和方法,分析炭纤维载体在抵御有机负荷冲击过程中的作用及对微生物定殖的贡献。结果表明,在不同有机负荷冲击下,4个炭纤维载体固定床厌氧反应器在第40天时均启动成功,其产气量稳定在21 L左右,出水p H在6.8~7.5之间,COD去除率在80%以上,甲烷含量在75%以上,其中冲击最大的R2反应器(COD每隔5 d增加5 000 mg/L)的有机负荷是固定床厌氧反应器的一个阈值。附着在炭纤维载体上的产甲烷古菌的多样性丰富,并且繁殖缓慢、容易附着的产甲烷微菌(MMB)的16S rRNA基因浓度最高,反应器中占优势的产甲烷菌是甲烷鬃毛菌(MST)和产甲烷微菌(MMB),说明炭纤维载体对微生物的定殖起到非常重要的作用,提高了污泥活性,从而提高了反应器的性能。     

2种启动方式下CSTR厌氧甲烷发酵系统的运行特性比较

厌氧产甲烷菌生长缓慢,对生境环境尤为敏感,其富集难且慢,所以厌氧反应器的快速启动一直是热点研究问题。为摸清连续流搅拌槽式反应器(CSTR)处理糖蜜废水的适宜启动条件和调控方法,比较了两种启动方式下CSTR厌氧甲烷发酵系统的运行特性。结果显示,以啤酒废水污水处理车间的剩余污泥为种泥,在HRT为18 h、温度35℃条件下,进水COD为4 000 mg·L~(-1)时直接启动CSTR厌氧反应器,系统因挥发酸积累,产甲烷菌群活性受限,难以富集培养,经过近103d的运行,系统未形成高效的厌氧甲烷发酵微生物菌群结构体系;而当采用保持HRT18 h不变,进水COD阶段性提升至4000 mg·L~(-1)的启动方式时,产甲烷菌群活性较高,能在较短时间内得到有效富集和培养,CSTR能成功培养具有完整甲烷发酵功能的微生物菌,COD去除率可在65 d内达到56%,反应器成功启动。     

城市垃圾焚烧渗沥液中Ca2＋对厌氧EGSB处理效果的影响

研究了城市生活垃圾焚烧厂渗沥液中Ca2＋对厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器（EGSB）处理效果的影响,并采用静态实验方法考察了Ca2＋对厌氧颗粒污泥产甲烷活性的影响。实验结果表明,进水COD为17000mg／L的条件下,当Ca2＋浓度低于6000mg／L时,EGSB对COD去除率达93％以上;当Ca2＋浓度高于6000mg／L时,COD去除率随运行时间明显下降,并在污泥中形成大量沉淀。静态实验结果表明,废水中低浓度Ca2＋促进了厌氧颗粒污泥的产甲烷活性,但高浓度Ca2＋明显抑制了其产甲烷活性,这是导致高Ca2＋浓度条件下EGSB对COD去除率降低的主要原因。研究表明,颗粒污泥产甲烷活性恢复程度随Ca2＋浓度增加而减弱。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.