AB-ASBR工艺处理高浓度有机物废水的优化运行

以人工模拟废水,采用高径比(H/D)为1.9吸附-生物降解厌氧序批式反应器(AB-ASBR)对A反应器进水期、再生期,B反应器反应期的搅拌频率以及絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的投加量等参数进行了优化。进水浓度从7 000mg/L提高到10 000 mg/L时反应器运行稳定,厌氧条件下出水浓度低于100 mg/L,达到国家污水排放二级标准(GB 8978-2002)。优化后运行参数为:A反应器吸附期搅拌频率为20 s/(2 min)、B反应器反应期搅拌频率为7 min/h、A反应器闲置期搅拌频为4 min/h、絮凝剂投加量为15 mg/L。     

间歇曝气比在短程硝化中对硝化活性的影响

采用序批式间歇反应器(SBR)处理生活污水,温度控制在(25.0±0.5)℃,研究好氧曝气与缺氧搅拌时间比(间歇曝气比)分别为30min∶30min(A模式)和40min∶20min(B模式)对亚硝酸盐氮积累、污泥性能参数、反应速率(比氨氮氧化速率、比硝酸盐氮产生速率、比亚硝酸盐氮产生速率)、氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性的影响。A模式下运行64个周期时,出水亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度为19.04mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮积累率高达99.21%;B模式下运行75个周期时,出水亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度为19.42mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮积累率高达95.47%;研究表明缺氧时间所占比例越大越有利于短程硝化的实现。在实现短程硝化过程中,A模式在38个周期之后AOB活性超过NOB活性;B模式在34个周期之后AOB活性超过NOB活性。     

钱江隧道盾构废弃泥浆的混凝分离

为了实现钱江隧道盾构废弃泥浆的无害化处理,对盾构废弃的砂土泥浆和粘土泥浆分别进行混凝分离的实验条件研究,结果表明:对于砂土泥浆,密度为1.20 g/cm3有利于实现高效的泥水分离;PAM作为絮凝剂的分离效果最好;混凝分离的最优化分离条件为:投药量为150 mg/L,pH为8左右,水力条件为以300 r/min搅拌1 min,再以80 r/min搅拌20 min。对于粘土泥浆,密度为1.10 g/cm3有利于实现高效的泥水分离;PAM作为絮凝剂的分离效果最好;混凝分离的最优化分离条件为:投药量为150 mg/L,pH为6左右,水力条件为以300 r/min搅拌1 min,再以80 r/min搅拌20 min。该实验为废弃泥浆的进一步处理奠定了基础。     

硝基苯酚类的快速吸附与降解

以对硝基苯酚(PNP)和邻硝基苯酚(ONP)为主要研究对象,采用粉末活性炭和Fenton试剂快速吸附与降解PNP和ONP溶液,使其浓度降至生活饮用水准许浓度(分别为0.02 mg/L和0.06 mg/L)以下,并比较2种物质的处理效果,为硝基苯酚的水体污染治理和废水处理中的深度降解提供依据。结果表明,用粉末活性炭吸附浓度为1 mg/L和4 mg/L的PNP溶液60 min后,浓度低于0.02 mg/L,长时间跟踪监测,污染物浓度仍控制在0.02 mg/L以下,在pH<6时,粉末活性炭吸附PNP的效果较好;用Fenton试剂处理浓度为10 mg/L的PNP溶液70 min后,可完全降解PNP。粉末活性炭吸附12 mg/L的ONP溶液时,效率高于吸附PNP;Fenton试剂处理浓度为12 mg/L的ONP时,与PNP的处理效果相当。     

改性粉煤灰对活性艳兰染料吸附性能的研究

采用添加熟石灰并升温活化的方法对粉煤灰进行改性,研究了粉煤灰改性的适宜条件及其对活性艳兰染料的吸附脱色规律。试验结果表明,活性艳兰染料溶液浓度60mg/L,改性粉煤灰用量40g/L,pH范围5~10,搅拌吸附时间30min,脱色率可达98%以上。改性粉煤灰对活性艳兰染料的脱色吸附符合Freundlich方程。随着吸附温度的升高,改性粉煤灰的吸附能力下降。     

高氨氮对厌氧生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响

研究了高浓度氨氮对厌氧膜生物法处理城市垃圾渗沥液的影响。结果表明,COD去除率、沼气产量、沼气产率、辅酶F420和最大比产甲烷活性均随氨氮浓度的增加而减小;当氨氮浓度<3600mg/L时,不会对厌氧膜生物反应器的运行产生明显的影响;氨氮对厌氧污泥产甲烷活性的50%抑制浓度为4350mg/L;高浓度氨氮会造成系统VFA浓度增加;当氨氮浓度由4800mg/L降低到2000mg/L后,受重度抑制的厌氧微生物的活性可以在20d里恢复到未受抑制时的活性水平。     

剩余污泥对活性黑KN-B的吸附性能

用剩余污泥对活性黑KN-B进行吸附研究,考察了pH、吸附时间、温度、盐类和污泥量等对活性黑KN-B吸附的影响.结果表明,剩余污泥对活性黑KN-B的吸附是一个快速过程,吸附时间可控制在30 min;其吸附过程可以用准二级动力学模型进行描述和预测;温度对污泥吸附活性黑KN-B产生的影响较小;其吸附等温线,25℃、35℃时与Freundlich方程拟合良好,45℃时则可以由Langmuir方程更好地描述.未调pH的剩余污泥,对pH≤2的废水中活性黑KN-B吸附性能良好;剩余污泥pH为1时,对pH＜12的废水中活性黑KN-B均可有效吸附;氯化钠浓度低于500 mg/L或氯化钠和硫酸钠的混合盐浓度低于100 mg/L时,有利于吸附;氯化钠浓度高于500 mg/L、混合盐浓度高于100 mg/L或单独加入硫酸钠后,随盐浓度的增加,吸附量呈下降趋势.     

纳米TiO_2对甲酚红的吸附及光催化降解研究

采用纳米TiO2对甲酚红模拟废水进行吸附及光催化降解研究,考察了甲酚红初始浓度、pH、吸附剂用量、搅拌时间等因素对甲酚红去除率的影响。结果表明,当甲酚红初始质量浓度为18mg/L,pH为6.0,纳米TiO2投加量为1.4g/L时,搅拌30min后的甲酚红去除率达66.47%;在搅拌过程中增加高压汞灯照射,甲酚红去除率可提高至77.83%。纳米TiO2可用于处理甲酚红模拟废水,深度处理后的废水可达标排放。     

化学沉降沸石吸附法处理高浓度电镀含锌废水的研究

含锌废水对人体健康和环境具有严重的危害性。处理高浓度的含锌废水时需先进行化学沉降,然后再进行深度处理。试验结果证明,对于含289 mg/L Zn2+的电镀废水,用质量分数为10%的氢氧化钠处理,其投加量为3.7 mL/100 mL,处理后的Zn2+的浓度为6.6 mg/L。再用沸石进行吸附,沸石用量为0.25 g/L,搅拌(110 r/min)50 min,处理后,废水的锌离子去除率最高可达88.8%,剩余Zn2+浓度为0.47 mg/L,远低于《国家污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-2002)的一级标准。     

壳聚糖混凝处理丁腈橡胶废水的实验研究

利用壳聚糖作混凝剂处理丁腈橡胶废水。对投加量、pH、搅拌速率和沉降时间四因素进行L₉(3⁴)正交实验,确定壳聚糖混凝处理丁腈橡胶废水的最佳实验条件。结果表明,壳聚糖投加量为100 mg/L, pH为6,搅拌速率为200 r/min,沉降时间为5 min,COD去除率达96.7%,出水COD降为276 mg/L,达到国家三级排放标准。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.