Effects of air pollution from road transport on growth and physiology of six transplanted bryophyte species

Motor vehicles emit a cocktail of pollutants; however, little is known about the effects of these pollutants on bryophytes located in roadside habitats. Six bryophyte species were transplanted to either a woodland or a moorland site adjacent to a motorway, and were monitored over seven months from autumn through to spring. All species showed an increase in one or more of the following near the motorway: growth, membrane leakage, chlorophyll concentration, and nitrogen concentration. The strongest effects were observed in the first 50-100 m from the motorway: this was consistent with the nitrogen dioxide pollution profile, which decreased to background levels at a distance of 100-125 m. It is hypothesised that motor vehicle pollution was responsible for the effects observed, and that nitrogen oxides had a key influence. The observed effects may lead to changes in vegetation composition with significant implications for nature conservation and management of roadside sites.     

国内外针对突发性水污染事故的立法经验比较

面对突发性水污染事故多发、危害严重的现状,总结了美国、日本等国家关于突发性水污染事故应急管理立法的成功经验和国内相关立法工作中存在的宪法和环境保护综合法界定不清、应急法律不成体系等问题,同时针对国内相关立法工作的不足提出了加强中国突发性水污染事故应急立法的建议.     

固定源氮氧化物排放及控制技术应用

固定源是氮氧化物排放的一个主要来源。通过对主要固定源氮氧化物生成机理及现有的排放控制技术进行论述，分析我国固定源氮氧化物排放的实际情况，提出我国固定源氮氧化物排放控制还处于起步阶段，氮氧化物排放标准相对宽松，氮氧化物排放控制技术有待进一步普及，并提出固定源氮氧化物排放治理的一些建议。     

固定源氮氧化物排放及控制技术应用

固定源是氮氧化物排放的一个主要来源.通过对主要固定源氮氧化物生成机理及现有的排放控制技术进行论述,分析我国固定源氮氧化物排放的实际情况,提出我国固定源氮氧化物排放控制还处于起步阶段,氮氧化物排放标准相对宽松,氮氧化物排放控制技术有待进一步普及,并提出固定源氮氧化物排放治理的一些建议.     

水吸收法处理低浓度氮氧化物废气的中试研究

对水在中试规模下吸收低浓度的氮氧化物废气进行了研究。分别研究了喷淋密度、温度、压力、气速以及氮氧化物浓度对吸收效果的影响,结果表明,综合考虑各种因素,喷淋密度在20 m3/（m2·h）,水温在15℃以下,气速小于0.28 m/s,废气浓度在400 mg/m3左右时,氮氧化物的平均脱除率可以达到50%左右;同时,随着压力的增大,吸收效率也增加。     

Trends of air pollution in the Fichtelgebirge Mountains, Bavaria

We analyzed 13 years of hourly measurements of SO₂, NO_x, and O₃, at forest ecosystem research sites in SE Germany. A quasi-continuous data record was obtained by combining data sets from two locations. Before interpreting trends in the combined data set, we analyzed if the change of location introduced a systematic bias. We employed autocorrelation functions, Hurst statistics, complexity analysis, and recurrence quantification and found that the partial data sets exhibited no indication of the presence of any bias. For SO₂, we also compared the data from the forest sites with data obtained in nearby cities and also found no indications for any systematic effects. Applying nonparametric trend statistics we found a significant decrease of the SO₂. Most of the observed decrease is due to the reductions of SO₂ emissions in eastern Germany, but reductions in western Germany and the Czech Republic also played important roles. For O₃, we observed a significant increase, the causes of which are unclear from our data alone. No trend was identified for NO_x.     

Application of ground-based Lidar for studies of the dynamics of ozone in a mountainous basin

A ground-based Differential Absorption Lidar was employed to study the dynamics of atmospheric O3 within the planetary boundary layer of a basin in the 'Fichtelgebirge' mountains, NE Bavaria. In particular, the night-time dynamics of O3 linked to the ground were investigated. The Lidar system measured vertical profiles of O3 up to 1 km above ground. For detailed analysis of the night-time dynamics of ozone, supplementary data from three ground-based stations (measuring mixing ratios of O3 and NO(x), as well as meteorological parameters) are essential. The Lidar results could be evaluated with these data from various altitudes above the basin floor. For the station with the largest (vertical) distance to the ground-based Lidar, the agreement was very good at all times. The Lidar method proved to be useful for examining the spatial distribution of O3. The observed night-time decrease of O3 at the bottom of the basin was due to deposition and to advection of air masses containing less O3 from the mountain slopes.     

活性粉末脱硝剂制备及其催化还原NOx性能

采用熔化分散冷凝法微胶囊技术以蜂蜡为壳材包覆高锰酸钾作为活性添加剂,铵盐、干燥剂、活性添加剂和助燃剂以100：25：2：1的比例混合制备粉末脱硝剂,将其喷入模拟烟气中进行催化还原NOx实验并确定了最佳反应条件：当模拟烟气流量为4.8 m3·h-1,反应温度600~900℃,氨氮物质的量之比1.15：1,活性添加剂质量分数1.5%,进口烟气NO浓度为500 mg·m-3时,NOx转化率最高,可达90%以上。活性粉末催化还原NOx反应温度窗口宽、NOx转化率高,投资低,有望适应我国中小型燃煤锅炉脱硝需求。     

生态修复综合技术在杭州虾龙圩河的应用

杭州虾龙圩河由于多年污染,河道水质严重黑臭,自净能力遭到破坏。本研究通过综合利用底泥污染物削减、生物接触氧化水质净化、造流曝气及水生生态系统修复等技术对虾龙圩河进行治理。结果显示,此项综合技术对城市河流污水具有良好的污染物去除性能,COD、NH3-N和TP的去除率分别可达到73．3％、80．1％和81．7％。通过1年的运行与养护,虾龙圩河治理段的水质、生态环境等有了明显改善,没有发生过水华及黑臭现象,河道水体具备了较强的自净能力。     

Norway spruce needles as bioindicator of air pollution in the area of influence of the Sostanj Thermal Power Plant, Slovenia

This paper reports the results of total sulphur content, photosynthetic pigments, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) analysed in current-year needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in the area influenced by sulphur emissions from the Sostanj Thermal Power Plant (STPP), Slovenia, in the period 1991-2004. Ten differently polluted sampling sites in the emission area of STPP were selected. After desulphurization of emission gases from STPP total sulphur content in needles decreased and vitality parameters of needles increased. Moreover, a strong correlation between the average annual emissions of SO(2) from STPP and average annual sulphur content (increase) or average annual chlorophyll content (decrease) in current-year needles was found. The results showed that spruce needles may be an useful bioindicator for detecting changes in the emission rates of SO(2).     

生物法同时脱硫脱硝试验研究

采用轻质陶粒生物滴滤塔处理摸拟燃煤烟气中二氧化硫和氮氧化物的试验研究,探讨生物法同时脱硫脱硝的影响因素及生物降解宏观动力学。研究结果表明,生物法能有效同时去除烟气中的二氧化硫和氮氧化物,烟气同时脱硫脱硝效率分别可达99.9%和88.9%。为获得最佳烟气同时脱硫脱硝效果,二氧化硫和氮氧化物进气负荷应分别＜140 g/（m³·h）和20 g/（m³·h）,循环液pH=7～8,空床停留时间为30.28 s,喷淋密度为8.81 L/（m³·h）。     

络合吸收结合生物转化去除氮氧化物技术

介绍了络合吸收结合生物转化处理NOx 技术的基本原理和目前的研究进展情况 ,并分析了该技术处理氮氧化物存在的问题和未来发展方向     

基于污水厂尾水的人工湿地系统中水体氮的水流方向分布特征及污染评价

天津临港人工湿地是以污水厂尾水为水源的组合人工湿地,为探究其水体形态氮的分布特征和污染状况,以该湿地系统为研究对象,采集并分析了湿地水样,基于GIS克里格插值法,对湿地水体形态氮和典型理化性质的分布和污染特征进行了研究,结合单因子污染指数法评价了水体污染程度。结果表明：湿地水体TN浓度为0.657~5.576 mg·L⁻¹,其中${{rm{NO}}_3^ - }$-N (0.095~3.920 mg·L⁻¹)浓度相对较高,占TN的49.2%;沿水流方向,TN、${{rm{NO}}_3^ - }$-N和${{rm{NO}}_2^ -} $-N的分布趋势基本一致,从入水口至景观湖呈逐渐降低趋势;${{rm{NH}}_4^ +} $-N的分布相对复杂,在潜流和表流湿地下游与景观湖交汇处浓度最高,表流湿地浓度最低;pH和EC分别对${{rm{NH}}_4^ + }$-N和${{rm{NO}}_3^ - }$-N的分布特征具有较大的影响作用。根据单因子污染指数法,湿地水体TN超标(P_i>1),调节塘TN污染最为严重,调节塘可作为TN优控区。以上结果有助于深入认识以污水厂尾水为水源的组合人工湿地中氮污染物的赋存形态及分布特征。     

北京城市地表河流硝酸盐氮来源的氮氧同位素示踪研究

为了有效防治城市地表河流硝酸盐氮的污染并进行针对性水体治理,利用δ15N和δ18O双同位素示踪技术,对北京城区地表河流硝酸盐污染进行了溯源。选取北京9条河流的10个监测点,分析了硝酸盐氮污染的浓度分布特征,并运用MAT253氮氧双同位素技术解析了硝酸盐的各种来源。研究结果表明,北京城区地表河流硝酸盐氮污染自上游至下游逐渐加重,上游8个监测点的硝酸盐氮平均浓度在0.7～3.4 mg/L之间,下游东护城河和通惠河2处硝酸盐氮的浓度均值分别达7.6 mg/L和7.0 mg/L。利用同位素质谱MAT253分析,得知北京城区地表河流δ15N值总体分布范围为-1.2‰～+28.88‰,δ18O值分布范围为+0.09‰～+6.62‰,依据δ15N和δ18O的特征范围,得出北京城区地表河流硝酸盐来源主要是粪肥和污水。     

水位波动带氮素迁移转化规律

为考察水位波动对非饱和-饱和土层中氮素迁移转化的影响,设计土柱实验装置Ⅰ和Ⅱ分别模拟水位稳定与波动两种情景,测定一个水位波动周期内地下水中NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N和NH₄⁺-N浓度变化情况。结果表明,柱Ⅱ水位第1次下降柱内1^#,2^#,3^#,4^#采样点NO₃^--N浓度均增大,增幅分别为6.5%、14.9%、15.33%和19.8%。水位上升时结果相反,分别降低17.3%、26.15%、50.29%和44.61%。第2次水位下降至初始位置4个采样点NO₃^--N浓度再次增大,幅度分别为7.1%、10.6%、13.89%和7.76%。铵态氮呈相反趋势不同程度的变化。水位波动柱Ⅱ连通水槽内总氮量增加显著高于柱I水槽,即水位波动有利于波动带地下水中氮素垂向迁移,加重波动带以下地下水硝酸盐污染。因此,水位波动对氮素迁移转化的影响不容忽视。     

长三角示范区饮用水水源水质安全与实体性制度协同立法

在对长三角生态绿色一体化发展示范区(以下简称示范区)饮用水水源保护所涉立法和实务部门进行广泛调研的基础上,研究和探讨了示范区饮用水水源的立法现状与水质状况、水质安全问题的主要成因、协同立法的理论基础和有利条件,并就协同立法的形式选择和核心内容提出了具体建议.研究发现,水质安全与相关实体性制度的构建是示范区饮用水水源保护...     

Spatial and temporal variations and mobile source emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Quito, Ecuador

Motor vehicles are a major source of air pollution in Quito, Ecuador; however, little work has been done to characterize spatial and temporal variations in traffic-related pollutants, or to measure pollutants in vehicle emissions. We measured PAH continuously for one year at two residential sites in Quito, and PAH and traffic patterns for one week near a busy roadway. Morning rush-hour traffic and temperature inversions caused daily PAH maxima between 06:00 and 08:00. SO₂, NO_x, CO, and PM_2.5 behaved similarly. At the residential sites PAH levels during inversions were 2-3-fold higher than during the afternoon, and 10-16-fold higher than 02:00-03:00 when levels were lowest. In contrast, at the near-roadway site, PAH concentrations were 3-6-fold higher than at the residential sites, and the effects of inversions were less pronounced. Cars and buses accounted for >95% of PAH at the near-roadway site. Near-roadway PAH concentrations were comparable to other polluted cities.     

镁铁改性水葫芦炭去除水体氮磷的效能与作用机理

农业种养过程产生大量氮磷流失,严重加剧水体富营养化程度。为缓解氮磷污染对水环境和人类健康的危害,本研究使用可修复水体中重金属的废弃物水葫芦作为原料,经热解炭化、水热负载优化制备高吸附容量的镁铁改性水葫芦炭(KBC@Mg-Fe),通过批量实验考察了投加量、pH、氮磷初始质量浓度、共存离子等因素对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,KBC@Mg-Fe对氮磷的吸附能力远高于原始炭,镁铁改性使水葫芦生物炭的比表面积提高了70.41%,孔体积和孔径均明显增加,并在改性后表面有效附着镁铁氧化物。随着KBC@Mg-Fe投加量的增加,氮磷的去除率先增加后平衡,在pH=9~12内均有优异的氮磷吸附性能,废水中共存离子及有机物对氮磷去除的影响不明显。KBC@Mg-Fe通过鸟粪石沉淀、表面官能团作用、静电吸引及离子交换去除水中氮磷,符合拟二级吸附动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型,表明该吸附以单层化学吸附为主,最大吸附量分别为124.07和160.51 mg·g⁻¹,具有良好的吸附性能,因此,以上研究结果表明,KBC@Mg-Fe可显著提高氮磷的吸附能力,可实现水体修复后废弃水葫芦的资源化利用。     

底泥-苦草系统对景观水体氮磷的去除效果及其中微生物群落的结构变化

底泥-沉水植物-微生物系统在景观水体氮磷消减过程中有关键作用。为缓解底泥氮磷释放压力并探究底泥改造材料的选择与氮磷去除效果之间的联系,选用石灰石、白云石和蓬莱镇组紫色母岩作为改造材料,构建水-底泥-苦草系统,结合水体元素质量浓度和微生物群落结构进行分析。结果表明,底泥改造联合苦草 (sediment modification combined with Vallisneria natans,SMVS) 对上覆水体氮、磷的去除效果相较于未改造处理显著提高 (P<0.05) ,蓬莱镇紫色母岩组处理效果最好,对总磷、总氮的去除率分别达到87.06%、80.96%。上覆水悬浮态颗粒物中微生物群落结构发生改变,在门分类水平上, Actinobacteriota、Bacteroidota丰度在不同改造处理中存在显著差异 (P<0.05) ;在属分类水平上,norank_f_norank_o_Chloroplast、Mycobacterium为优势菌属,Mycobacterium在不同改造处理中存在显著差异 (P<0.05) 。冗余分析结果表明Ca、Mg是驱动上覆水氮磷营养盐降低的主要元素。蓬莱镇组紫色母岩作为底泥改造材料对氮、磷的去除效果优于石灰石和白云石,这与向上覆水中释放微量元素含量不同,进而改变了微生物群落结构有关。本研究结果可为景观水体污染底泥的治理提供参考。