活性污泥法处理过程中泡沫问题的产生与控制

活性污泥法运行过程中经常受泡沫问题的影响,导致处理效果的降低以及运行费用的提高.大量研究表明,污泥中某些丝状菌或放线菌的过度增殖是造成活性污泥工艺中泡沫问题的主要原因.讨论了活性污泥过程中泡沫的产生原因、已知的发泡微生物的种类、影响发泡的环境因素和过程参数及常用的泡沫控制技术,并对污泥消化过程中的泡沫问题作了简单的介绍.     

Effect of operational parameters on the removal of particulate chemical oxygen demand in the activated sludge process.

The removal of particulate material in the aeration basin of the activated sludge process is mainly attributed to bioflocculation and hydrolysis of particulate substrate. The bioflocculation process in the aeration tank of the activated sludge process occurs only under favorable conditions in the system, and several common operational parameters affect its performance. The principal objective of this research was to observe the effect of mixed liquor suspended solids, solids retention time (SRT), and extracellular polymer substances on the removal of particulate substrate by bioflocculation. A first-order particulate removal expression, based on flocculation, accurately described the removal rates for supernatant suspended solids and colloidal chemical oxygen demand. Based on the results presented in this investigation, a mixed liquor concentration of approximately 2200 mg/L, an SRT of at least 3 days, and a contact time of 30 minutes are needed for relatively complete removal of the particulate substrate in a plug-flow reactor.     

Thermal hydrolysis of secondary scum for control of biological foam.

Thermal hydrolysis of secondary scum at 9 bars and 170 degrees C was shown to completely destroy Gordonia sp. cells and reduce its foaming potential, so that it can be recycled to headworks or sent to the solids-handling side of the plant without the risk of causing foaming problems in the activated sludge system and anaerobic digesters. This process shows promise for biological foam control in wastewater treatment plants where solids retention time control and selective wasting cannot be applied and/or selector installation is not possible. An initial cost comparison of thermal hydrolysis and several widely accepted foam-management strategies shows it to be competitive; however, optimization of operating pressure and temperature is necessary.     

Effects of anaerobic selector hydraulic retention time on biological foam control and enhanced biological phosphorus removal in a pure-oxygen activated sludge system.

Increased anaerobic selector hydraulic retention times (HRTs) in a high-purity oxygen activated sludge process resulted in an increase in soluble orthophosphate release and biodegradable chemical oxygen demand removal, confirming that enhanced biological phosphorus removal occurs at aeration solids retention times (SRTs) below 1.7 days. Under operating conditions that included biological foam trapping and recycling, an anaerobic selector with HRTs higher than 55 minutes resulted in a decrease in filament counts and effective foam control. Effective norcardioform control is achieved through the combination of metabolic selective pressure and increased soluble organic substrate removal in the anaerobic selector and low aeration SRT.     

Removal of organic and nitrogen and molecular weight distribution of residual soluble organic from entrapped mixed microbial cells and activated sludge processes.

The simultaneous removal of organic and nitrogen and molecular weight distribution (MWD) of residual soluble chemical oxygen demand (RSCOD) in final effluent were investigated using entrapped mixed microbial cells (EMMC) and conventional activated sludge processes. Two different types of processes using EMMC carriers demonstrated better organic and nitrogen removal performance because of the high solids retention time (SRT) compared with the activated sludge process. Regarding the RSCOD, the longer SRT process (EMMC) was affected by reducing the hydraulic retention time, resulting in the increase of high-molecular-weight materials. On the other hand, reducing the aeration period had significantly affected the MWD in the shorter SRT process (activated sludge), resulting in an increase of low-molecular-weight materials.     

高稳定性污泥蛋白发泡剂的发泡特性及应用研究

以污泥蛋白为实验材料,通过加入不同量的稳定剂GP-1,配制成高稳定性污泥蛋白发泡剂,并对高稳定性污泥蛋白发泡剂的发泡特性和影响因素进行研究。结果表明,以污泥蛋白10 mL、水90 mL、GP-1 0.4 g配方组合为研究对象,所制备的泡沫初始体积为770 mL,泡沫泌水时间大于15 h,泡沫半衰期大于64 h,泡沫综合发泡能力为2.2×10⁶ mL·min,泡沫的最佳搅拌时间为5 min,泡沫的泌水时间和泡沫的半衰期都是随着温度的上升而下降,在pH为3～13时泡沫稳定。经过对高稳定性污泥蛋白发泡剂发泡特性研究以及对水泥的胶凝时间、特性进行比较,研制出污泥蛋白泡沫混凝土发泡剂,并制备污泥蛋白泡沫混凝土块;结果表明,当污泥蛋白泡沫混凝土发泡剂的用量分别为0、6、6.8、7.6、8.4和9.2 mL,水泥为200 g时,制备泡沫混凝土块,其密度由2.07 g/cm³下降到0.34 g/cm³,体积由130 cm³ 上升到755 cm³;在泡沫混凝土块脱模后的第1 d、第7 d、第28 d分别称量他们的重量变化情况,结果表明,泡沫混凝土块第1 d和第7 d无重量变化,第28 d的重量明显减轻。该研究为污泥蛋白研制成为泡沫混凝土发泡剂,并应用于屋面隔热、保温建立前期基础。     

短程硝化过程2种亚硝酸盐氧化菌抑制策略探讨

为维持短程硝化稳定,保证亚硝酸盐高效积累,需要对污水处理系统亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的性质进行深入了解。分别对Nitrospira以及Nitrobacter的动力学参数,以及在活性污泥系统、生物膜系统、颗粒污泥系统中2菌属特性进行比较。经分析后认为,Nitrospira相对于Nitrobacter比增长速率较低,对O2,NO2-底物亲和性较好,适宜生长于低浓度环境中,是A2/O、短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺中的主要NOB菌属;Nitrobacter则适宜在高浓度环境中生长。在颗粒污泥系统中,NOB主要处于污泥内部,由于缺乏O2,NO2-更容易被淘汰出反应器。通过对比短程硝化主要控制参数,认为NOB的抑制策略包括：在活性污泥系统中维持合理的污泥龄(SRT)以及游离氨(FA)浓度;在生物膜系统中对溶解氧(DO)以及水力停留时间(HRT)进行联合控制;在颗粒污泥系统中维持适量剩余NH4+-N,并淘洗出掺杂其中的絮状污泥。此外,利用“饱食饥饿”效应间歇曝气并维持较低的曝停比同样有利于阻止亚硝酸盐被NOB进一步氧化,保证短程硝化稳定运行。     

倒置A~2/O-MBR(平板膜)处理城市污水的中试研究

针对城市生活污水,研究了两点进水倒置A2/O-MBR(平板膜)系统(以下简称系统)对COD、NH+4-N、TN、TP、出水SS影响。结果表明,该系统对COD、NH+4-N具有较高的去除率,出水符合GB18918-2002中一级A标准;当混合液回流比为200%时,系统出水TN浓度小于15 mg/L;正常排泥后,系统对TP的去除率达83%左右;平板膜破损会导致出水SS、COD会受到影响。膜对COD、TP、SS有直接截留作用,由于系统出水几乎没有固体损失,可以精确控制污泥龄,有利于世代周期较长的硝化菌和反硝化菌生长;系统中的污泥浓度可以提高至15 000 mg/L,此时,即使进水量提高0.5倍,出水水质仍保持良好。     

污泥停留时间对厌氧膜生物反应器处理餐厨废水效能的影响

采用中试厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）处理高浓度餐厨废水,多维分析污泥停留时间（SRT为50、30和20 d）对其运行效能的影响。结果显示,AnMBR在各SRT工况下均展现出较好的稳定性,消化罐pH维持在7.2（7.8之间,膜出水COD去除率达到96%以上。缩短SRT虽然能够有效提高有机负荷,但是过低的SRT会显著降低COD转化率。AnMBR在SRT 30 d工况下可获得最佳处理效能,有机负荷达到（8.7±1.3）kg COD·（m3·d）-1,沼气生产强度达到（4.5±0.8）m3·（m3·d）-1,COD转化率为（82.1±7.3）%。厌氧消化液中胶体态和溶解性大分子有机质的累积是导致膜过滤效能下降的主要原因,控制SRT 30 d有效削减了其积累量,从而提高了膜通量并减缓了膜污染趋势。Ca2+会沉积在污泥混合液中,其浓度随着SRT缩短显著降低。此外,SRT缩短会降低长链脂肪酸（LCFA）的转化率;但是未降解的LCFA很可能与Ca2+形成沉淀,会减轻游离LCFA对微生物活性的抑制作用,进而有助于AnMBR的稳定运行。     

Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification and clarification in a pseudoliquified activated sludge system.

This paper describes results from a pilot study of a novel wastewater treatment technology, which incorporates nutrient removal and solids separation to a single step. The pseudoliquified activated sludge process pilot system was tested on grit removal effluent at flowrates of 29.4 to 54.7 m3/d, three different solid residence times (SRT) (15, 37, and 57 days), and over a temperature range of 12 to 28 degrees C. Despite wide fluctuations in the influent characteristics, the system performed reliably and consistently with respect to organics and total suspended solids (TSS) removals, achieving biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and TSS reductions of > 96% and approximately 90%, respectively, with BOD5 and TSS concentrations as low as 3 mg/L. Although the system achieved average effluent ammonia concentrations of 2.7 to 3.2 mg/L, nitrification efficiency appeared to be hampered at low temperatures (< 15 degrees C). The system achieved tertiary effluent quality with denitrification efficiencies of 90 and 91% total nitrogen removal efficiency at a total hydraulic retention time of 4.8 hours and an SRT of 12 to 17 days. With ferric chloride addition, effluent phosphorous concentrations of 0.5 to 0.8 mg/L were achieved. Furthermore, because of operation at high biomass concentrations and relatively long biological SRTs, sludge yields were over 50% below typical values for activated sludge plants. The process was modeled using activated sludge model No. 2, as a two-stage system comprised an aerobic activated sludge system followed by an anoxic system. Model predictions for soluble BOD, ammonia, nitrates, and orthophosphates agreed well with experimental data.     

不同稳定剂对污泥蛋白发泡特性的影响研究

污泥含有蛋白质,经过高温水解可产生水解蛋白液(简称污泥蛋白),该蛋白具有发泡特性,经通风搅拌可产生泡沫;由于污泥蛋白所产生的泡沫具有不稳定、易破裂的特点,因此,设计了不同稳定剂对污泥蛋白发泡特性的影响研究实验,解决污泥蛋白所产生泡沫的稳定性问题。结果表明,在测定污泥蛋白的基本发泡特性实验中,10 mL污泥蛋白稀释10倍时,初始泡沫量较大,达到2 153 mL,但泡沫半衰期相对较短,时间为27 min;在10 mL污泥蛋白中分别加入0.2 g十六烷基三甲基溴化氨(CTAB)、羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、GP-1,并用水稀释10倍,制成泡沫后的初始泡沫量分别为1 380、1 400和1 248 mL,相对降低了773、753和905 mL;泡沫半衰期分别为31、76和509 min,相对提高了4、49和482 min,尤其是GP-1作为稳定剂时,泡沫的半衰期与不加稳定剂时相比提高了15倍;在10 mL污泥蛋白中加入0.2 g十六烷基三甲基溴化氨与0.2 g GP-1的复配稳定剂,用水稀释10倍,制成泡沫后的初始泡沫量为1 525 mL,相对降低了628 mL;泡沫半衰期为95 min,相对提高了68 min。因此,GP-1是污泥蛋白最好的泡沫稳定剂。     

活性污泥中细微沙浓度的预测模型

悬浮在污泥混合液中的细微沙会导致活性污泥混合液挥发性悬浮固体与混合液悬浮固体比值（ratio of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids to mixed liquor suspended solids,MLVSS/MLSS）降低。通过向生化池进水中连续投加体积平均粒径分别为14、33、50、66和107 μm的石英砂,研究不同粒径细微沙对活性污泥MLVSS/MLSS的影响,探讨不同粒径细微沙的悬浮特性,构建活性污泥中细微沙浓度的预测模型,以为污水厂运行调控提供理论基础。研究结果表明,细微沙粒径越小,悬浮比（悬浮在污泥混合液中的细微沙占生化池进水中细微沙总量的比例）越大,悬浮比与细微沙粒径呈显著的相关关系。通过预测模型得到的细微沙浓度的预测值与实测值差异较小,说明构建的活性污泥中细微沙浓度的预测模型是合理的。污水厂可在维持活性污泥MLVSS稳定的条件下,结合活性污泥中细微沙的浓度,调控污泥MLSS,保证污水处理系统的稳定运行。     

Foam Fractionation of Black Liquor From Sulfate Pulping

The principal deterrent of general acceptance of weak black liquor oxidation by mills pulping southern pine is the extensive foam produced during the oxidation of the liquor. The foam results from relatively high concentrations of fatty and rosin acid soaps remaining in the black liquor after roughly 75% of these compounds have been removed by skimming as marketable by-products. The foaming propensity of black liquor can be used to advantage to provide additional by-product recovery while the black liquor is being oxidized. This paper will report the results of foam fractionation studies on such black liquors conducted in this laboratory.     

Long term performance of MBR for biological nitrogen removal from synthetic municipal wastewater

This study monitors the long term performance of membrane bioreactor (MBR) for the treatment of synthetic municipal wastewater at solid retention time (SRT) of 40 and 20d with particular emphasis on simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND). SND was greatly influenced by the operating dissolved oxygen (DO). It was found that at an SRT of 20d, nitrogen removal through assimilation into biomass increases as a result of higher biomass yield. The profile of soluble microbial products (SMP) conformed to a cyclical pattern in the MBR with respect to SRT. Decrease in SRT from 40 to 20d resulted in doubling of accumulated SMP concentration (to 56mgl(-1)) in the MBR. This however, was accompanied by a simultaneous drop in percentage of SMP with MW>100kD, from 42.4% to 33%. Also, the sludge filterability decreased by 24-folds despite a decrease in the biomass concentration, following the above reduction in SRT. It was found that the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (K(l)a) was a function of biomass concentration in MBR with the ratio of the oxygen transfer coefficient in mixed liquor to that of clean water (alpha) to be 0.2-0.5.     

Toward long solids retention time of activated sludge processes: benefits in energy saving, effluent quality, and stability

The activated sludge process is the most common method of secondary municipal wastewater treatment; solids retention time (SRT) is the key control parameter for this process. Typically, operating at long SRT is considered only for nitrification, but there are additional benefits of high SRT operation. This paper presents experimental and literature evidence to demonstrate three major additional benefits of long SRT operation: increased oxygen transfer efficiency; improved biomass particle size distribution, which results in more efficient clarification with fewer effluent particles and suspended solids; and enhanced removal of many emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine disrupting compounds. This paper presents experimental results from several treatment plants that showed increasing oxygen transfer efficiency and particle size with increasing SRT, and evidence documenting improved removal of emerging contaminants and biodegradable organic carbon. A long-term survey of three treatment plants concludes that operating at higher SRT is not as energy intensive as typically assumed.     

Performance evaluation of a 'sequential-batch' temperature-phased anaerobic digestion (TPAD) scheme for producing Class A biosolids.

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the performance and operational stability of a Temperature-Phased Anaerobic Digestion (TPAD) system modified to operate in the sequential-batch mode. The system fed with a 40:60 mixture (dry weight) of primary sludge (PS) and waste activated sludge (WAS) at 5.5% solids showed stable performance with minimum variation in operational parameters such as biogas production, VFA to alkalinity ratio, pH, and foam accumulation at system retention times as short as 12 days. The maximum volatile solids removal (VSR) of 52.5% was achieved at a system retention time of 16 days. The system did not show any effects of "shock loading" at the retention times studied and outperformed a "conventional" mesophilic system operated at a longer retention time. The system was effective in reducing the densities of pathogenic indicator organisms in the biosolids to levels lower than those specified by U.S. EPA for Class A designation.     

连续流改进A2/O反应器去污效果及分相培养研究

以生活污水为原水,在常温（25-33℃）条件下采用连续流改进A2/O反应器进行脱氮除磷实验研究。系统内COD降解,TN与TP去除主要在活性污泥段完成,而NH4＋-N去除基本在生物接触氧化区完成。从中沉池出水硝态氮影响因素分析可知,选用较高的有机负荷有利于实现系统内分相培养。泥龄对实现系统内微生物异养菌和自养菌的分相培养具有关键影响。当泥龄〈10 d,可实现系统内异养菌与自养菌的分相培养。     

The relationship between mixed-liquor particle size and solids retention time in the activated sludge process

Particle size distribution (PSD) analysis was used to evaluate the quality of mixed liquors collected from different activated sludge process modifications (i.e., conventional activated sludge, modified Ludzack-Ettinger, high-purity oxygen, step-anoxic, and oxidation ditch). An experiment protocol was developed to define the allowable sample holding time and provide representative and repeatable results. Samples of 26 treatment plants, with a total of 37 samples, were tested. A new indicator, called mean particle size (MPS), was introduced to describe the integrated mean particle size. The results of MPSs of three cut-off sizes (0.5 to 50, 100, and 200 microm) showed that the average size of mixed-liquor biosolids increased with increasing solids retention time (SRT), and the number of particles in the sedimentation supernatant decreased with increasing SRT. Particle deflocculation occurred after excessive sample holding time, and analysis within 12 hours generally eliminated sample holding problems. The results provide a methodology using PSD for characterizing mixed-liquor biosolids.     

原位臭氧氧化对活性污泥系统硝化和反硝化作用的影响研究

将厌氧序批式间歇反应器(ASBR)和序批式间歇反应器(SBR)串联组成污泥减量新工艺,着重探讨了对SBR段进行原位臭氧投加时,臭氧氧化作用对系统硝化和反硝化能力的影响,并以不投加作为对照。结果表明,将臭氧原位投加到ASBR—SBR组合工艺的SBR段,臭氧投加量为0.027g(以每克MLSS计),每隔3个周期再次投加、连续运行40d,试验组SBR段臭氧投加当期出水COD去除率为86%,比对照组下降了9百分点,但臭氧氧化细胞内大量有机物进入混合液中,为反硝化作用提供了外加碳源,对污泥反硝化能力的提高起到了一定的促进作用;试验组部分硝化细菌由于臭氧的强氧化作用而失去活性,但是随着剩余污泥量的减少,系统的污泥龄延长,有利于硝化细菌的生长,使得系统的硝化能力基本未受影响;试验组臭氧投加当期SBR段出水NO2--N平均浓度比对照组的高18.9%,但经过3个周期的运行后,其SBR段出水NO2--N平均质量浓度降低至7.57mg/L,基本与对照组持平;试验组臭氧投加当期SBR段出水NO3--N的平均浓度高于对照组,但经过3个周期的运行后,试验组出水NO3--N平均浓度低于对照组;试验组臭氧投加当期SBR段出水TN和对照组的出水TN平均去除率分别为65%和75%,但试验组再经过3个周期的运行后,出水TN平均去除率可以达到72%。可见,原位投加臭氧并未对SBR段的硝化和反硝化能力产生明显的影响。     

SBR中SRT对总细菌群落结构的影响研究

为了揭示序批式反应器不同污泥停留时间(SRT)下总细菌群落结构的异同及SRT变化对总细菌群落结构的影响,应用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)进行研究。通过克隆测序发现,不同的SRT条件下生物多样性和种群结构会有所差异,既存在各SRT条件下相同的优势菌群(Escherichia coli和Aeromonas sp.),也存在某些SRT下特有的优势菌群(Uncultured Peptostreptococcaceae),SRT为40 d时检测到以降解硫酸盐获得能源的优势微生物。研究还表明,SRT为40 d时多样性指数取得最大值,各SRT条件下微生物的种群相似性差别较大。