稀有■鲫、大鳞泥鳅——新的七天亚慢性毒性试验材料

讨论了稀有鲫和大鳞泥鳅作为七天亚慢性毒性试验材料的可行性?依据生长和现存量作为观察指标,测定了铬?铜?锌?镉和五氯酚对稀有鲫的无可观察效应浓度(NOEC)和最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC),铬和五氯酚对大鳞泥鳅的NOEC和LOEC?铬?铜?锌?镉和五氯酚对稀有鲫的NOEC分别是2500,10,200,20,80μg/L,LOEC分别是5000,20,400,40,160μg/L?铬和五氯酚对大鳞泥鳅的NOEC是2500和80μg/L,LOEC是5000和160μg/L?试验结果表明,稀有鲫和大鳞泥鳅是七天亚慢性试验的好材料?      

稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocyprisrarus）七天亚慢性毒性试验

研究了稀有鲫（Ｇｏｂｉｏｃｙｐｒｉｓｒａｒｕｓ）作为亚慢性毒性试验材料的可能性，测定了铬、铜、锌、镉和五氯酚对稀有鲫的７ｄ亚慢性毒性，它们对稀有鲫的无可观测效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）分别是２５００、１０、２００、２０和８０μｇ／Ｌ。最低可观察效应浓度（ＬＯＥＣ）则分别为５０００、２０、４００、４０和１６０μｇ／Ｌ。试验结果表明，稀有鲫是一种较好的亚慢性毒性试验材料。     

溴氰菊酯对稀有鮈鲫早期生命阶段发育和内分泌干扰毒性

采用半静态水体暴露方式研究了水中溴氰菊酯对稀有鮈鲫早期生命阶段的发育毒性与内分泌干扰效应.结果表明,影响稀有鮈鲫胚胎孵化的LOEC (最低可观察效应浓度)>3.0μg/L;影响稀有鮈鲫仔鱼发育畸形和死亡指标的LOEC和NOEC (无可观察效应浓度)分别为1.0和0.33μg/L.低至0.04μg/L的溴氰菊酯暴露便可显著下调稀有鮈鲫幼鱼体内雄激素受体基因(AR)表达量并上调甲状腺激素受体基因(TRβ)表达量;0.11μg/L的溴氰菊酯暴露可以下调稀有鮈鲫幼鱼体内雄激素受体基因(AR)、雌激素受体基因(ER1、ER2b)和芳香烃受体基因(AhR1a)的表达量,并上调甲状腺激素受体基因(TRβ)表达量;0.33μg/L的溴氰菊酯可以下调稀有鮈鲫幼鱼体内雄激素受体基因(AR)、雌激素受体基因(ER1、ER2b)、芳香烃受体基因(AhR1a、AhR1b、AhR2)的表达量,并诱导甲状腺激素受体基因(TRβ)表达量的上调.上述作用浓度水平已经处于多个天然水体中溴氰菊酯的检出浓度范围,因此,关于水体残留溴氰菊酯对鱼类的内分泌干扰效应必须予以重视.     

封闭群稀有鮈鲫对几种常见化学品的敏感性

采用96h急性毒性试验检测了稀有鮈鲫封闭群和野生群对重铬酸钾、五氯酚、氯化汞、对氯苯胺、氯化镉等几种常见化学品的敏感性差异,并通过7d亚慢性毒性试验以及胚胎-卵黄囊吸收阶段毒性试验检测了对氯苯胺、氯化镉对稀有鮈鲫封闭群的亚慢性毒性.急性毒性试验结果表明,Cr6+、五氯酚、Hg2+、对氯苯胺和Cd2+对稀有鮈鲫封闭群的96h LC50分别为69.0mg/L,111.4,56.9μg/L,35.5,12.2mg/L;Cr6+对封闭群的96h LC50低于野生群(99.8mg/L)(P0.05).胚胎-卵黄囊吸收阶段和7d亚慢性毒性测试结果表明,Cd2+和对氯苯胺暴露后封闭群在孵化率、畸形率、死亡率、生长等方面均表现出毒性效应,其中生长指标更为敏感.以生长为观测指标,2种试验的结果无显著差异,对Cd2+的NOEC均为0.1mg/L,胚胎-卵黄囊吸收阶段试验中对氯苯胺的NOEC为2mg/L,7d亚慢性毒性试验中对氯苯胺的NOEC为4mg/L.本研究证明了稀有鮈鲫封闭群对化学药品的敏感性高,可作为化学品生态毒理学测试的种源.     

五氯酚对稀有鮈鲫胚胎毒性效应研究

研究五氯酚(PCP)对稀有鮈鲫(Gobiocypris rarus)胚胎的致畸和毒性效应.以7.5,30,60,120,250μg/L5个浓度的PCP对0hpf(hpf,受精卵孵出时间)的稀有鮈鲫胚胎进行暴露染毒,同时设置空白对照组、二甲基亚砜溶剂对照组和雌二醇(EE2,2.5ng/L)阳性对照组.在立体显微镜下观察整个胚胎的发育过程,统计胚胎的孵化率、96hpf相对存活率和各时期的畸形率,并利用半定量RT-PCR检测胚胎中CYP1A基因和p53基因mRNA的表达.结果表明,PCP暴露能延迟稀有鮈鲫胚胎发育,并造成胚胎卵凝结、心包囊肿、脊柱弯曲等多种畸形甚至死亡.随着PCP暴露浓度的升高,稀有鮈鲫胚胎的孵化率和96hpf相对存活率降低,各时期的畸形率增加,并呈现一定的浓度效应.稀有鮈鲫胚胎CYP1A基因和p53基因mRNA表达被显著诱导,并随PCP浓度的升高而增加.PCP对稀有鮈鲫胚胎发育表现为显著的毒性效应.稀有鮈鲫胚胎孵化率、96hpf相对存活率、各时期畸形率及CYP1A基因和p53基因的诱导表达可以作为评价PCP毒性作用的敏感指标.     

稀有Ju鲫,大鳞泥鳅——新的七天亚慢性毒性试验材料

讨论了稀有Ｊｕ鲫和大鳞泥鳅作为七天亚慢性毒性试验材料的可行性。依据生长和现存量作为观察指标，测定了铬、铜、锌、镉和五氯酚对稀有Ｊｕ鲫的无可观察效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）和最低可观察效应浓度（ＬＯＥＣ），铬和五氯酚对大鳞泥鳅的ＮＯＥＣ和ＬＯＥＣ。铬、铜、锌、镉和五氯酚对稀有Ｊｕ鲫的ＮＯＥＣ分别是２５００，１０，２００，２０，８０μｇ／Ｌ，ＬＯＥＣ分别是５０００，２０，４００，４０，１６０μｇ／Ｌ。铬和五氯     

酚类、烷基苯类、硝基苯类化合物和环境水样对剑尾鱼和稀有鮈鲫的急性毒性

测定了酚类、烷基苯类和硝基苯类的12种化学品,以及3个环境水样对剑尾鱼和稀有(鱼句)鲫的96 h LC_O,96 h LC₅₀,96 h LC₁₀₀值.结果表明,剑尾鱼和稀有(鱼句)鲫的幼鱼对化学品和环境水样的敏感性无显著性差异,对于化学品和环境水样,剑尾鱼和稀有(鱼句)鲫是较为理想的毒性试验材料.      

双氯芬酸和醋氨酚对稀有鮈鲫早期生活阶段的毒性效应

随着非甾体抗炎药（NSAIDs）的持续使用与排放,世界各地的地表水、海水、地下水、污水厂进出水中均已频繁检测到该类药物,这对生态系统中各种非靶标生物造成了一定威胁.本研究评价了两种典型的非甾体抗炎药-双氯芬酸（Diclofenac）和醋氨酚（Acetaminophen）对中国特有物种稀有鮈鲫（Gobiocypris rarus）早期生活阶段的毒性效应.实验结果显示,醋氨酚的毒性较弱,当浓度达到48.4 mg·L^-1（NOEC）时,稀有鮈鲫的孵化率、死亡率、异常率、全长和干重均未表现出明显的中毒症状;而双氯酚酸的毒性则较强,当浓度达17.8 mg·L^-1（LC₁₀）时,即可导致稀有鮈鲫孵化率下降,当浓度达到10.2 mg·L^-1（LOEC）时,即可造成幼鱼外观和行为的显著异常,表明双氯芬酸对稀有鮈鲫的孵化和生长均产生了一定的致毒效应.同时,根据稀有鮈鲫和几种常用模式生物之间的孵化率、孵化后存活率、体长和双氯芬酸敏感性的比较结果,可认为稀有鮈鲫适用于污染物对鱼类早期生活阶段毒性效应的评估.     

典型家用消毒剂对稀有鮈鲫毒性及酶活性影响

家用消毒剂在日常生活中使用广泛,随生活污水进入水环境后会对水生态系统产生潜在危害。选取2种典型家用消毒剂(有效成分分别为对氯间二甲苯酚和次氯酸钠,前者命名为消毒剂A、后者为消毒剂B)为研究对象,在实验室模拟条件下,开展了其对中国本土实验生物稀有鮈鲫的急性毒性、流水式慢性毒性和酶活性影响研究。结果表明,消毒剂A和B对稀有鮈鲫急性毒性的半数效应浓度96 h-LC_(50)分别为80.12和25.26 mg/L;对稀有鮈鲫幼体生长抑制效应浓度28 d-EC_(10)分别为13.60和15.72 mg/L;消毒剂A和B暴露浓度分别为40和5.6～18 mg/L时,其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性被显著抑制;消毒剂A和B暴露浓度分别为16～40和18 mg/L时,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高;与对照组相比,2种消毒剂各浓度组对过氧化氢酶活性均无显著抑制或诱导,表明SOD活性和MDA含量可在一定程度上反映出典型家用消毒剂带来的氧化胁迫影响。研究结果为典型家用消毒剂的水生态风险评价及中国水质基准制定提供数据支持。     

五氯酚对稀有鮈鲫卵黄蛋白原及p53的诱导效应

采用中国特有鱼种稀有鮈鲫为实验动物,研究五氯酚（PCP）对其肝脏卵黄蛋白原（VTG）、VTG基因及抑癌基因p53的诱导效应,评价PCP的内分泌干扰作用,并从蛋白和基因表达水平上筛选PCP检测的敏感生物标志物.1.5、15、40、80、120、150、160μg.L-1PCP暴露稀有鮈鲫,同时设置空白、溶剂对照和17α-雌二醇（EE2）阳性对照,运用SDS-PAGE,ELISA法检测经PCP暴露后稀有鮈鲫肝脏VTG蛋白的表达差异;克隆稀有鮈鲫新的VTG和p53基因序列片段,运用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测PCP暴露对基因表达的影响.结果表明,40、80、120、160μg.L-1PCP均能诱导雌雄稀有鮈鲫肝脏VTG蛋白的表达,具有显著的浓度-效应关系;1.5、15、150μg.L-1PCP暴露后,雄性稀有鮈鲫肝脏VTG和p53基因表达均明显升高,具有显著的浓度-效应和时间-效应关系.证明PCP具有雌激素效应,稀有鮈鲫肝脏的VTG蛋白、VTG及p53基因可作为PCP检测的敏感分子生物标志物.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.