观点

正乡愁(Nostalgia)是浪漫主义的一个重要内容,是现代性的产物,是现代化生产出来的一种情绪。人们对乡村有着爱恨情仇的矛盾和复杂的感情:乡村既是逃离的对象,又是眷恋的对象。乡村曾经遭受了诅咒,然而,当人们进入城市之后,乡村被对象化,成为了相对遥远的"风景",转变为审美和抒情的对象。乡村和城市的分裂和对立造成了现代的病态和创痛。人们在乡村和城市之间游弋徘徊,充满了矛盾和困惑。任何片面地赋予城市或乡村优先价值都是偏颇的。只有当乡村和城市获得和解,重新建立亲密的关系,工业生产和农业生产、体力劳动和脑力劳动的分裂被克服,人类才能重建健全的人性和社会。     

底泥的氮、磷释放及其微生物影响的研究

氮和磷在自然界的循环已经引起了人们的关注,一方面因为氮和磷是生态系统中必不可少的营养元素,另一方面过剩的氮和磷会导致水域的富营养化 ,从而使生态平衡遭受破坏.本文综述了水体沉积物中氮和磷受微生物作用进行释放的影响,以及国内外的研究历史和现状.总结了氮磷微生物代谢的特点,并阐述了与传统认识相区别的最新发现和思想.本文试图从理论上说明微生物的氮磷释放机理,通过生物化学和分子动力的角度解释了细菌对氮磷的吸收和释放,即质子动势理论和Pho调控理论.目前,这一领域研究的热点是为了特殊的使用用途对于高效微生物的分离鉴别和组合培养,和对氮磷代谢的影响因素.     

现代农业生产方式与技术体系对生态环境的影响

现代农业是一种发达、先进、高效的新型农业生产方式和产业体系,是世界农业发展之所向。建设和发展现代农业是大幅度提高农产品产量、产值与质量,增强农业素质、效益和竞争力,抗御自然灾害与市场风险能力,保障农产品有效供给和全球粮食安全的根本途径。但现代农业也绝非是完美无瑕和万能的,其对农业农村生态环境的影响和破坏更是显而易见和难以避免的,乃至一定程度地障碍、制约或威胁农业的持续发展。文章深入分析和阐释了现代农业集约化、专业化、化学化、水利化、机械化、设施化和生物化等生产方式和产业技术体系对农业农村生态环境产生的诸多负面影响和危害,并指出应正确看待、理性认识、深入探究和积极应对系列相关问题,力促和确保现代农业的健康、科学、可持续发展,人与自然的和谐共荣以及资源节药型、环境友好型社会建设和生态文明建设的顺利推进。     

新疆农业生态环境恶化的成因分析与对策研究

随着科学发展观不断深入人心,人们对生态文明的认识明显提高,把保护生态环境提高到法律层面和现代先进文明的高度来认识,并给予了极端关注和重视,已形成一种国际大气候,人们生态环境意识有了显著提高,保护生态环境的觉悟和自觉性明显增强。但是,与此同时也暴露出值得注意并应加以解决的不适应科学发展观要求和自然规律的一些现实问题。在农业生态环境方面,最为突出的是缺乏一盘棋的思想。各行各业和部门之间没有大生态、大环境、大协调的可持续发展的总体思想。虽然都在呼吁高度重视农业生态和环境保护工作,但存在互不协调、各自为政的现象;虽然从中央和自治区一级早已树立大生态、大环境意识和保护意识,并将生态环境提高到文明的高度给予了极端关注和重视,但在县级以下基层的决策和执行层次上还没有完全按照生态文明和科学发展观的要求贯穿到各项工作的始终;宣传力度不够大、执法不够严,群众的生态和环境保护意识较为淡薄,还没有把关注生态、爱护生态、保护环境作为一个文明的标志和社会行为规范来对待,更没有把它化为每个公民的自觉行为;对科学发展观和生态文明的认识不够深刻,缺乏严谨的科学决策与执行机制。笔者对这些问题进行了一些理性思考,提出了10个方面的看法和对策建议,以期促进新疆农业持续发展及有关人员研究,为决策、执行等各方提供参考并多层面讨论改善生态环境。     

2008福州市环境保护宣传教育工作进展

环境保护事业在不断地发展,形势喜人,给环保工作提出了新的要求,环保宣教工作也面临新的机遇和挑战。福州市在多年的环境保护宣传教育工作实践和探索中,积累了一定的经验和做法,但同时,我们更希望能借鉴更多先进的经验和做法,不断总结和提高,更多地发现和把握环保宣教工作的特点和规律,更好地服务于环保事业的发展大局。以下为我市环保宣教工作的一些经验和做法：     

国际资讯

炭黑和低空臭氧加剧气候变化 联合国环境规划署和世界气象组织发布的研究报告称,炭黑（煤烟）和低空臭氧（烟雾）能加剧气候变暖。大幅度减少炭黑和臭氧的排放量,不但能限制全球气候变暖,还有助于减少呼吸系统疾病,并能减轻对农作物的损害,促进粮食产量。报告呼吁制定控制有机废物和减少煤炭和石油行业甲烷排放等方面的政策。     

基于危化品内河运输的央企环保属地化管理

以中央在沪企业为例,基于危险化学品内河运输码头的调查,简要介绍了央企环境保护存在属地化管理的问题;通过中央企业环境规划和管理与属地政府环保政策和机制之间关系的分析,分别提出中央企业及属地政府应当采取的措施和建议,包括融入当地安全环保体系,参与属地的安全环境法规和应急预案编程,修改企业的相关安全环境应急预案等央企对策,以及推进危化品现代物流标准化建设,健全安全和环境主动协调机制和实施安全和生态沟通会商机制等政府建议。     

深度脱水污泥掺混土壤改性及资源化技术研究

为实现深度脱水污泥的改性和资源化利用,以上海某城市污水处理厂的两种不同含水率的深度脱水污泥A和B为例,通过向污泥中掺混土壤,研究土壤对污泥含水率、有机质、抗压强度、恶臭和植物毒性等的影响,探索其用作填埋场封场覆盖绿化用土的可行性.结果表明,掺混土壤可明显降低污泥含水率、有机质和臭气强度,并显著提高其抗压强度和种子发芽率,且相关性分析表明,土壤对污泥的有机质、臭气强度和浸出液种子发芽率的改善效果较强;当土壤添加量分别为60％和30％时,污泥A和B的抗压强度可分别由32.99kPa和196.67kPa的初始值增加至117.6kPa和227.5kPa,臭气强度可由4.5级和4级下降至2级和1.5级,浸出液白菜种子发芽率可由50％和56.7％增加至90％和80％.改性后的污泥A和B均能满足填埋场封场覆盖绿化用土的要求,实现其资源化利用.     

强化新能源汽车政策的精细化管理

作为一种全新的消费产品,新能源汽车需要一定的时间周期才能被消费者接受和认可。在这一过程中,相关的产业政策不仅应该侧重于技术研发的支持和公平竞争的维护,更需要强化产品跟踪评估和质量监管方面的精细化管理,并依据评估和监管的结果,及时调整政策的支持方向和力度,才能促进新能源汽车的商业化和产业化进程。     

社会组织是替社会进行创新和探险的组织

社会组织的功能,就是替社会发现问题和困难,并通过自身的持续挖掘和提炼,把这些困难投料到社会生态系统中,逼迫社会的生理和心理讨论和接应,最终给出一些共识性的应对方案,慢慢地沉淀为人类共识的一部分,为政府和企业所遵守的执行。社会组织的创新过程有助于政府拓展其业务领域,社会组织的道德追求有利于避免企业沦落到无道德感的泥潭,社会组织持续的业务追逐有利于社会组织自身永远处在社会的边缘并保持高度的清醒和敏感。     

Opportunities and constraints for development and conservation: Teller County/Woodland Park growth management plan

This is the second of three articles prepared to explain the Teller County growth management process. As part of an ongoing growth management process in Teller County, Colorado, opportunities and constraints for development and conservation were identified. The scenic mountain county faces a number of issues because of growth. The recognition of those issues has resulted in the goal to direct future growth to the most appropriate and cost-effective places. To determine those places that are best for new development, thorough ecological inventories were conducted for the entire county as well as for the City of Woodland Park area. From these inventories, environmentally sensitive areas were identified. The environmentally sensitive areas were considered constraints in conducting suitability analyses for a variety of potential land uses. The suitability analyses resulted in the identification of opportunities for future growth in Teller County generally as well as the more specific Woodland Park planning area. This article, like the other two, is part of a reflective analysis by the planners who were involved. Paper 2 in a series 3.     

Nutrient Bioassays of Growth Parameters for Algae in the North Bosque River of Central Texas1

Abstract: Nutrient dose‐response bioassays were conducted using water from three sites along the North Bosque River. These bioassays provided support data for refinement of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model used in the development of two phosphorus TMDLs for the North Bosque River. Test organisms were native phytoplanktonic algae and stock cultured Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korshikov) Hindak. Growth was measured daily by in vivo fluorescence. Algal growth parameters for maximum growth (μ_max) and half‐saturation constants for nitrogen (K_N) or phosphorus (K_P) were determined by fitting maximum growth rates associated with each dose level to a Monod growth rate function. Growth parameters of native algae were compared between locations and to growth parameters of P. subcapitata and literature values. No significant differences in half‐saturation constants were indicated within nutrient treatment for site or algal type. Geometric mean K_N was 32 μg/l and for K_P 7 μg/l. A significant difference was detected in maximum growth rates between algae types but not between sites or nutrient treatments. Mean μ_max was 1.5/day for native algae and 1.2/day for stock algae. These results indicate that watershed‐specific maximum growth rates may need to be considered when modeling algal growth dynamics with regard to nutrients.     

Effects of tree size and spatial distribution on growth of ponderosa pine forests under alternative management scenarios

Forest ecosystems may be actively managed toward heterogeneous stand structures to provide both economic (e.g., wood production and carbon credits) and environmental benefits (e.g., invasive pest resistance). In order to facilitate wider adoption of possibly more sustainable forest stand structures, defining growth expectations among alternative management scenarios is crucial. To estimate the effect of tree size and spatial distributions on growth for forest structures commonly considered in uneven-aged forest stand management, large (0.2 ha+) plots were established in 14 uneven-aged ponderosa pine stands in eastern Montana. All study trees were stem-mapped and measured for diameter and 10-year sapwood and basal area increment. A generalized growth model was developed to predict both total and merchantable 10-year basal area increment for nine hypothetical stand structures [three diameter distributions (reverse-J, irregular, flat) × three spatial distributions (clumpy, partial clumpy, uniform)]. Results indicate that the size and spatial distributions of individual trees have a considerable effect on overall stand growth. The greatest total stand growth was in stands with reverse “J” shaped tree size distributions, while the greatest merchantable stand growth was in stands with “flat” diameter distributions and uniform spatial distributions. Through better comprehension of generalized uneven-aged stand growth dynamics, forest managers may better assess the effects of alternative stand structures on stand growth while providing forest stand structures that may be more resilient in a changing climate.     

An Evaluation of the Effects of Soil Characteristics on Mitigation and Restoration Involving Blue Elderberry, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sambucus mexicana</Emphasis>

We conducted field surveys and laboratory analyses to test the effects of soil characteristics in habitat mitigation sites and natural sites on the growth and condition of blue elderberry (Sambucus mexicana), which is the sole host plant for the federally threatened Valley elderberry longhorn beetle (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus). Thirty mitigation and 16 natural sites were selected throughout the range of the beetle. We found that although plant relative growth rates were comparable between mitigation sites and a natural site, mitigation sites contained substantially less soil nutrients than mitigation sites. Within mitigation sites, elderberry health and growth were positively correlated with the amount of total nitrogen in soils and less strongly with other soil nutrients and soil moisture. Analyses demonstrated reductions in the relative growth rate of elderberry as mitigation sites aged, and that soil nutrients and soil moisture became depleted over time. For mitigation sites, it took approximately seven years to develop basal stem diameters that have been linked to successful beetle colonization. Mitigation sites have smaller shrubs than natural sites and growth slows as mitigation sites age, thus delaying convergence of conditions between natural and mitigation sites. Analyses of soil particle size and whether sites were within the 100-year floodplain (as an indicator of riparian conditions) were inconclusive. We recommend investigating fertilizing and optimum planting densities for elderberry at restoration and mitigation sites, as well as increasing the duration of irrigation and monitoring.     

Visions and strategies for growth management: Teller County/Woodland Park example

This article is the third in a series prepared to explain the Teller County growth management planning process. Once it was determined by local decision-makers that Teller County, Colorado, would pursue a policy of directed growth, concepts based on this policy were developed. These concepts presented visions and options for the future. Landscape plans then were developed for Teller County and the City of Woodland Park planning area so that these options could be visualized by local leaders and the public. The landscape plans were used as part of the ongoing citizen involvement process to inform the public about the options for growth management. To provide even more information, detailed designs were developed for specific areas in the county. From the landscape plan, public involvement effort, and detailed designs, specific implementation measures were identified, discussed, and adopted. These measures included guidelines for administration, so that county and city goals could be linked to the actual day-to-day management of development proposals. Paper 3 in a series of 3.     

Peroxidase activity,lignification and promotion of cell death in tobacco cells exposed to static magnetic field

Bio-effects of static magnetic fields on cell growth and cell death have been investigated in suspension-cultured tobacco cells as undifferentiated, embryonic plant cell model. The cells in their logarithmic growth phase were exposed to static magnetic field with the magnitudes of 10 mT and 30 mT for 5 h/day. Exposure to static magnetic field ceased the growth and caused an increase in cell death of exposed tobacco cells compared to those cells which were not treated with the field. Promotion of cell death was accompanied by a harmonized increase in the activity of peroxidase and increase of lignifcation of cell walls.     

基于RS和GIS技术的重庆市主城区扩展分析

采用重庆市主城区2000年和2010年两个时相的TM影像提取城市扩展信息,对影像数据的归一化建筑指数（NDBI）、归一化植被指数（NDVI）和归一化水体指数（NDWI）进行RGB组合增强,再进行决策树分类和减法运算获取研究区扩展信息,发现建筑区面积增加了1.62倍,大部分是由植被区转变而来。其扩张方向受地理影响,南北方向为外延型,东西方向为飞地型。借助统计资料进行精度验证和城市扩展的驱动因素分析发现,区域发展政策、经济增长和人口扩张是主要的影响因素,探讨了对经济增长、城市扩张和人口增长的关系。研究结果表明,以遥感手段监测与研究城市发展变化的趋势是可行和高效的。     

A TECHNIQUE TO RECONSTRUCT RIVER DISCHARGE HISTORY FROM TREE-RINGS1

ABSTRACT: Cores were obtained from several tree species located both on a river floodplain and a nearby terrace. A ratio of annual tree growth on floodplains to terrace growth was developed and shown to be related to the annual river discharge. Growth ratios from the time prior to written records can therefore be used to reconstruct river discharge and infer past unrecorded flood frequency. Oak and basswood ratios yielded the best models for discharge reconstruction, whereas those of elm and birch were less useful. This method permits reconstruction of river discharge from an assemblage of growth cores obtained within a relatively small area.     

Biodegradation during contaminant transport in porous media: V. The influence of growth and cell elution on microbial distribution

This study investigated the interaction between microbial growth and cell elution, and their influence on resultant microbial distribution between the aqueous and solid phases during solute transport in a sandy, low-organic-carbon-content porous medium. Miscible displacement experiments were conducted with salicylate as the model compound, and with different initial conditions (e.g., substrate concentrations and cell densities) to attain various degrees of microbial growth. For each experiment, salicylate and dissolved oxygen concentrations as well as cell densities were monitored in the column effluent. Cell densities were also measured in the porous medium at the beginning and end of each experiment. Total microbial growth was determined in two ways, one based on a cell mass balance for the system and the other based on total amount of salicylate degraded. For conditions yielding a considerable amount of microbial growth, the majority of the biomass was associated with the aqueous phase (68-90%). Conversely, under minimal-growth conditions, most cells (approximately 60-70%) were attached to particle surfaces. Significant cell elution was observed for most conditions, the rate of which increased in the presence of the substrate. The results suggest that the increase in aqueous-phase cells observed for the experiments exhibiting the greatest growth is associated with the production of new cells, and that under appropriate conditions aqueous-phase biomass can contribute significantly to contaminant biodegradation.     

Preliminary Estimation of the Realistic Optimum Temperature for Vegetation Growth in China

The estimation of optimum temperature of vegetation growth is very useful for a wide range of applications such as agriculture and climate change studies. Thermal conditions substantially affect vegetation growth. In this study, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and daily temperature data set from 1982 to 2006 for China were used to examine optimum temperature of vegetation growth. Based on a simple analysis of ecological amplitude and Shelford’s law of tolerance, a scientific framework for calculating the optimum temperature was constructed. The optimum temperature range and referenced optimum temperature (ROT) of terrestrial vegetation were obtained and explored over different eco-geographical regions of China. The results showed that the relationship between NDVI and air temperature was significant over almost all of China, indicating that terrestrial vegetation growth was closely related to thermal conditions. ROTs were different in various regions. The lowest ROT, about 7.0 °C, occurred in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, while the highest ROT, more than 22.0 °C, occurred in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Southern China region.