以沼气为纽带的生物循环生态模式研究

介绍了仪征市久闻农业科技示范园以沼气为纽带,通过沼气、沼液、沼渣的综合利用,形成了以“鸭粪喂猪、猪粪产沼、沼气育雏、沼液养鱼、沼渣肥林（菜）”为主的“鸭-猪-沼-鱼（林、菜）”循环生态模式,并完善了相应的配套技术。该模式的应用,使得畜禽生产的粪便污水等污染物得到了有效处理和利用,改变了园区的卫生状况,改善了生态环境;实现了资源的高效合理循环,减少了企业生产生活过程中燃料、肥料、饲料等投入,降低了生产成本,取得了较好的经济效益。     

《上海环境科学》办刊与发展研讨会日前召开

日前，《上海环境科学》召开了办刊与发展研讨会，市新闻出版局、市环科院、交通大学、同济大学、华东师范大学、华东理工大学等单位的9位领导、专家出席了会议。编辑部在会上通报了2005年度办刊的有关工作，对稿件刊用情况进行了详细的分析，并介绍了重新创刊的调研情况。各位专家、学者也各抒己见，对期刊的发展提出了自己的见解。     

大气腐蚀与环境

总结了各种金属材料在中国不同环境下的长期大气腐蚀试验结果,环境中包括了亚热带、温带、工业性、海洋性、干燥环境及湿热环境等各种典型环境。材料中包括了常用的碳钢及耐候钢、不锈钢、铝及铝合金、铜及铜合金。分析了环境对各种金属材料大气腐蚀的影响,对润湿时间、二氧化硫、酸雨及盐粒子的污染作用提出了新的看法。     

全国土壤污染状况调查(上海地区)样品制备技术

以全国土壤污染状况调查(上海地区)土壤制备为例,阐述了风干、粗磨、细磨、分装、分发全过程;列举了工作场所、制样工具、盛样容器等硬件条件;分析了人工制备土壤样品过程中人的不确定因素;摸索了合适制样时刻;提供了制备过程质量保证措施并介绍了土壤样品制备的先进仪器和技术。重点讨论了样品制备的自查与监督检查、装样容器的选择与清洗、土样的代表性、均匀性等方面的制备细节,说明了统一的标签、编码及文件记录在土壤样品的采集、制备、检测多单位协作完成过程中的重要性。     

中国东北、内蒙古地区茶藨属果树资源的研究

本文对东北、内蒙古地区茶属果树资源进行了调查，初步查明有１９种、２变种、１变型，并对其特征、特性、生境、分布及利用价值进行了研究，总结了驯化栽培的研究结果，提出了开发利用的建议。     

财政部 商务部有关负责人就汽车以旧换新政策答记者问

近日，财政部、商务部、中宣部、发展改革委、工业和信息化部、公安部、环境保护部、交通运输部、工商总局、质检总局联合印发了《汽车以旧换新实施办法》（以下简称《实施办法》），受到了社会各方面的极大关注。财政部、商务部有关负责人针对汽车以旧换新有关政策问题，接受了记者的专访。     

摆辗机的应用概况及其发展趋势

介绍了摆动辗压的基本原理及工艺特点,简述了摆辗机的结构分类,阐述了中国、英国、波兰、瑞士、日本、美国等国内外各时期典型摆动辗压机的研究状况,同时分析了摆动辗压机在国内外的应用状况,并指明了其发展趋势。     

焊接材料行业清洁生产审核——以某焊接材料生产企业为例

本文介绍了某焊接材料生产企业,在五年内相继开展了两轮清洁生产审核,对企业生产情况、产排污环节、环境达标情况开展了全面审核与分析,开展了物料平衡实测,对照行业清洁生产标准,通过多种方法查找问题,提出并实施了一系列清洁生产方案,达到了节能、降耗、减污、增效的目标,取得了较好的环境效益与经济效益。     

草型湖泊(乌梁素海)氮循环转化规律的研究

本文针对乌梁素海的生态现状 ,建立了氮循环转化概念图 ,分析了有机碎屑氮、氨态氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮间的转化关系 ,描述了芦苇、水草、浮游植物、浮游动物、鱼、底栖动物组成的食物链中氮的循环规律。     

石化企业硫化氢中毒事故分析与防治

介绍了硫化氢的理化性质、危害,分析了如何从硫化氢中毒的预防、检测、作业等环节加强科学化、标准化管理,提出了预防硫化氢中毒的安全管理方法,总结了一些切实可行的做法。     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Degradation mechanism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in supercritical water oxidation

The 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT)is a potential carcinogens and TNT contaminated wastewater,which could not be effectively disposed with conventional treatments.The supercritical water oxidation(SCWO)to treat TNT contaminated wastewater was studied in this article.The TNT concentration in wastewater was measured by high-performance liquid chromatograph(HPLC)and the degraded intermediates were analyzed using GC-MS.The results showed that SCWO could degrade TNT efficiently in the presence of oxygen.The reaction temperature,pressure,residence time and oxygen excess were the main contributing factors in the process.The decomposition of TNT was accelerated as the temperature or residence time increased.At 550℃,24 MPa,120 s and oxygen excess 300%,TNT removal rate could exceed 99.9%.Partial oxidation occured in SCWO without oxygen.It was concluded that supercritical water was a good solvent and had excellent oxidation capability in the existence of oxygen.The main intermediates of TNT during SCWO included toluene,1,3,5-trinitrobenzene,nitrophenol,naphthalene,fluorenone,dibutyl phthalate,alkanes and several dimers based on the intermediate analysis.Some side reactions,such as coupled reaction,hydrolysis reaction and isomerization reaction may take place simultaneously when TNT was oxidized by SCWO.     

彭佳屿岛春季TSP中痕量金属组成及其来源解析

通过大气环流向海洋大气边界层传输的人为源和陆源物质,明显改变了海洋气溶胶中痕量金属的组成.但基于开阔海域岛屿连续观测研究海洋气溶胶中痕量金属元素组成及其来源的研究较少.2010年3—5月在我国台湾北部东海海域彭佳屿岛采集了60个TSP（总悬浮颗粒物）样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（ICP-MS）分析了19种痕量金属（Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co、Cr、V、Ni、Tl、Zn、Sn、Pb、As、Cd、Sb、Se）的质量浓度.基于TSP中Al浓度、气团后向轨迹分析和美国国家宇航局CALIPSO卫星星载激光雷达扫描图像,将采集的TSP分为非沙尘TSP（不受沙尘影响的TSP）和沙尘TSP（受沙尘影响的TSP）.沙尘TSP中所有痕量金属的浓度都高于非沙尘TSP,表明沙尘对彭佳屿岛TSP中痕量金属有贡献.结合富集因子、相关性分析和PMF模型研究结果表明,彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti和Y主要来源于地壳矿物,Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr同时受地壳矿物和人为源的影响;沙尘TSP中Al、Fe、Ti、Y、Mn、Ba、Sr、Co和Cr主要来源于地壳矿物.V和Ni在彭佳屿岛春季非沙尘TSP中主要来源于燃料油燃烧,而在沙尘TSP中同时受燃料油燃烧和地壳矿物的影响.非沙尘TSP和沙尘TSP中,Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se的来源相似.Tl主要源于交通和煤燃烧,Zn、Sn、Pb、Cd和Sb同时来源于交通、煤和燃料油燃烧,As主要来源于煤燃烧,Se则主要来源于煤和燃料油燃烧.研究显示,人为源释放到大气中的Tl、Zn、As、Sn、Pb、Cd、Sb和Se可以通过大气环流长距离传输至开阔海域.      

Elevated CO2 changes the moderate shade tolerance of yellow birch seedlings

To demonstrate the existence of light thresholds in plant growth and to examine the effects of elevated CO2 on the shade tolerance of a tree species, an experiment consisting of a completely randomized design for a total of 96 yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) seedlings was conducted with 3 light levels (2.9%, 7.7%, 26.1% of full sunlight)×2 CO2 levels (350 and 700±10 ppm) with 4 replications in a phytotron. The study proved that thresholds exist and they vary in different plant organs. In ambient CO2, the thresholds were 13.3%, 18.7%, 15.0%, 15.2%, and 15.6% of full sunlight for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. In 700 ppm CO2, the corresponding thresholds were 16.7%, 21.3%, 18.1%, 21.7% and 19.5% for stem, leaf, root, total plant biomass, and the averaged value, respectively. The lowest threshold in the stem is an indicator of the minimal light intensity for regular growth for seedlings of this species. Below this threshold, light-stressful growth occurs. The result of a paired t-test indicated that the thresholds in elevated CO2 were significantly higher than in ambient CO2. This suggests that yellow birch will lose its moderate shade tolerance, evolutionally becoming a shade-intolerant species, and that it may become more difficult to naturally regenerate in the future.     

新时代的旅游资源研究：保护利用与创新发展——旅游地理青年学者笔谈

当前,我国已经全面进入大众旅游时代,旅游业持续领跑宏观经济,并成为带动区域发展的支柱产业。旅游资源是传统旅游业的发展基础,我国是旅游资源大国,处理好旅游资源保护与利用的关系、实现创新发展是旅游资源研究的关键。来自旅游地理研究领域的16位青年学者,以笔谈方式探讨了新时期、新阶段下旅游资源保护与利用的基本思路,从旅游发展的新特征、资源价值的新认知、开发与保护的新方式以及针对专项资源的保护开发的新对策等方面重新定义新时代旅游资源研究的重点,核心观点整理如下：（1）随着旅游业的发展,大众旅游方式变化推动旅游产业革新,旅游资源的内涵也相应不断丰富。新时代旅游资源的重构、泛化和组合的变化需要重新对旅游资源进行识别、划分和评价,未来资源仍是旅游产业发展的基础,需要合理认知旅游资源的新特征和新价值。（2）新时代,传统资源开发的条件趋严,坚守生态底线是发展的基础。从供给端看,资源转化为产品的过程中,要尊重市场规律,面向游客新需求,以深入挖掘文化内涵为重点,借助科技新手段,创新资源开发新模式,推出受游客欢迎的旅游产品,从而激发旅游资源的市场价值属性,推动区域旅游产业升级,实现资源、资本、资产的可持续发展。（3）从需求端看,捕捉客群变化特征,构建社会规范和文明旅游新方式,从多方面引导游客主动保护旅游资源的行为,从而形成推动旅游资源保护和开发协调的新思路。（4）旅游资源的类型丰富,决定了旅游资源保护与开发方式的多样化：针对乡村旅游资源,要在资源评估的基础上,重新认识其新价值,在乡村振兴战略的引领下,因地制宜,以产业集聚为突破,重视乡村社区利益,推动乡村旅游资源的创新利用和可持续发展;针对农业文化遗产资源,在可持续发展的基础上,活态利用,构建多方参与的新机制;针对人文旅游资源,需要挖掘人文旅游资源本真性,融入传统文化,促进文化传承与旅游产业的互动发展;针对山地民族旅游资源,在时代价值重新认知的基础上要重视其地域系统的独特性,基于人地关系整体化保护与开发;针对民宿旅游,重视其转化农村闲置资源的重要功能,强化生态保护,构建民宿旅游集聚区。     

青岛近海不同天气状况下大气气溶胶中金属元素浓度分布特征研究

为探究青岛近海不同天气下气溶胶中金属元素的浓度分布特征,于2012年4~5月,2012年8月~2013年3月在青岛近海采集了总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICPAES)分析了主要微量金属元素.结果表明,Al、Ca、Fe、Na、K和Mg是TSP中主要的金属元素,质量浓度占所测元素总浓度的94.2%.TSP及金属元素浓度月变化明显,Fe、Al、K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Ba、Mn、Ti、Sr和Li均在11月和1月浓度最高,Be、Sc、Co、Ni和Cr在1月最高,Na在8、11和2月较高,12月最低,Pb在1月和2月最高,8月和12月最低.富集因子表明Be、Co、Al、Ca、Fe、K、Mg、Mn、Sr和Ti主要受自然源影响,Li、Cr、Ni、Zn、Ba和Na除受自然源外,还受部分人为源影响,Pb主要来自人为源.不同天气状况对TSP及其金属元素浓度影响较大,除Ti外,所测元素浓度均在烟雾天最高.与晴天相比,烟雾天除Ti外,其余元素均升高,增幅为1~4倍,雾天Li、Be、Cr、Ni、Al、Fe、Mg和Mn变化不大,Pb和Na升高较多,Co、Ca和Ti降低较多,霾天Cr、Co和Ti降低,其余元素浓度升高,增幅为1~3倍.大部分元素在晴天富集因子最小,雾天富集因子最大.Ni、Zn、Ba、K、Na、Pb和Sr富集因子为晴<霾<烟雾<雾,Fe和Mn为晴<烟雾<霾<雾,Al和Mg为晴<雾<霾<烟雾,其余金属不同天气下富集因子的变化规律各不相同.     

南水北调中线源头区蓄水前土壤氮磷分布特征

采集南水北调中线源头区(高程170m以下)19个村庄的43个土壤样品,分析了丹江口水库淅川县蓄水前不同土地利用类型土壤中有机质、总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和总磷的分布特征.结果表明,研究区土壤总氮含量介于18.15~185.98mg/kg之间,硝态氮介于5.75~77.96mg/kg之间,铵态氮介于5.72~26.38mg/kg之间,总磷介于37.98~147.32mg/kg之间,有机质介于7.19~45.32g/kg之间;研究区土壤氮素、总磷和有机质含量受地形及地理位置影响较小,不同土地利用类型土壤中总氮、硝态氮及有机质含量存在显著差异,总磷和铵态氮含量差异性不明显,有机质含量大小依次为村庄>水稻田>池塘>消落带>旱地>林地,总氮含量大小依次为水稻田>村庄>池塘>消落带>旱地>林地,硝态氮含量大小依次为村庄>池塘>消落带>旱地>水稻田>林地;相关性分析表明,土壤有机质与总氮含量之间存在极显著正相关性(r=0.837, P<0.01),铵态氮含量与有机质、总氮呈显著正相关性(分别为r=0.455, P<0.05;r =0.434, P<0.05),而这三者与硝态氮之间相关性不明显;土壤总磷与有机质、总氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量之间无明显相关性.     

灭幼脲类农药对非靶生物的影响及其在生物体内的代谢

综述国内外近年来有关灭幼脲类农药施用后对非靶生物可能造成的影响和其在生物体内吸收代谢方面的研究成果。分别阐述了施药区中,蜜蜂、家蚕、鸟类等陆生生物,鱼类、甲壳类和节肢类等水生生物可能受到的影响;以及灭幼脲类农药对家禽、家畜的影响和在它们体内的吸收代谢情况。指出,灭幼脲类农药的使用对陆生生物蜜蜂和鸟类,以及家禽、家畜等不产生明显的毒害和污染,对水生生物鱼类也没有什么影响,但对家蚕、以及水生甲壳类动物和节肢类动物(尤其是其幼体)的毒害较大。     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.