磁性Fe_3O_4/改性焦炭的制备及其对罗丹明B的吸附性能

以焦炭为原料、KOH为活化剂制备改性焦炭,采用原位氧化沉淀法制备纳米Fe_3O_4负载于改性焦炭表面上,制备出磁性复合材料,利用N2等温吸附(BET)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶交换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、振动样品磁强计(VSM)等对其进行了表征,并研究了其对罗丹明B的吸附性能,系统考察了吸附动力学、吸附等温线、pH、吸附剂投加量对吸附性能的影响.结果表明,改性焦炭微孔结构发达,利于Fe_3O_4分散负载其表面上.Fe_3O_4/改性焦炭具有良好的磁性能和吸附性能,在2 h内对罗丹明B达到吸附平衡,吸附动力学符合准二级吸附动力学方程,等温吸附数据符合Langmuir模型,吸附是自发行为且为吸热反应.吸附剂在较宽的pH范围内有较高的吸附量,罗丹明B去除率可达98.32%.     

壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对活性红染料的吸附动力学及解吸性能

采用溶液插层法制备了壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物,以此复合物为活性红染料RR136的吸附剂,考察了复合物中壳聚糖与蒙脱土的摩尔比、染料溶液pH和浓度、温度及吸附剂用量等因素对吸附动力学行为的影响.运用红外光谱和扫描电镜对吸附RR136前后的吸附剂进行了表征,探讨了染料分子与吸附剂之间的相互作用,研究了吸附剂的再生性能.结果表明,壳聚糖/蒙脱土插层复合物对RR136的吸附更符合拟二级动力学方程,RR136在该复合物上的吸附速率受颗粒外扩散过程的控制.连续进行15次吸附/再生循环后,吸附剂的吸附容量和再生率分别为266.27 mg·g-1和60.5%,表明插层复合物吸附剂具有较好的再生重复使用潜力.     

农林废弃物基生物炭对重金属铅和镉的吸附特性

以沙柳、水稻和玉米秸秆3种农林废弃物为原材料,于500℃条件下热解制备生物炭,并通过元素分析、比表面积分析仪、扫描电镜(SEM)和红外光谱(FTIR)等分析方法对所制备的生物炭进行表征。探究了溶液初始pH、干扰离子强度和初始吸附剂投加量等因素对3种生物炭吸附Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)作用的影响,讨论了吸附动力学特性及吸附等温特性。结果表明:不同生物质制备出的3种生物炭的碱性和灰分含量由高到低依次为沙柳秸秆生物炭(SWB)、玉米秸秆生物炭(CB)和水稻秸秆生物炭(SB),FTIR检测结果显示3种生物炭表面均含有大量含氧官能团;当溶液pH为3～6时,3种生物炭对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)吸附量随pH值的增加而升高,对Pb~(2+)的吸附效果随着溶液中离子强度的增强而降低,而SWB对Cd~(2+)的吸附效果随离子强度的增加而增加;3种生物炭对Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,R~2均大于0.99,表明生物炭吸附速率主要由化学吸附机制决定;SWB、SB和CB对Cd~(2+)的吸附过程既符合Langmuir模型,又符合Freundlich模型,而生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附过程更适合Langmuir等温模型,表明生物炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附近似单分子层吸附,而对Cd~(2+)的吸附存在多分子层吸附。     

给水厂残泥-海藻酸钠胶珠对磷的吸附特性

为解决给水厂残泥(WTR)作为磷吸附材料用于水处理工艺时存在的沉降性能差和易堵塞等问题,本研究利用海藻酸钠包埋法制备了给水厂残泥-海藻酸钠(WTR-SA)胶珠,考察了WTR-SA胶珠对磷的吸附与解吸附特征.研究结果表明WTR-SA胶珠对磷的动力学吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程(R~2=0.9957),Freundlich方程能较好描述其对磷的等温吸附过程(R~2=0.9907),Langmuir方程模拟得到的磷饱和吸附量为1.878 mg·g~(-1);随着溶液pH的升高,WTR-SA胶珠对磷的吸附量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在pH5时吸附量最高;WTR-SA胶珠对磷的吸附稳定,在接近饱和吸附量条件下,磷的解吸率仅为0.72%;磷分级提取结果表明磷主要以稳定的铝结合态、铁结合态和钙结合态存在于WTR-SA胶珠中,3种赋存形态含量占比分别为43.2%、22.7%和21.3%.     

沉水植物生物炭对Cr~(6+)和磷的吸附特性

生物炭作为吸附剂已广泛应用于重金属及磷污染废水处理,成为环境科学领域研究的前沿热点。沉水植物量大源广,可作为生物炭的制备原料,但其对Cr~(6+)和磷的去除研究相对缺乏。选取常见的沉水植物(眼子菜、苦草和金鱼藻),在350、450和600℃温度下热解,研究其在不同初始pH值与平衡时间下对Cr~(6+)和磷的吸附性能。结果表明:酸性条件更有利于沉水植物生物炭对Cr~(6+)和磷的吸附,其中350℃条件下制备的金鱼藻生物炭和眼子菜生物炭对Cr~(6+)和磷的吸附量最大,分别为0.094 2(pH=4)和0.338 1 mmol·g-1(pH=6)。沉水植物生物炭对Cr~(6+)和磷的吸附遵循准二级动力学模型,表明吸附过程由化学吸附占主导地位。沉水植物生物炭富含羧基、羟基等含氧官能团,除450℃条件下制备的苦草生物炭零电荷点(pHzpc)是6以外,其余样品pHzpc均为8。吸附Cr~(6+)和磷后,生物炭表面变得更粗糙,褶皱明显并出现亮斑,Cr~(6+)和磷含量明显增加。沉水植物生物炭因其独特的物理化学结构,可制备多孔炭用于污染物吸附等领域。     

硅藻土对水中氟化物的吸附特性研究

中国高浓度含氟水分布广泛且危害严重,水体除氟迫在眉睫。研发除氟效果好、价格便宜的吸附材料是一项艰巨的任务,对水体除氟具有重大的意义。硅藻土(Diatomite)因其特有的物理和化学性质,作为一种新型的吸附型、环保型材料近年来在工业中已经得到了普遍的应用。以硅藻土作为吸附剂对水体中的氟化物(F^-)进行吸附研究,采用了 SEM、XRD、FTIR 对其进行表征,分析其结构特性;探究了投加量、溶液 pH、溶液初始质量浓度对硅藻土吸附 F^-的影响,对其进行吸附和动力学拟合,并设计正交实验,得出最优条件以及最优组合。结果表明：硅藻土表面具有丰富的孔隙结构且孔洞清晰,比表面积大,二氧化硅含量较高,且含有丰富的含氧官能团;硅藻土对氟离子的吸附过程能够更好的符合 Freundlich 模型,r值可达 0.993,说明硅藻土对 F^-的吸附过程是吸附-络合相互作用,为表面吸附和多分子层吸附;准二级动力学模型对硅藻土吸附 F^-的过程拟合效果优于准一级动力学模型、W-M 动力学模型,r 值为 0.999,表明硅藻土对 F     

锆改性凹凸棒土对水中氟的吸附热力学与动力学研究

以锆改性凹凸棒土(Zr-ATP)为吸附剂,研究了其对水中F~-的吸附、脱附性能,探讨了Zr-ATP对F~-的吸附热力学和动力学规律.结果表明,随着温度的升高,Zr-ATP对F~-的吸附量逐渐增加;F~-在Zr-ATP上的吸附等温线可用Freundlich等温线方程拟合,吸附过程为熵驱动的吸热、熵增的自发过程;Zr-ATP对F~-的吸附量随着吸附剂中锆含量的升高而增加;F~-在Zr-ATP吸附剂上的吸附动力学符合拟二级动力学方程,且其吸附过程中受边界层扩散的影响.当pH=5时,Zr-ATP对F~-的吸附量最大(30.37 mg·g~(-1));阴离子的存在抑制F~-在Zr-ATP上的吸附效果,不同阴离子影响的大小顺序为:HCO_3~-SO_4~(2-)NO_3~-Cl~-.吸附饱和的Zr-ATP可在NaOH溶液中脱附再生,经4次脱附后,F~-的吸附量为22.78 mg·g~(-1),有良好的再生性,可循环使用.     

Fe3O4@SiO2-NH2磁性复合纳米材料对铀(Ⅵ)的吸附性能

采用化学共沉淀法制备Fe_3O_4磁性纳米粒子,利用正硅酸乙酯的水解在其表面包裹SiO_2,以3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)对复合粒子进行表面氨基化制备出Fe_3O_4@SiO_2-NH_2;采用红外(FT-IR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、磁滞回线等手段对复合粒子进行了表征.结果显示,制备的复合粒子呈微球形,粒径相对均匀,大约在200 nm.并采用静态吸附的方法进行批量实验,研究了该复合纳米材料作为吸附剂在不同条件下对U(Ⅵ)的吸附性能.实验结果表明,固液比1∶200、温度35℃、吸附平衡时间30 min、pH 5的条件下,复合粒子对U(Ⅵ)的吸附效果最佳,为95%左右.准二级动力学模型能更好地描述粒子对U(Ⅵ)的吸附动力学过程;吸附可用Freundich等温模型较好地描述,说明为多分子层吸附.实验表明所制备的氨基化磁性复合纳米粒子对溶液中U(Ⅵ)具有优良的吸附性能,有望成为一种能够有效处理含铀废水的吸附材料.     

硅藻土基复合除磷剂的制备及其吸附性能

以硅藻土为原料,通过引入钢渣复合的方法制备硅藻土基复合除磷剂,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)对复合除磷剂进行表征,并研究投加浓度、吸附时间、pH值和温度对复合除磷剂吸附效果的影响.结果表明,与钢渣复合后,复合除磷剂中部分基团可能发生变化,晶体结构可能发生改变,出现新的晶相.静态除磷试验表明复合除磷剂的最佳反应条件:投加质量浓度2g·L-1,吸附时间1h,水样pH值为5,温度25℃.硅藻土基复合除磷剂对磷的吸附动力学行为符合准二级动力学模型;Freundlich、Langmuir和Redlich-Peterson吸附等温方程均能较好地描述复合除磷剂对磷的等温吸附特征.硅藻土基复合除磷剂对磷的理论饱和吸附量为1 428 mg·kg-1,是一种潜在的高效环保型吸附材料.     

好氧颗粒污泥对水溶液中酸性淡黄2G的生物吸附

利用好氧颗粒污泥对酸性淡黄2G溶液进行吸附脱色研究,考察了pH值、吸附剂用量、初始酸性淡黄2G的浓度、温度以及NaCl浓度对吸附过程的影响.实验结果表明,吸附过程对溶液pH值具有很高的依赖性,其最佳pH值为2.0.Temkin等温线在整个实验染料浓度范围内能够很好地描述吸附过程.吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型.内部扩散和边界层扩散都可能影响生物吸附速率.热力学分析表明,吸附过程是一个自发的放热过程.采用FTIR分析的结果进一步揭示了颗粒污泥上官能团(如胺基、羧基和羟基等)可能是染料生物吸附的活跃结合位点.这些结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥可以作为吸附剂以去除水中的酸性淡黄2G。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.