脉冲电晕放电与CuO/γ-Al2O3协同处理烟气中SO2和NO的实验研究

研究了催化剂CuO/γ-Al2O3与脉冲电晕放电协同作用脱除烟气中的SO2和NO.结果表明, 在100 ℃以下,CuO/γ-Al2O3与脉冲电晕放电协同作用具有较好的脱硫脱氮效果.当脉冲电压40 kV,进口烟气温度80 ℃,出口烟气温度40℃,气体在烟道中的流速为1.3 m/s,SO2的初始质量浓度为1 400 mg/m3,NO的初始质量浓度350 mg/m3,SO2的脱除率达到85%,NO的脱除率达到30%.     

脉冲电晕技术在处理挥发性有机化合物中的应用研究

建立了利用脉冲电晕技术处理挥发性有机物的实验装置,选取苯作为代表物质进行实验研究,观察初始浓度、停留时间、注入能量、电源特性等参数对去除率的影响,并对反应副产物的成分进行分析测试.在输入电压为50 V,频率为20 Hz,气体体积流量为1 620mL/min,苯的初始质量浓度为76.8 mg/m3的实验条件下,苯的去除率达到61.4%.脉冲电晕技术处理低浓度有机废气效果较好.     

二氧化氯氧化处理甲醛废气的探索试验研究

以瓷环填料塔为反应装置,研究ClO2对甲醛的去除效果.试 验考察了甲醛质量浓度、进口气体流量、ClO2液体流量以及ClO2质量浓度对甲醛去除效率的影响.最佳工艺条件为:甲醛气体质量浓度80～ 180 mg/L,进口气体流量120～280 L/h,ClO2液体流量1～3mL/min,ClO2质量浓度40 mg/L.甲醛的去除率随甲醛质量浓度、ClO2质量浓度的增加而升高,去除率变化由98％至99％接近100％;而甲醛去除率随进口气体流量的增大略呈下降趋势.     

高压脉冲等离子体降解水中苯酚的实验研究

对高压脉冲放电等离子体技术降解水中有机污染物苯酚进行了实验研究,观察了脉冲成形电容、脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率、放电电极直径、放电距离、苯酚的人口质量浓度等因素对苯酚降解率的影响;实验结果表明脉冲成形电容有一最佳值;降解率随脉冲峰值电压、脉冲频率增大而升高,随放电电极直径和放电距离的减小而增大,随苯酚人口质量浓度增大而增大。     

H2O2辅助TiO2/CdS/壳聚糖复合膜光催化甲基橙脱色研究

为利用可见光对染料废水进行高效脱色,采用仿生矿化法制备了具有可见光响应的TiO2/CdS/壳聚糖复合膜光催化剂.用氙灯模拟日光,以甲基橙为目标污染物,探讨了催化剂用量、H2O2投加量、甲基橙初始浓度、溶液pH值、无机阴离子和催化剂重复使用对甲基橙溶液脱色效果的影响.结果表明,甲基橙质量浓度为15 mg/L,催化剂质量浓度为1.00 g/L,H2O2浓度为3.9 mmol/L,pH值为6.0时,光照130 min后甲基橙溶液的脱色率可达到99.90%.催化剂重复使用试验表明,制得的催化剂使用寿命较长,且其反应活性良好.     

气体ClO_2对空气中甲醛去除效果的研究

研究高纯度气体ClO2对空气中甲醛气体的去除效果。主要考查了气体ClO2浓度、反应时间及甲醛初始浓度对甲醛去除率的影响。实验结果表明,甲醛去除率随ClO2浓度的增加而提高,当甲醛初始质量浓度为2.4 mg/m3,ClO2质量浓度达到1.8 mg/m3时,甲醛去除率达到99.5%,且甲醛的去除率随反应时间的延长而提高,但30 min后去除率趋于平稳达到99.7%;ClO2对甲醛的去除率随甲醛初始浓度的升高出现先上升后下降的趋势。     

气相二茂铁抑制池火燃烧的有效性分析

以N2作载气,开展了不同工况气相二茂铁作用于受限空间中酒精燃烧的系列实验.实验过程中借助M-9000燃烧分析仪和质量采集系统对其烟气(如O2、CO)体积分数和酒精质量变化进行在线测量,以此为基础数据分析气相二茂铁抑制酒精燃烧的有效性.通过对不同工况下烟气体积分数、热释速率和火焰高度的分析得出:当载气流量为1.00 m3/h时,气相二茂铁的抑制效果随其饱和蒸气压的升高而增强.其具体表现为酒精燃烧效率、热释速率和火焰高度随气相二茂铁饱和蒸气压的升高而相应降低;O2剩余量随气相二茂铁饱和蒸气压的升高而相应增大,CO最大生成量随气相二茂铁饱和蒸气压的升高而相应下降.     

紫外LED联合次氯酸钠灭活枯草芽孢杆菌的影响因素

为了探究不同水质对紫外发光二极管(UV-LED)联合次氯酸钠灭活枯草芽孢杆菌(ATCC6633)效果的影响,通过改变初始氯质量浓度、初始菌液浓度、p H值、温度、无机阴阳离子浓度及腐殖酸质量浓度等6种常见水质条件来观察其分别对试验灭活率的影响。结果表明,灭活率随初始氯质量浓度增加先升高后降低,初始氯质量浓度为8 mg/L时灭活率为5. 9个对数级,达到最高值;灭活率则随初始菌液浓度升高而降低,在初始菌液浓度为104cfu/m L时,灭活率最高,达6. 2个对数级;灭活率随p H值上升有显著降低,酸性条件下灭活率明显好于碱性条件,在p H=6时灭活率为6. 59个对数级;灭活率随温度上升先升高后降低,在25℃时灭活率最高为5. 9个对数级。碳酸氢根离子浓度的增加会对灭活产生抑制作用,锰离子质量浓度的增加同样会降低枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活率。溶液中腐殖酸的存在也会对灭活有抑制作用,且质量浓度越大抑制效果越明显。动力学分析表明,UV-LED联合次氯酸钠对枯草芽孢杆菌的反应遵从假一级反应动力学,反应速率常数k的变化幅度表明,p H值、初始氯质量浓度和HA质量浓度对试验灭活的影响高于其他3种水质条件。     

流光放电氧化亚硫酸盐的研究

使用气体放电等离子体对亚硫酸盐进行氧化,考察了各种因素对于亚硫酸盐氧化的影响.实验表明,随着初始浓度,喷雾流量,pH值的增加,亚硫酸盐氧化率降低;亚硫酸盐氧化率随着循环次数的增加而增加.     

微波诱导膨胀石墨-K_2S_2O_8降解处理甲基橙模拟废水

研究了微波诱导膨胀石墨-K2S2O8催化氧化降解甲基橙模拟废水工艺,分别考察了溶液初始p H值、EG及K2S2O8用量、微波功率、微波时间等因素对废水脱色效果的影响,采用SEM、EDS、XRD、FTIR对新鲜及使用6次后的EG进行了表征。结果表明,微波诱导EG-K2S2O8体系能高效快速地降解废水中的甲基橙,在50 m L初始p H值为1、质量浓度为200 mg/L的甲基橙废水中,EG用量0.1 g、K2S2O8为0.05 g、微波辐射功率259 W、微波辐射6 min的处理工艺条件下,脱色率达到了98.6%,微波诱导EG-K2S2O8体系对甲基橙废水降解效果明显,产生了协同效应。此外,膨胀石墨还具有良好的重复使用性能,使用6次后甲基橙脱色率仍然保持在90.8%。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。