核能,未来能源的希望

人类的衣、食、住、行，哪一项也离不开能源，可以说，没有能源就没有人类的一切。但有限的能源储量已无法满足人类日益增长的需求。随着经济的发展和能源消耗量的大幅度增长，能源供应不足的矛盾将会日益突出。更使人们感到不安的是，人类所消耗的碳载体矿物燃料，每年向大气排放的二氧化碳达210亿吨，并呈上升趋势，而且还伴随有其他有毒物质，给人类的生存环境带来了巨大的灾难。     

Carbon source in the future chemical industries

Rising crude oil prices favour the exploitation of hitherto unutilised energy carriers and the realisation of new technologies in all sectors where carbon is used. These changed economic constraints necessitate both savings in conventional petrochemistry and a change to oil-independent carbon sources in the chemical industry. While, in coal chemistry, the synthesis and process principles of petrochemistry — fragmentation of the raw material and subsequent buildup of molecular structures — can be maintained, the raw material structure largely remains unchanged in the chemistry of renewable raw materials. This lecture is to demonstrate the structural as well as the technological and energy criteria of the chemistry of alternative carbon sources, to forecast the chances of commercial realization and to discuss some promising fields of research and development.     

核能:一种清洁的能源

由于核电站在运行的过程中，设置了一套完善的“三废”处理系统，有效地阻止或减少了放射性物质向环境释放，从而保护了环境和保障了公众的健康。因此，核能也被认为是一种安全、清洁、经济、可靠的能源。     

Nuclear power and post-2012 energy and climate change policies

At present there is no binding agreement (at a global level) to address the risk of anthropogenic climate change after 2012. Disagreements abound with respect to a post-2012 climate change agreement, on issues such as economic development, policy criteria, environmental effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, equity, dynamic flexibility, complementarity, enforceability and so on. One such disagreement is whether or not nuclear power should play a role in a post-2012 climate change agreement. This qualitative analysis explores the conditions under which nuclear power could contribute to addressing climate change in post-2012 architectures. It reveals that – given the right framework conditions – some architectures, like ‘cap and trade’ regimes or ‘policies and measures’ can improve the competitiveness of nuclear power plants, while others are unlikely to provide incentives for nuclear energy development in the short to medium term, such as adaptation and technology cooperation. Overall, the study concludes that post-2012 climate change policy should aim at providing policy flexibility without compromising technology flexibility. For example, the provision of long-term commitment periods has the potential to enable better investments in existing low-carbon technologies but stifle the policy flexibility that political decision makers are often keen to retain so that they can respond more quickly to new scientific evidence or advances in clean technology development.     

Multifunctional landscapes--perspectives for the future

New methods in landscape ecology to study the link between landscape between landscape heterogeneity and landscape functionality are needed.Heterogeneity is a basic characteristic of Iandscape,and landscape fnction is the capacity to change the structural heterogeneity of a landscape ystem.In most developed countries the industrialisation of agriculture has in general resulted in a change of agricultural landscapes from a small-grained heterogeneous pattern towards more monotonous and monofunctional landscapes.During the 1990‘s this trends seems to have changed due to a diversification of rural land use and new trends in urbanisation.Weather these phases of landscape development should be expected in developing countries is a totally open question.Dealing with the study of multifunctionality of landscapes it is proposed to distinguish between ecological functionality of landscape ecosystems,functionality.Further,the relation between function,space and scale is important by the determination of spatial and time segregation as well as spatial and time integration of multifunctionality in landscapes.     

东辽河流域土地利用变化对非点源污染的影响研究

采用国际前沿的SWAT模型及CLUE-S模型,基于3S技术和统计分析方法,分析了吉林省东辽河流域土地利用2000~2005年的土地利用动态变化,并借助于Logistic回归结果探讨了2000~2005年土地利用变化的驱动力空间特征;运用2000年和2005年土地利用数据,结合CLUE-S模型,模拟不同预测方案下东辽河流域未来20a土地利用变化情况.在此基础上,应用SWAT模型分别对研究区2025年2种情景下非点源污染负荷进行模拟.结果表明:不同的土地利用条件下,情景2比情景1的多年平均径流减少了12.26mm、泥沙减少了8.4×103t、溶解态氮减少了8.29kg、有机氮减少了9.49kg、总氮减少了8.4kg、溶解态磷减少了8.61kg、有机磷减少了7.18kg、总磷减少了7.18kg,情景2比情景1更能有效的控制非点源污染.     

The use of rice crop residues as a non-commercial energy source in the developing world: The energy and environmental implications

The potential biomass energy that can be derived from the harvest of rice crop residues is calculated for three methods of crop production. The potential energy available amounts to 3.70 × 10¹⁰ J ha^?1 year^?1 for traditional methods, 7.93 × 10¹⁰ J for the labor-intensive and 8.36 × 10¹⁰ J for the capital-intensive methods. The net energy benefits available for cooking, heating and biogasification are calculated on a per hectare basis taking into account the costs of collection, transportation and processing. The amounts of energy available for cooking and heating range from 3.70 × 10⁹ to 8.33 × 10⁹ J ha^?1, and the amounts of energy for methanol use range from 1.85 × 10⁹ to 4.17 × 10⁹ J ha^?1 year^?1.The ecological problems associated with soil erosion, nutrient loss and pesticide use are evaluated in terms of the compensatory energy costs involved, and the resultant net energy balance for each method of rice production is calculated. The net energy available per hectare for the traditional method is 3.43 × 10¹⁰ J, for the labor-intensive method, 7.25 × 10¹⁰ J and for the capital-intensive method, 7.02 × 10¹⁰ J. The harvest of rice crop residues in the developing world could provide up to 5.80 × 10¹⁸ J year^?1.The use of rice crop residues is investigated within the context of the rural village energy system. The prospects for the use of rice crop residues are evaluated in relation to alternative energy sources and it is concluded that regional residue harvest programs should be implemented cautiously, integrating soil management and environmental planning procedures where appropriate.     

Analysis of the sustainability of reusing industrial wastes as energy source in the industrial sector of Taiwan

The objective of this paper was to provide a preliminary analysis of energy utilization from industrial waste in Taiwan, a densely populated island country with high dependence on imported energy. The discussion thus focused on the status of industrial waste generation and its management since the year 2002. This paper also presented the updated information about the new/revised regulations concerning the governmental regulations and policies for promoting industrial waste as energy source as well as controlling the emissions of hazardous air pollutants from industrial waste-to-energy facilities. It showed that the main types of combustible waste in the industrial sector of Taiwan include pulp sludge, scrap wood, sugarcane bagasse, textile sludge and scrap plastics, which were being reused as auxiliary fuel in the utilities (e.g., boiler and incinerator). Based on their reported quantities, the energy potential and the environmental benefit of mitigating CO₂ emissions were also analyzed in the study.     

近三十年中国非点源污染研究现状与未来发展方向探讨

非点源污染是我国面临的重要环境问题之一,其影响范围广,污染不易控制,因此受到研究者和管理者越来越多的关注.中国非点源污染研究呈起步晚、速度快、范围广的发展特点,近十年来相关论文发表已达到一定数量,但是现有研究多是针对非点源污染体系中某些方面进行探究,缺少从全国尺度和长时间序列角度对我国非点源污染研究现状的梳理和总结.本文从全球主要文献库中检索了1988—2018年我国非点源污染的相关文章,挑选出1354篇文章进行统计分析,对于年发文数量、研究区所属省份、研究区所属流域、研究对象和研究方法分别进行统计展示.对我国近三十年非点源污染研究现状与存在问题进行总结,其中农业非点源污染需要继续深入探究其机理,城市非点源污染研究深度不足,研究地区有较大差异,研究方法存在复杂性与实用性的矛盾.未来中国非点源污染研究仍会以农业和农村非点源为主要研究对象;城市非点源将得到进一步发展;非点源污染物的防治与利用将成为重要的研究目标和研究方向;在国家实施的长江大保护战略及黄河生态保护高质量发展战略中,非点源污染也是关键研究问题;全球变化对非点源污染的影响也将是未来研究不可忽视的问题.本文对近三十年中国非点源污染...     

发展核电对中国能源具有战略意义

我国未来能源供应面临三大挑战 党的十六大提出了全面建设小康社会和到2020年GDP产值比2000年翻两番的战略目标。按照这个目标进行我国未来的能源需求预测，结果表明到2010年一次能源需求总量将达到20．4亿吨标准煤，2020达到30．4亿吨标准煤。这样的预测结果要求在2001-2010年期间年均节能率必须达到2．2％，2010-2020年期间必须达到3％。     

核设施营运单位邻避问题应对策略研究

邻避问题激发的群体性事件是当前危险设施选址面临的主要问题,而核设施则是邻避设施中负外部性等级较高的一类设施.通过分析各行业邻避问题的九因素分析框架引入核设施邻避问题的研究,并结合国内外核行业和值得借鉴的非核行业典型案例进行分析,发现了影响邻避问题的核心要素包括程序公正、企业与政府公众形象、行业污名化倾向和补偿不合理等方面内容.核设施运营单位应在这些方面制定针对性策略和措施以减小邻避问题对核行业发展的影响.     

“截获未来”是为了可持续发展——法国国际环保工业展(Pollutec)与世界环保产业

如何在发展经济的同时保持生态体系的平衡?如何在工业化、城镇化的过程中维护、乃至优化生活环境、提高生活天然质量?如何继承前人生态遗产并为子孙后代的进一步发展预留广阔空间?这些都是当代人必须认真思考的问题,并需要我们提出具体的解决方案. 它山之石可以攻玉.中国的现代化进程就是中国对外开放度进一步提高、不断借鉴这个星球上现代化先行国家经验和教训的过程.在治理环境问题方面,我国也在不断地扩大与其他国家的交流,取长补短.交流是需要平台的,有影响的国际展览会就是促进交流的好平台,法国国际环保工业展览会(Pollutec)为其中之一.     

从油气资源状况论我国未来能源发展战略

我国油气可采资源量分别为140×10⁸t和9.3×10¹²m³,但与世界平均水平相比,我国油气资源却相对贫乏。目前,我国石油资源勘探程度较高,储量、产量增长的潜力有限,石油在未来一次能源消费中的比例只能略有上升,保持在25%～26%;而天然气资源勘探程度却很低,正处在高速发展阶段。天然气在未来一次能源消费中的比例有望较快增长,预计从2000年的2.5%上升到2015年的9.4%;与之对应,煤炭消费比例会有所下降,但不会改变煤炭在一次能源消费中的首要地位。为此,根据我国油气资源、能源消费和能源需求变化等特点,对未来能源发展战略提出5条建议:节能降耗,提高能源利用率,实施可持续发展战略;大力发展洁净煤技术;依靠科技进步,加大油气勘探开发力度,优化能源结构;实施“走出去”战略,积极参与国际油气市场;积极开发新能源,实现能源供应多元化。     

中国能源相关的氮氧化物排放现状与发展趋势分析

基于能源相关部门的活动水平和排放因子,建立了2000年和2005年中国分行业的氮氧化物(NOx)排放清单.基于能源预测,分析了在不同NOx控制方案下2010-2030年中国NOx的排放趋势.结果表明.我国2000年和2005年的NOx排放量分别为12.1×106t和19.1×106t;到2030年.基准情景下中国NOx排放量将达到35.4 ×106t,而在政策情景下,其排放总量可能控制在24.6×106-20.4×106t之间.     

Renewable energy resources and technologies in Nigeria: present situation, future prospects and policy framework

Nigeria is endowed with abundant energy resources, both conventional and renewable, whichprovide her with immense capacity to develop an effective national energy plan. However, introduction of renewable energyresources into the nation's energy mix have implications on itsenergy budget. The national energy supply system has been projected intothe future using MARKAL, a large scale linear optimization model.However, this model may not be absolutely representative of the highlynon-linear future of renewable energy. Results of the model reveal that under onlya least cost constraint, only large hydro power technology is the prominentcommercial renewable energy technology in the electricity supply mix of thecountry. Despite the immense solar energy potentials available, solar electricity generation is attractive only under severeCO2 emissions mitigation of the nation's energy supply system. Similarly, the penetration of small-scale hydro power technology in theelectricity supply mix is favoured only under CO₂ emissionsconstraints. Due to economy of scale, large hydropower technology takes the lion share of all the commercial renewableenergy resources share for electricity generation under any CO₂emissions constraint. These analyses reveal that some barriers exist to thedevelopment and penetration of renewable energy resources electricity production in Nigeria's energy supplysystem. Barriers and possible strategies to overcome them arediscussed. Intensive efforts and realistic approachtowards energy supply system in the country will have to be adopted inorder to adequately exploit renewable energy resources and technologiesfor economic growth and development.     

Simulating the future energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of Turkish cement industry up to 2030 in a global context

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Turkey ranked seventh among cement-producing countries in the world, and the country is also one of the extensive producers in the world...     

核事故环境紧急响应的风险研究

核电站必备的核安全应急响应行动计划只适用于针对小事故的场内应急和场外应急,随着一系列严重影响环境的超大级别核事故的接连发生,许多政府和学者越来越重视启动核事故环境紧急响应行动计划。本文针对核事故环境应急响应(EER)重要学术概念和关键技术进行了讨论,并对其数值模拟计算出现的难点问题进行了介绍,重点研究了各国专家在数值模拟这一学术领域的分歧,以更清楚地明确如何进行风险管理。最后,以1999年日本Tokaimura核电站事故的数值模拟为例,对核事故环境紧急响应的风险进行了研究,结果表明:核事故环境紧急响应存在的一个重要风险,即不同数值模拟预测结果出现分歧时的决策风险。