我国加大森林资源保护的力度

森林资源是林业的命根子 ,森林资源可持续经营是林业可持续发展的根本。森林资源的保护 ,关系到国土生态安全 ,关系到社会、经济、资源的协调发展 ,关系到林业发展的全局。当前 ,一些地方破坏森林资源的现象有所抬头 ,重大破坏森林资源案件呈上升趋势 ,森林资源保护管理形势严峻。据统计 ,今年 1— 5月 ,全国森林公安机关共受理森林刑事案件 5 681起 ,比去年同期上升了 5 9.5 %。其中重特大案件 162 6起 ,同比上升 117% ,造成林木损失 97.94万立方米 ,幼树损失 182 0万余株。这些数字令人触目惊心。近几年来 ,党中央、国务院和一些地方就森…     

四川森林资源的可持续发展

四川森林是我国三大林区之一“青藏高原东部林区”的重要组成部分，该区的森林植被是维系长江流域生态平衡的主要天然屏障。本区森林资源能否持续发展整关长江流域的生态安全。通过对四川森林资源的现状，特点和存在问题的分析表明，四川森林资源丰富，具很高的生物多样性，发展潜力大，是重要的生态屏障，但天然林多、人工林少、林地土中退化严重，资源分布不均，树种单一，森林结构不合理，引种与林副产品的开发也存在许多问题，经济、生态效益差，也是森林植被生态系统的脆弱区之一。要促进该省森林资源的可持续发展，保护其生物多样性，发挥潜力，增强生态屏障作用，必须走以保护为主，多渠道开发，经济与生态效益并重的综合发展之路。     

引入森林资源中介变量的林业产业与生态作用机理研究

经文献梳理后发现,在国内外林业产业与森林生态相互关系的研究中,存在撇开两者所处的森林资源环境而孤立地就两者关系论两者关系的缺陷。为此,引入森林资源环境中介变量,运用结构化的压力-状态-影响-响应(PSIR)和定量化的结构方程模型(SEM),确定了林业产业、森林资源环境与森林生态指标及其作用路径系数,据此定量测度了其相互作用程度,并揭示了其相互作用机理。首先,基于三者理论关系分别提出了林业产业通过森林资源环境对森林生态作用的研究假设模型SM_P和森林生态通过森林资源环境对林业产业作用的研究假设模型SM_C,并构建PSIR系统结构以选取其初始指标。其次,搜集相关数据,运用SEM对初始指标筛选获得最终指标,同时分别建立林业产业通过森林资源环境对森林生态作用的实证模型SEM_P和森林生态通过森林资源环境对林业产业作用的实证模型SEM_C以验证SMP和SM_C。最后,得到三者相互作用系数,定量测度了其相互作用程度,还揭示了其相互作用机理。研究表明:(1)林业产业、森林资源环境与森林生态两两相互影响,任何变量在另两个变量相互关系中发挥着部分中介作用且直接效应强度大于间接效应强度。(2)林业产业对森林生态、森林资源环境具有主导作用。(3)中国林业产业与森林生态相互关系正由恶性循环向良性互动过渡转化。(4)就目前数据计量所言,中国要达到林业生态安全和生态文明状态,还任重道远,亟需引起高度重视。未来本成果可用于林业生态安全和生态文明评价等研究,有利于深入探讨林业产业、森林资源环境与森林生态协调共生机制。     

我国森林资源资产产权制度存在的问题及对策研究

森林资源概念向森林资源资产概念的演进是可持续发展的客观要求，是人与自然关系逐渐从单纯索取向相互依存转变的实际表现。对森林资源资产产权制度的研究，对于优化森林资源资产配置，实现林业可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。研究认为我国森林资源资产产权制度的问题主要存在于产权意识、产权界定、产权管理和产权制度评价体系等方面上。在对其深层次原因和加剧“三农”问题严重性的负面影响作出分析的基础上，提出解决我国森林资源资产产权制度存在问题的对策：提高行为主体的产权意识和生态意识；重新对森林资源资产产权进行科学和系统的界定；明确森林资源资产产权主体的责权利边界；建立新型的适应社会主义市场经济发展要求的森林资源资产产权管理体制；健全森林资源资产产权变动管理制度；建立森林资源资产补偿机制；建立森林资源资产产权制度的动态评价体系。     

我国森林采伐限额政策评价

森林采伐限额是国家按照合理经营、永续利用的原则 ,对森林和林木实行限制采伐的最大控制指标 ,是《中华人民共和国森林法》明确规定的一项重要的法律制度。1985年以前 ,我国实行木材生产计划管理制度 ,其管理的主要目标是木材生产。由于实行以需定产 ,重采轻育 ,造成森林资源长期过伐 ,特别是东北内蒙古国有林区 ,可采资源面临枯竭。 1985年 1月 1日实施的《中华人民共和国森林法》明确规定 :国家根据用材林的消耗量低于生长量的原则 ,严格控制森林年采伐量。为贯彻执行《森林法》 ,林业部于 1985年 6月颁发了《制定年森林采伐限额暂行规定…     

森林资源-环境-经济复合大系统可持续发展优化模型及其应用

运用系统工程方法和大系统理论，分析区域性森林资源-环境-经济复合大系统（FREES）的结构与原理。在可持续发展的总体要求下，将森林资源、森林环境和林业经济三个子系统作为一个有机整体，构建基于ε-约束法的多目标优化模型，以及包含各子系统的目标函数模型、约束条件模型和关联模型在内的FREES大系统分解-协调优化模型。然后，将该模型用于江苏省FREES可持续发展优化问题，得出了具有实际指导意义的最优方案。     

森林采伐限额管理制度能否起到保护森林资源的作用

森林采伐限额管理制度已在我国实行30余年,其能否实现森林资源的永续增长是一个悬而未决且具有重要意义的理论命题。为此,本文在对森林采伐限额管理制度进行制度变迁分析的基础上,以其在1991年和2001年的制度改革为自然实验依据,通过精确断点回归模型估计出森林采伐限额管理制度变迁各阶段对森林资源的保护作用。研究结果表明:新中国成立以后我国森林采伐管制经历了"无管制"、"全面管制"、"分类管制"等三个阶段,政府管制强度总体呈现递增趋势。断点回归结果显示森林采伐限额管理制度的全面实施以及2001年的分类管制改革对有林地面积和森林蓄积量的影响均不显著,可见,1991年森林采伐限额管理制度在全国层面实施并没能起到保护森林资源的作用,2001年后国家加大采伐管制力度,即在加强公益林采伐管制的前提下,不断增加公益林区划面积的做法可能会造成森林资源遭受更严重的破坏。究其原因,主要是森林经营者在生存压力或经济激励下可采取"滥砍滥伐"或"俘获"政府等方式突破现有管制,政府一味的加大管制力度反而会进一步刺激森林经营者"超额"采伐行为。本文同时发现,自1991年以来我国有林地面积、活立木蓄积量大幅度的增加主要归功于重点工程造林项目在全国层面的实施。基于此,认为国家应在限额总量不变的前提下,弱化政府对采伐许可等管理制度的管制力度,并大力发展林区替代产业,降低森林经营者的山林依赖度,以期从本源上解决森林采伐限额管理制度失灵问题。     

山区生态环境恶化原因及解决途径

我国是个少林的国家,森林资源主要分布在东北、西南等地的山区,这些森林资源对于防止水土流失、保护生态环境起着非常重要的作用。然而,建国以后,我国山区的森林资源却遭到了很大破坏,山区生态环境也日趋恶化。本文即是从上述现实出发,分析了造成山区森林资源破坏和生态环境恶化的主要原因,探讨了怎样才能保护森林,保护好人类自己的家园。     

森林资源生态学的理论体系研究

自然资源生态学是一个研究较少涉及却又亟待建设的学科,本文通过研究森林资源生态学的理论体系,试图为自然资源生态学学科体系的构建提供范例。作者认为,森林资源生态学是研究森林资源与其所处环境之间关系的学科,其理论体系至少应包括以下部分,即森林资源的定义和分类、调查与评估、森林资源的国际和地区分布、森林资源的生态作用和影响因素、森林资源的微观经营和宏观调控等。在对上述各部分内容进行简要论述的基础上,作者提出了现今森林资源生态学研究的前沿问题,包括森林资源的价值评估、森林资源的空间流动、森林资源在全球变化背景下的变化趋势、林业政策对森林资源的影响等。     

海南省森林生态补偿机制的社会经济影响分析

建立森林生态补偿机制能够部分或全都地实现森林生态效益的价值，体现出利益相关者之间的平等性，动员全社会参与森林生态系统的保育，更好地加强森林可持续经营的能力。本研究以海南省为案例，从居民问卷分析和机构调查分析入手，分析生态公益林区的生态环境和社会经济影响，讨论建立海南省生态补偿的管理机制。研究表明，大多数农户对生态补偿机制持赞同态度。从总体上看，生态补偿机制的建立对改善生态环境起到了很大的作用，但是农户得到森林生态补偿较低，难以有效地提高农户的生活水平。通过案例研究发现，林业管理机构和居民面临的共同困难是资金不足，由此带来生态公益林保护与周边地区经济发展之间的矛盾，表现为保护与地区经济收入的冲突，耕地面积减少与剩余劳动力的矛盾。在案例研究结果的基础上，探讨海南省森林生态补偿机制的核心问题，提出了海南省森林生态补偿机制的初步设想，包括科学制定地方性生态补偿标准、构建高效的地方管理机构，提高社区能力建设以及扩展生态补偿多元化融资渠道等。     

Co-Partnership in Forest Management: The Gwira-Banso Joint Forest Management Project in Ghana

The involvement of local communities, as well as the private sector and the government in forest management is now an important principle of tropical forestry policy and practice and a major component of most international forestry aid programmes. This paper present an analysis on the Joint Forest Management Project initiated by two timber companies (Ghana Primewood Products Ltd and Dalhoff Larsen & Horneman) in collaboration with local people in Gwira-Banso of Ghana. Conditions required for enhancing responsibility for and commitment to local forest management, and for an effective local participatory process were also analysed. The study began with the premise that incentives and good communication will enhance participation in joint forest management.The assumption was valid and the results from the survey showed that five broad issues prioritised by respondents to be essential for co-partnership in forest management are communication, financial support, tree planting, multiple land use and benefit sharing. The Project enjoys a great deal of support from the local community, but a number of factors make the continued support of local people a challenging task, including questions of immediate livelihood sources and tenure arrangements. Although this participatory forest management has been implemented over a relatively short period, there is evidence that government and private sectors can successfully involve local people in sustainable management of the forests.     

三峡库区森林植被恢复与可持续经营研究

系统的野外调查数据和历史资料分析结果表明,三峡库区森林植被在空间上发展不均匀,无明显垂直分带,且分布分散,人为干扰严重。目前,在70多个植被类型中,森林类型占25个,江岸两侧海拔800 m以下地区森林已经很少。森林类型中,马尾松、柏木林的分布面积最大,并在许多疏林中成为主要树种,主要是飞播或人工种植。库区大于25°的坡耕地占耕地面积的17.5％。库区薪炭林仅能满足农村用能总需求量的10.78％。不合理的土地利用方式和对森林的不合理砍伐导致脆弱的土壤系统和森林生态系统的严重退化、生产力下降和严重的水土流失。库区土壤年侵蚀量达到2.9亿t。三峡工程建设和移民安置对库区森林生态系统的压力和影响将是长期的。调查结果同时表明,库区植物生物多样性丰富,植物种类在5 032种以上,而且乡土树种多。分析认为,只要抓住三峡工程建设的契机,紧密结合国家天然林保护和退耕还林工程建设,充分利用良好的生物学基础,科学地封山育林,分带逐步恢复,同时,因地制宜,退耕还林,发展森林能源,建设多目标复合和多种模式并存的林业经营体系,发展经济,就能从根本上改善森林经营环境,实现森林恢复,形成合理布局的水库森林防护系统,促进三峡库区生态环境建设和可持续发展。     

Agroforestry as a sustainable landuse option in degraded tropical forests: a study from Bangladesh

The tropical deciduous forest in Bangladesh provides a substantial part of country’s forest and where the government has introduced participatory agroforestry landuse. This study examined management issues, financial viability, and environmental as well as social sustainability of this landuse system. The forest department allocated a plot of size 1.0 ha among the selected participants where they were allowed to practice agriculture as well as to plant tree species for 10 years. The financial indicators indicated that the landuse system was profitable and attractive [net present value (NPV) = US$ 17,710 and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) = 4.12]. It was also viable and suitable from the social and environmental stand points. The study concluded that under the present environmental and socio-economic scenario, this production system could be the best management tool that would earn money, stop forest degradation, and finally be a model of sustainable land management in an overpopulated country.     

Non-timber forest products certification in India: opportunities and challenges

Forest certification has emerged as a marketing tool for linking the good forest management practices with the environmentally conscious consumers. Its genesis can be attributed to the society’s concern for the social and environmental significance of forests. Forest management certification when coupled with the chain-of-custody certification; then, the supply chain stages for such forest products can carry an ecolabel. Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are of socio-economic and cultural importance for the forest dwelling communities, particularly for the tropical countries like India. India is home to an amazing diversity of plants, with over 46,000 plant species recorded to occur there. NTFP’s availability, utilization, commercialization, exploitation, management practices, policies and tenure systems in different parts of India have high diversity and variability. There is concern, however, that collection methods for most of NTFP species are destructive and wild populations are declining as a result. Thus, the harvest of NTFPs is coming under increasing scrutiny from certification programmes, as it plays a key role in the sustainable management of forest resources and community benefit worldwide. Thus, the present research paper highlights the issues relevant to certification of NTFPs in India, based on more than a decadal experience in dealing with this subject at Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal.     

Role of remote sensing and community forestry to manage forests for the effective implementation of REDD+ mechanism: a case study on Cambodia

In this study, we have shown the importance of remote sensing applications and community forestry for forest management, discussed as a case study on Cambodian forest management. Curbing deforestation is necessary for the effective implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forests Degradation (REDD+) mechanism and management of forest resources to support sustainable forest management plans. The updated information of the forest cover and forest biomass using advanced remote sensing techniques can be useful for selecting the suitable sites for planned thinning, reforestation, community forestry, and concession land, which eventually will help in controlling the deforestation in Cambodia. To overcome the limitations of remote sensing, an integrated approach of remote sensing and community forestry to monitor forests from local to national level has also been discussed.     

低价林概念商榷

生态系统服务功能已成为生态学及相关领域关注的焦点,人类渴望高效优质的生态系统服务功能。由于种种原因形成了大量的不符合人们经营要求的低价林,它们的生态系统服务功能低下,在很大程度上影响和制约着我国林业乃至社会与经济的可持续发展,低价林问题已引起了人们的普遍关注。目前在学术研究领域和生产实践中,关于低价林方面的称法或概念很多,很不规范,不统一,这也在一定程度上造成了当前低价林的相关研究和实践中较混乱的局面,也严重影响了相关方面的学术交流等活动。针对低价林领域概念比较混乱,不规范,不统一的现状,从森林经营目标的角度定义了低价林概念：把那些由于种种原因引起的没有达到主要经营目标的林分统称为低价林。参照我国林种的划分给出了低价林分类系统;低价林的命名应遵循“（优势）树种－低价－林种”方法。     

Sustainable forest management in a mountain region in the Central Western Carpathians,northeastern Slovakia: the role of climate change

European forestry is facing many challenges, including the need to adapt to climate change and an unprecedented increase in forest damage. We investigated these challenges in a Norway spruce-dominated mountain region in Central Europe. We used the model Sibyla to explore forest biomass production to the year 2100 under climate change and under two alternative management systems: the currently applied management (CM), which strives to actively improve the forest’s adaptive capacity, and no management (NM) as a reference. Because biodiversity is thought to have mostly positive effects on the adaptive capacity of forests and on the quality of ecosystem services, we explored how climate change and management affect indicators of biodiversity. We found a differential response across the elevation-climatic gradient, including a drought-induced decrease in biomass production over large areas. With CM, the support of non-spruce species and the projected improvement of their growth increased tree species diversity. The promotion of species with higher survival rates led to a decrease in forest damage relative to both the present conditions and NM. NM preserved the high density of over-matured spruce trees, which caused forest damage to increase. An abundance of dead wood and large standing trees, which can increase biodiversity, increased with NM. Our results suggest that commercial spruce forests, which are not actively adapted to climate change, tend to preserve their monospecific composition at a cost of increased forest damage. The persisting high rates of damage along with the adverse effects of climate change make the prospects of such forests uncertain.     

Sustainable forest management in Iran: a factor analysis

Since 1996, several Forest Resources Management Plans (FRMPs) have been launched by the Iranian government in order to approach sustainable forest management in the Zagros area in west and south-west Iran. This survey study aimed to provide some policy recommendations in order to launch more successful FRMPs. Using a proportional cluster random sampling method, data were collected from 208 forest-dwellers (beneficiaries) and 90 practitioners. The results showed that the FRMPs are far from satisfactory. There are several reasons for this failure. First, the financial resources allocated to these plans are being used for other purposes. Second, the inputs and supplies needed for effective forest management interventions were not in place in a timely manner. Third, the forest management in the area is far from being decentralized. Both the beneficiaries and practitioners believe that forest-dwellers play a weak role in forest management interventions. Factor analysis revealed that three main factors influencing the Zagros management effectiveness are “the management capabilities of forest-dwellers”, “the professional capabilities of practitioners in forest management”, and “public support for forest-dwellers”. The correlation analysis revealed that all the three factors are also positively and significantly associated with the success of the government’s forestry programs. Accordingly, the main recommendation of this study was to reformulate forest management policies in the Zagros area by highlighting participatory approaches, not only as a tool, but also as a goal of FRMPs.     

森林经营对三峡库区生态环境的影响研究

三峡库区的山地生态系统具有先天脆弱性,人类活动对生态环境的影响强烈,农业生态系统抗逆力差,森林景观破碎化。作为陆地生态系统的主体,持续经营的森林成为维持区域生态平衡的关键因素。开展森林经营对库区生态环境的影响研究,必须从持续发展思想出发,以景观生态学理论为指导原则,采用生态规划的方法,借助遥感（ＲＳ）、全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）、地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）技术。在研究内容的选择上,应集中于森林经营的指导原