Effects of simulated acid rain on root growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba saplings planted in acidified soil

Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO3- fertilization effect was discovered.     

模拟酸雨对马尾松和杉木幼树的影响

本实验模拟酸雨pH值为6.63(对照),4.5,3.0和2.0。实验结果表明,杉木针叶汁液pH值和土壤pH值随模拟酸雨pH值下降而降低,土壤比叶汁液更容易被酸化,也更难恢复。模拟酸雨对马尾松和杉木单位叶干重净光合速率影响不显著,最高酸度的模拟酸雨由于减少光合组织而显著降低单株净光合速率。模拟酸雨显著增大了马尾松和杉木呼吸速率。模拟酸雨对茎生物量没有影响,主根和叶生物量有减少的趋势,但不显著,须根生物量有显著减少,模拟酸雨抑制植物生长的机制是增大呼吸速率使物质消耗增加和减少光合组织,导致物质生产减少。     

模拟酸雨对北亚热带天然次生林土壤呼吸的影响

于2009年3月～2010年1月在南京市郊龙王山北亚热带天然次生林进行模拟酸雨试验,以便携式土壤CO2通量观测仪对不同酸雨强度处理下的林地土壤呼吸速率进行原位测定,研究酸雨对森林土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明,在本试验阶段,4个酸雨强度处理CK(pH值6.4,去离子水)、T1(pH值4.5)、T2(pH值3.5)、T3(pH值2.5)的平均土壤呼吸速率分别为(3.20±0.21)、(3.34±0.30)、(3.51±0.06)、(2.99± 0.23)μmol/(m2·s),酸雨各处理的土壤呼吸季节变化规律显著.由于森林植被生长期季节变化明显,将其分为非生长季1(2~4月)、生长季(5~10月)、非生长季2(11月~次年1月)3个阶段.配对t检验分析各阶段土壤呼吸速率的结果表明,在非生长季1,模拟酸雨未抑制土壤呼吸作用,T1和T2酸雨处理反而促进了土壤呼吸作用;在生长季,高强度模拟酸雨T3显著抑制了土壤呼吸作用;在非生长季2,也出现了模拟酸雨促进土壤呼吸作用的现象;对于整个观测阶段而言,低强度模拟酸雨处理未显著改变北亚热带天然次生林的土壤呼吸,仅高强度模拟酸雨T3显著抑制了土壤呼吸作用.不同酸雨强度处理下的土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的指数回归关系均达显著水平(P<0.01),CK、T1、T2、T3处理的Q10值分别为3.04,2.73,2.83,2.51,模拟酸雨处理降低了北亚热带天然次生林土壤呼吸的温度敏感性.     

模拟酸雨对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性的影响及机理

通过恒温恒湿连续培养的方法,研究了外源酸雨对土壤pH值、酸性磷酸酶活性的影响,同时运用紫外差光谱和荧光光谱对其机理进行了探讨.结果表明,酸雨通过改变土壤pH值而影响酶活性,pH6.66的近中性土壤酶活性呈现激活-抑制的变化过程;而pH4.61的酸性土壤酶活性持续下降.溶液构象研究表明,pH值是通过改变酶的肽链构象、氨基酸残基微环境而影响其活性的.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on the injury and physiological responses of crops

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模拟酸雨对钝化剂修复镉污染土壤效果研究

采用土柱试验和盆栽试验方法,研究模拟酸雨淋溶和水淋溶1a期间,海泡石、生物炭和有机肥对四川(SC)和湖南(HN)镉(Cd)污染农田土壤稳定效果及小白菜富集Cd的影响.结果表明:与水淋溶相比,酸雨淋溶降低SC和HN土壤淋出液pH值,增加淋出液电导率(EC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和Cd含量,其中SC和HN土壤淋出液Cd含...     

贵州典型森林群落植物冠层叶片遭受酸雨直接伤害的模拟实验与效应分析

在贵州龙里地区开展降雨连续监测,依据监测结果,配置不同pH值梯度的模拟酸雨;选择杨梅、油茶等10种贵州典型森林群落优势种,对植物叶片开展模拟酸雨喷淋试验;并利用便携式光合仪LI-6400观测喷淋前后叶片的光合作用,研究酸雨对贵州典型森林群落植物叶片的直接伤害作用.实验结果显示:①pH值5.0和4.0的模拟酸雨基本不会影响供试树种冠层叶片的光合作用;pH值3.0的模拟酸雨使小果红椿、枫树冠层叶片的净光合作用速率不同程度地升高,升高率为11.03%和0.62%,其他树种效果不明显;②pH值2.0的模拟酸雨使供试树种冠层叶片的净光合作用速率降低,其中小果红椿、枫树、白栗和香叶树尤为明显,降低率为28.32%、30.32%、12.21%和11.37%;pH值2.0的模拟酸雨使小果红椿叶片出现可见直接伤害,叶缘和脉间出现黄白色斑点,有穿孔,其他树种未发现可见直接伤害症状.研究表明,研究区典型森林群落植物叶片出现可见直接伤害的酸雨pH值阈值在2.0～3.0之间;同时,在酸雨对叶片造成可见直接伤害之前,存在隐性直接伤害,对叶片造成隐性直接伤害的酸雨pH值阈值为3.0.依据试验结果,从研究区监测数据分析,目前酸雨对该区植物冠层叶片的直接伤害有限.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on fertility of litchi

The regulatory role of calcium in fertility of pollen and pistil under simulated acid rain was investigated. The germination percentage of pollen treated with acid rain of pH 4.5 was 9.42% lower than that of control, and that of pH 3.5, pH 2.5 and pH 1.5 were 22.47%, 45.49% and 71.62%, respectively. Simultaneously, the injury character of pollen was obviously observed when flowers were treated with acid rain of pH 3.5. The difference in fruit setting rate between the female flower treated with acid rain of pH 4.0 and the control was significant at p 〈 0.05. Ca（NO3 ）5 of 0.2-0.4 mmol/L could promote pollen germination under the stress of acid rain. The beneficial function was reduced when calcium concentration surpassed 0.8 mmol/L. Spraying 2 mmol/L Ca（NO3 ）5 reduced the injury of acid rain to pistil and increased fruit-setting rate significantly. The physiological importance of calcium during pollen germination and pistil development was also discussed.     

模拟酸雨对不同pH值土壤农田系统暗呼吸的影响

为研究酸雨对不同pH值土壤农田系统呼吸的影响,选择酸性(pH 5.48)、中性(pH 6.70)、碱性(pH 8.18)水稻土,以冬小麦为实验对象在2005~2007年期间进行了盆栽实验.种植期间利用雨水T1(pH 6.0)、T2(离子浓度为T1的2倍,pH 6.0)、T3(离子浓度为T1的2倍,pH 4.4)进行喷淋,并采用静态暗箱-气相色谱技术测定农田系统暗呼吸速率.结果表明,酸雨通过影响农作物的呼吸过程而对农田系统暗呼吸产生影响,且农田系统可适应酸雨污染.2005~2006年,酸雨提高了碱性土壤(S3)农田系统平均暗呼吸速率,S3T3分别比S3T1、S3T2高23.6%2、7.6%(p<0.05),但对酸性土壤(S1)和中性土壤(S2)农田系统平均暗呼吸速率无显著影响(p>0.05).在3~4月,雨水离子浓度升高可促进酸性土壤农田系统暗呼吸,雨水pH值降低可抑制酸性土壤农田系统暗呼吸.结果证实,在酸雨对农田系统暗呼吸影响过程中,土壤酸碱性、农作物发挥了重要作用.     

Effects of acid rain on forest ecosystem in Southwestern China

The study of effects of acid rain in Southwestern China on forest ecosystems .has been inrestigated since 1984. The results have shown that the ecosystem of Pinus massoniana forest has been damaged severely by acid rain. Comparing the areas where the annual mean pH value is lower than 4.5 with that higher than 4.5, the productivity of the ecosystems decreased 50 percent. Both the percentages of the green leaves and the content of chlorophyll cut down; the acidity of soil increased a bit and the fertility showed the tendency to lower. The microbial population components in surface soil were changed and the total number of soil microbes reduced from 63.5 to 92.6 percent. Besides the direct effects of acid rain, the insect pest, especially, Blastophagus piniperdoz and Monochamus galloprovincialis, seized the opportunity to enter and reproduce in it so as to aggravate the forest dieback of P.massoniana in the areas where the annual average pH value is lower than 4.5.Additionally, the simulation study on the     

模拟酸雨影响下红壤中硼的释放特征

为了探明酸雨对红壤中硼释放的影响,了解土壤缺硼机制,采用室内模拟酸雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了酸雨作用下红壤中硼的释放特征.结果表明,酸雨加速了红壤中硼的淋溶损失.酸雨作用下红壤中硼的释放随淋溶量的变化具有初期阶段减小,中期阶段显著增大和后期阶段又减小的阶段性特点.模拟酸雨的pH值越低,硼的释放量越高.酸雨对硼释放的这种促进作用,一般表现为中期阶段的影响要大于初期和后期阶段的影响.淋出液中硼含量的动态变化与pH值的变化成负相关关系.供试土壤不同,硼的释放强度和释放特征存在一定的差异性,硼的释放强度和特点明显受土壤硼的背景值和土壤对酸缓冲能力的影响.     

Study on the toxicity of acid rain to microbiota in soils

With simulated acid rain and acidification, the soils from both Nanning and Liuzhou municipalities, Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region have been studied to determine the counts of azotobacter, bacteria, actinomyces and the activity of urease in soils, and the changes in respiratory intensity of soil so as to identify the toxicity of acidic substances to microbiota and enzyme in such soils. The concept of the critical pH of toxicity has been developed and used to discuss the representation of the concept, the basis on which the soil treated with simulated acid rain can be taken as an object of study, and the criteria for the identification of toxicity. Based on that as mentioned above, it was found that acid rain behaved to have toxicity to the microbiota in soils from Liuzhou other than from Nanning. The findings may be regarded as an objective basis to study the toxicity of acidic substances to microbiota and enzyme in soils in this region.     

模拟酸雨对砂浆影响的研究

建立了周期浸泡法和喷淋试验法等两种加速腐蚀试验方法,并分别研究Ph为5.6、3.5和Ph为1.0、S²₄-为0、0.06、0.1、0.2mol/L六种模拟酸雨对砂浆的影响。研究结果表明：砂浆受蚀后强度降低,其下降的程度与材料中CaO和SO₃/CaO的比值成二元线性关系;酸雨中＋的侵蚀将使材料中CaO、MgO、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃组分流失,H⁺.和SO的协同作用,使材料中的SO₃/CaO的比值增大;受蚀后的砂浆其物相发生较大的变化,变化趋势是原［CaNa］［SiAI］₄0₈、KAISi₃0₈、0.62NaAISi_{208·0.38CaAl2等矿物晶体逐渐消失,而转化成CaSO4·2H2O、CaAl2i2O8、Ca－Fe－Al－S－Si－O,甚至体积更大的Ca3Al6O12·CaSO4。因此,酸雨对砂浆的影响,主要是H⁺侵蚀引起的溶解腐蚀和SO²4-侵蚀引起的膨胀腐蚀。}     

模拟酸雨对烤烟叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以烤烟为供试材料,采用土培盆栽的方法研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨(pH5.6、pH4.5、pH4.0、pH3.5、pH3.0、pH2.5、pH2.0)对烤烟叶片叶绿素含量、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:pH≥3.5处理的轻度酸雨对烤烟Chl.a含量影响不大,但pH≤3.5处理烤烟叶片Chl.b和总叶绿素含量显著下降.pH≤2.5模拟酸雨使烤烟叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Ls)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶面饱和蒸气压力亏缺(VPD)显著降低,使烤烟叶片的气孔限制值(Ls)和潜在水分利用效率(WUEi)显著升高,模拟酸雨使pH2.0处理烤烟叶片的蒸腾速率(Tr)和pH2.5处理的瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)显著降低.pH≥3.5处理的光合有效量子产量(EQY)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭(qP)与对照差异不大,但pH≤3.0处理明显降低;烤烟叶片的非光化学猝灭呈先升高后降低趋势,pH≥3.5处理的非光化学猝灭(NPQ)明显高于pH≤3.0处理.     

模拟酸雨对太湖地区土壤-植物系统中铜的化学行为的影响

以太湖地区两种典型的水稻土（乌泥土和白土）为供试土壤，在盆栽条件下种植多年生黑麦草，并配制不同pH值的模拟酸雨浇灌。通过多次刈割鲜草，研究模拟酸雨对土壤－植物系统中铜的化学行为的影响。结果表明：对植物体内铜含量的影响是模拟酸雨和“稀释效应”两种影响综合作用的结果。试验初期，表现为处理黑麦草体内铜含量低于对照；随收割茬次的增加，表现出随处理pH的降低，黑麦草体内铜含量的增加，且对缓冲能力弱的白土影响强度大于缓冲能力较强的乌泥土；对土壤pH有明显影响，随模拟酸雨作用时间增长，土壤pH下降，其降幅随处理pH的降低而增大；模拟酸雨主要影响交换态铜，表现为随处理pH的降低交换态铜的分配系数增高，在处理pH＝3．0时影响到碳酸盐结合态铜，只有强酸化条件下（处理pH＝2．0）才影响到铁锰氧化物结合态铜，对有机物结合态及残渣态铜几乎无影响。     

模拟酸雨对水稻叶片荧光光谱特性的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了不同pH值的模拟酸雨对水稻叶片荧光光谱特性的影响。结果表明,高酸度的酸雨对450nm处的峰强以及685nm和740nm处的峰强比值产生较为明显的影响,且该影响随水稻生育期而变化,这揭示出利用激光诱导荧光技术监测酸雨影响作物生长的可行性     

不同类型模拟酸雨对油菜营养品质的影响

采用完全随机区组设计方法,在大田试验条件下研究了混合模拟酸雨(MAR)、硫酸模拟酸雨(SAR)和硝酸模拟酸雨(NAR)对油菜营养品质的影响作用及其机制,旨在为防治酸雨对我国农业生产的影响提供科学依据.试验结果表明,在弱酸性条件下,3种不同类型酸雨均能促进油菜籽总游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白质的合成,而在强酸性条件下,NAR和MAR对以上2种组分会有较强的抑制作用,且以NAB的抑制作用较明显.3种不同类型模拟酸雨作用下,油菜籽粗脂肪含量随着pH值的上升呈先增加后下降的变化趋势,其中在较强酸性条件下NAB和MAR即能抑制作物粗脂肪的合成,而SAR的影响明显不及前两者.随着酸雨酸度的增强,3种不同酸雨均能使油菜籽硫苷总量持续增加,且在较强酸性条件下NAB和MAR的促进作用影响较大.3种不同类型酸雨均能一定程度地降低作物油酸含量,但NAB在pH≤4.1时能较大地促进亚油酸、亚麻酸和芥酸的合成,从而使作物品质下降.     

模拟酸雨和Zn复合污染对蚕豆生长及其生理生化特性的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了模拟酸雨和Zn复合污染对蚕豆生长及其生理生化特性的影响．结果表明,与对照相比,在酸雨和Zn复合污染下,蚕豆株高和叶绿素均有不同程度的下降;蚕豆叶和根中的MDA含量上升,SOD活性下降,POD活性则是先升后降．MDA含量和SOD活性变化能较好地反映蚕豆受酸雨和Zn污染的状况．同时,酸雨和Zn的复合污染比其中任何一种单一污染对蚕豆造成的伤害更严重．     

模拟酸雨对峨眉山土壤缓冲能力与冷杉生长的关系

通过采用模拟酸雨对土壤的静态和动态淋溶试验,比较了峨眉山冷杉生长状况不同区域的土壤样品的缓冲能力,并与未受酸沉降侵蚀、冷杉生长良好且与峨眉山海拔相近的贡嘎山土壤作为对照点,研究和分析了各不同区域土壤随模拟酸雨pH值变化而改变的情况,以及土壤中可交换阳离子在受到酸沉降侵蚀时,其阳离子溶出总量情况,揭示了峨眉山土壤对酸沉降的缓冲能力与冷杉生长间的关系。     

Sensitivity of soils to acid rain in South China

This paper deals with the sensitivity of soils to acid rain in 5 provinces, South China. Based on field work and literature, and taking soil pH, CEC, and the types of residua into account, the authors classified the sensitivity into 4 categories: highly sensitive, sensitive, slightly sensitive, and non-sensitive. By overlapping the maps of soil pH, CEC, and types of residua, the map of soil sensitivity in South China has finally resulted.The authors try to summarize the regularity of soil sensitivity to acid rain in this area. The sensitivity of different soil types in the studied area has also discussed.The seriousness and its prospects of acid rain in this area have been pointed out in order to draw the attention of relevant authorities.