Enzymatic treatment of sanitary landfill leachate

The objective of this investigation was to study the effectiveness of applying enzymes (bioaugmentation) for enhancement of biological treatability of leachates generated in a typical municipal solid waste sanitary landfill. The basic purpose of enzyme use is to enforce the biodecomposition of organic constituents, as well as to reduce nitrogen content. A laboratory-scale sequencing batch (bio)reactor (SBR) was used for the examination of enzymatic application. The effect of different operation strategies on the efficiency of this biological treatment process was studied to optimize performance, especially for the removal of nitrogen compounds and of biodegradable organic matter. It was found that the enzymatic process was able to remove organic matter effectively (expressed as BOD5 and COD) and nitrogen content, color and turbidity.     

The organic geochemistry of a sanitary landfill leachate plume

Leachate from the North Bay municipal landfill has contaminated an unconfined, sandy aquifer throughout the 700 m flow system from the site to a discharge zone at a creek. The major organic contaminants identified are aromatic hydrocarbons, especially substituted benzenes. The high groundwater velocity of about 75 m yr⁻¹ and the low organic sorption properties of the sand have permitted non-transformed contaminants to spread throughout the total flow system. There is considerable temporal and spatial variability in groundwater chemistry.Most of the aqueous organic carbon has a nominal molecular weight of <2000 and the general decrease in the mass of this fraction relative to Cl indicates it is being mineralized significantly during transport. IR spectra indicate a general trend of increased aromaticity and decreased OH content of organic matter along the flow system. The aqueous organic matter has a significant apparent complexing capacity and so it is somewhat surprising that toxic metal concentrations in leachate-impacted groundwaters are low. In the leachate plume, this complexing capacity is taken up by major cations and H⁺ and to a far lesser extent by toxic metals such as Pb, Cd or Zn.Dispersion is clearly responsible for considerable decrease in contaminant concentration along the flow system. Biotransformation under strictly anaerobic conditions has probably caused 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene to be restricted to the immediate vicinity of the landfill. A simple method of comparing the concentrations of pairs of organics at points along the flow system provides relative transformation rates for pairs of organics even with variable inputs from the landfill and dispersive dilution. Relative to ethylbenzene, o-xylene is rapidly lost from this system. O-xylene may be less persistent than m- or p-xylene; a result unexpected from previous studies of these dimethylbenzenes. In the initial, strictly anarobic segment of the flow system 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and 1,4-dichlorobenzene are equally persistent, but in the final, less anaerobic segment, the former appears to be degraded more rapidly than the latter.Contaminant distributions in aquifers reflect the results of a number of processes integrated in a complex manner and so are difficult to interpret in terms of specific processes. However, they do provide evidence for what processes are most significant in real groundwater systems and they will also provide critical tests of how well laboratory-derived information relates to real groundwater contamination situations.     

利用水泥处理垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水的研究

利用水泥的表面吸附和水化反应性质处理垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水可以取得很好的效果,COD的去除率可达69.5%.处理效果与水灰比、反应时间密切相关,低水灰比和较长反应时间对COD的去除更为有利.对处理前后水样的COD和TOC分析表明,水泥对非TOC贡献的COD有很强的去除效果.     

某生活垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液的梯度分离与表征

目前,渗滤液中污染物的粒度分布及其在渗滤液污染控制中的作用日益受到关注。通过系列微滤膜(1.2μm及0.45μm)对某生活垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液各处理单元的渗滤液进行梯度分离,发现悬浮物对COD、浊度的影响较大;COD主要在胶体态和可溶解态间分配,不同渗滤液中的分配情况不同;磷主要与胶体、悬浮物以各种形式结合而存在;细胶粒和溶解态等小分子对TN的贡献大;不同粒度物质对pH的影响不明显;总残渣在可溶态组分中所占比例较大。膜微滤处理渗滤液可以有效的去除一部分物质,使COD、TP、TN、浊度、电导率都有不同程度的降低,pH逐渐升高,但对总N、残渣的去除效果不好。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤水的处理技术

综述了垃圾填埋场渗滤水的生物处理、物化处理、土地处理等技术。特别对渗滤水的生物处理进行了较详细的讨论。     

改良型慢滤池处理垃圾渗滤液

为了对慢滤池处理垃圾渗滤液工艺的基本参数进行研究,实验采用改良的小试规模的慢滤池模型,处理来自济南生活垃圾卫生填埋场中后期年龄段高浓度的垃圾渗滤液。重点考察活性炭粉末添加层的厚度、细粗滤料配比以及滤料层上部水层的高度等诸多因素对系统去除污染物效果的影响。实验结果表明,在垃圾渗滤液经过预处理进入慢滤池系统之后,此时调节细粗滤料配比例为2,水层高度为30 cm,活性炭粉末添加层厚度为1 cm,使得系统对各种污染的整体去除效果较好。此时,氨氮、总磷、浊度、色度和COD的去除率分别为75%、65%、90%、97%和81%。     

生物增效结合SBR-AO处理垃圾渗滤液

在渗滤液处理现场进行了生物增效结合SBR-AO处理垃圾渗滤液的中试实验,对试验各段和整体工艺的运行条件和处理能力进行了测试分析:SBR段经过生物增效后,对NH3-N和BOD5的去除率分别达到89.0%和80.8%,明显优于未增效前的去除率。AO段试验结果显示,O池DO达到3.0 mg/L以上,经过生物增效可达最大NH3-N去除能力;A池硝化液回流比R值达到1.2时,系统的脱氮能力最大,而R值在0.4之内时,系统的去除COD能力达到最大。整体运行结果显示,当SBR-AO系统以脱氮为目的,系统对NH3-N的去除率可达98.8%,对TN的去除率可达82.6%;当SBR-AO系统以去除COD为目的,BOD5去除率可达94.0%,COD的去除率68.0%。     

IC厌氧反应器处理垃圾渗滤液

在(35±1)℃条件下,采用IC厌氧反应器对天津大港垃圾焚烧厂垃圾渗滤液进行处理,研究了COD的去除效果、容积负荷、沼气产量和污泥的颗粒化,分析了循环比、上升流速对反应器的影响.结果表明,厌氧反应器经60 d的启动运行后,达到300 m3/d的设计水量,进水容积负荷达到17.7 kg COD/(m3·d),水力停留时间3.7 d,COD去除率高于80%,出水挥发酸(VFA)低于1 500 mg/L,平均每去除1 kg COD 产沼气0.42 m3,适宜的上升流速和循环比为2.0~5.0 m/h、8:1~20:1.启动结束后,厌氧消化污泥明显出现颗粒化,颗粒污泥的沉降速度达到了67.5~96.0 m/h,0.3~1.0 mm的颗粒污泥量占有74%.     

混凝沉淀-Fenton-NaClO氧化深度处理垃圾渗滤液

用混凝沉淀-Fenton-NaClO氧化联合深度处理垃圾渗滤液,利用单因素变量法得出:混凝实验在PFS投加量为1.2g/L、pH=6、搅拌时间为30min的条件下进行,COD、氨氮和色度的去除率分别达到56.60%、15.62%和56.52%;混凝出水在初始pH为4、H2O2投加量为80mmol/L、n(H2O2)∶n(F2+)比为1∶1、反应时间为60min的条件下进行Fenton氧化,COD、氨氮和色度的去除率分别达到71.38%、21.43%和95.24%;Fenton氧化出水在pH为6、NaClO投加量为60mmol/L、反应时间为60min的条件下进行NaClO氧化,COD和氨氮去除率分别为83.42%和99.57%;联合工艺COD、氨氮和色度去除率分别为96.68%、99.69%和98.04%,出水浓度分别为63mg/L、0.47mg/L和18倍,均可满足《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准(GB16889-2008)》中规定的排放标准。     

Comparison of two biological treatment processes using attached-growth biomass for sanitary landfill leachate treatment

The objective of this investigation was to compare two biological systems using attached-growth biomass, for treatment of leachates generated in a typical municipal solid waste sanitary landfill. A moving-bed biofilm process, which is a relatively new type of biological treatment system, has been examined. It is based on the use of small, free-floating polymeric (polyurethane) elements, while biomass is being grown and attached as biofilm on the surface of these porous carriers. A granular activated carbon (GAC) moving-bed biofilm process was also tested. This method combines both physico-chemical and biological removal mechanisms for the removal of pollutants. The presence of GAC offers a suitable porous media, which is able to adsorb both organic matter and ammonia, as well as to provide an appropriate surface onto which biomass can be attached and grown. A laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used for the examination of both carriers. The effects of different operation strategies on the efficiency of these biological treatment processes were studied in order to optimize their performance, especially for the removal of nitrogen compounds and of biodegradable organic matter. It has been found that these processes were able to remove nitrogen content almost completely and simultaneously, the removal of organic matter (expressed as BOD5 and COD), color and turbidity were sufficiently achieved.     

电化学氧化组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液

垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂、毒性较强且难处理的废水之一。实验采用混凝沉淀-厌氧-电解-好氧一体化组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液,探索了混凝沉淀池和电解池的运行参数对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响,并分析了组合工艺对于6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Ni)的去除效果。实验结果表明,以PAC为混凝剂PAM为助凝剂时,投加量分别为1.2 g/L和1 mg/L,COD去除率可达57%。电化学工艺阶段,在pH为6.0,电流密度15 mA/cm2,Cl-浓度2 200~2 400 mg/L,电解2.5 h,垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率达55.4%。一体化电生物滤池对于重金属的去除具有明显的效果,Cu、Cd和Zn去除率达100%,Ni去除率超过90%,Cr去除率超过80%,COD整体去除率达94%;NH4+-N去除率达97.2%;TN去除率达73.6%。混凝沉淀-厌氧-电化学-好氧的组合工艺来处理垃圾渗滤液,能够有效地去除水体中的重金属及COD、NH4+-N。     

催化湿式氧化法处理垃圾渗滤液

以北京某垃圾转运站的垃圾渗滤液原液为研究对象,采用催化湿式氧化技术进行实验研究。实验以Fe2+为催化剂,H2O2为氧化剂,在反应釜中高温高压处理转运站的渗滤液。同时,实验分别研究了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂种类和添加量等几种因素对渗滤液处理效果的影响。结果表明,当反应温度达到120℃,反应60 min时,在Fe2+催化条件下,按初始COD和Fe2+质量比为6投加催化剂,初始COD和H2O2当量比为1投加氧化剂,反应出水的COD去除率达到91%。     

臭氧预氧化-BAF工艺深度处理垃圾渗滤液

以广东省江门市垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,对经SBR生化处理和聚合硫酸铁混凝后的垃圾渗滤液,采用臭氧-BAF(曝气生物滤池)工艺进行深度处理。该工艺优点在于：臭氧高级氧化技术使大分子有机污染物降解成二氧化碳和水,或者小分子有机污染物,有利于后继BAF的生化处理,且臭氧处理过后废水的色度明显降低,是废水处理的有效方法之一。而后采用曝气生物滤池对垃圾渗滤液进行进一步处理,对COD进一步去除。结果表明,当臭氧的加入量为150 mg/L,BAF停留时间＞4 h,出水COD低于85 mg/L,稳定达到国家GB 16889-1997《生活垃圾填埋污染控制标准》一级排放标准,臭氧氧化法处理每吨垃圾渗滤液的费用为4.8元。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液的人工湿地处理

卫生填埋是垃圾处理的主要方式之一,填埋场产生的渗滤液对地下水和地表水会产生污染,因而需要进行有效的处理。介绍了垃圾渗滤液的人工湿地处理方法,包括人工湿地的组成、污染物去除机理、影响处理效率的因素等;对人工湿地处理渗滤液的工艺和国内外应用实例进行了总结;通过与传统处理方法相比,对其经济性进行了分析。可以看出,垃圾渗滤液的人工湿地处理法有成本低、构建和运行维护费用低、处理效果比较好等优点,在我国的某些地区有一定的适用性。     

Treatment of landfill leachate by ozone-based advanced oxidation processes

In this study, laboratory experiments are conducted to compare the efficacy using several ozone-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), such as O3, O3/H2O2, and O3/UV, to treat landfill leachate. Raw leachate was initially coagulated by ferric chloride (FeCl3) at the experimental-determined optimal dosage of 900 mgl(-1), and the ozone-based AOPs were subsequently applied. Results indicate that all AOPs would result in a significant increase on the ratio of BOD5/COD from 0.06 to 0.5 at the applied ozone dosage of 1.2 gl(-1). The increase on biodegradability for ozonated leachate indicates that these AOPs would be beneficial to the subsequent biological treatment process. To better explain the alteration of high organic molecules after oxidation, ultrafiltration was used to separate the leachate by several molecular weight cutoffs (MWCO). The COD distribution for coagulated leachate is 34% for MWCO>10 kDa, 7% for MWCO between 5 and 10 kDa, 22% for MWCO between 1 and 5 kDa, and 37% for MWCO<1 kDa. Following ozonation or AOPs, the predominant distribution of COD would be obviously shifted to the MWCO less than 1000 gmol(-1) (72-85%) over the other MWCO ranges. In addition, Gel Permeation Chromatograph (GPC) analysis has showed a substantial agreement on the cleavage of larger organic compounds into smaller ones. O3/UV was found to be the most effective approach among these ozone-based AOPs to enhancing the biodegradability and eliminating the color of leachate.     

Treatment of landfill leachate by electrochemical oxidation and anaerobic process.

The removal performance of typical refractory organic compounds in landfill leachate was investigated during the electrochemical (EC) oxidation and anaerobic process combined treatment system in this paper. The results indicated that the treatment of landfill leachate by the combined system was highly effective. The toxicity of leachate was notably decreased after the electrochemical oxidation process and the biodegradability was improved. The concentration of the organic acid with low molecular weight in the leachate increased from 28% to 90% based on the biodegradability assays after the EC oxidation process. The anaerobic digestion could further remove the residual organic compounds. At a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 16 hours and an organic loading rate (OLR) of 8 kg COD/m3 d, the concentration of COD, SS, ALK, VA, N-TKN, N-NH4+ and P-PO4(3)- [corrected] in UASB effluent were 532, 12, 6744, 400, 540, 455 and 11.6 mg/L, respectively, with approximately 90% removal efficiency of COD. The organic compounds in the landfill leachate revealed different degradation characteristics in the combined system. p-chloroaniline, bisphenol A, 6-methyl-2-phenyl-quinoline, dimethylnaphthaline and N'-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenyl)-N-cyclohexyformamidine, classified into the first group in this paper, were completely removed by the EC oxidation and did not reappear in the effluent of the UASB reactor. Phenylacetic acid, 3-methyl-indole and N-cyclohexyl-acetamide, called the second group, were completely removed, but reappeared in the UASB reactor. 4-methyl-phenol, 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline, 2(3H)-benzothiazolone, exo-2-hydroxycineole and benzothiazole, the third group, were degraded little in the EC oxidation process, but extensively removed by the anaerobic process. Benzoic acid, benzenepropanoic acid and 2-cyano-3,5-dimethyl-1-hydroxypyrrole, the fourth group, concentration obviously increased in the EC process, but was completely removed in the UASB reactor. The content of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) markedly increased from 0.68% in the leachate to 16.18% in the effluent from the electrochemical oxidation process (EC(effl)). In addition, the degradation rate of organic compounds from the landfill leachate was different in the EC oxidation and anaerobic process.     

光催化氧化法处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液的研究

研究了紫外光催化氧化法对垃圾填埋场滤渗液的降解机理,根据废水质的不同,考察了TiO2催化剂用量,pH值,通气量,反应时间,光照强度等因素对放心水中有机污染物和色度去除的最佳条件,用现场采集的渗滤液原水和氧化沟出水试验,CODcr去除率分别达到80．6％,77．3％,色度去除率分别为87．9％,83．3％。     

陈垃圾反应床＋芦苇人工湿地处理垃圾渗滤液

研究了陈垃圾反应床与芦苇人工湿地串联对垃圾渗滤液中污染物的去除效果, 并探讨了湿地中芦苇生长和对渗滤液中总氮的吸收能力。结果表明： 在进水负荷为0.1 m³/（m²·d）的条件下,经过3个月的运行,陈垃圾反应床与芦苇人工湿地对陈年渗滤液中COD、氨氮、总氮及总磷的最大去除率分别达到90.3%、95.0%、79.3%和99.8%。通过对人工湿地中芦苇的分析表明,芦苇在6—8月份生长迅速,地上部分生物量与其氮含量增加较快,最大值均出现在8月底,植株总含氮量可以达到28.5 g/m²。此时收割芦苇可从湿地中最大限度除氮。如能增加芦苇种植密度,陈垃圾床与芦苇湿地串联处理渗滤液污染物以及深度去氮是可行的。     

Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液MBR-NF浓缩液

采用Fenton法处理MBR-NF浓缩液,考察了FeSO4·7H2O投加量、n(H2O2)/n(Fe2+)投加比、初始pH对渗滤液MBR-NF浓缩液处理效果的影响,并在最佳实验条件下,探讨浓缩液富里酸(FA)、亲水性有机物(HyI)组分在Fenton氧化前后组成的变化。研究结果表明,在FeSO4·7H2O投加量为0.055 mol/L、n(H2O2)/n(Fe2+)投加比为4、初始pH为7.58时,对COD、腐植酸(UV254)、色度(CN)的去除率分别为79.6%、93.7%和97.8%。Fenton氧化后,浓缩液中有机物组分含量发生了较大变化,腐植酸含量下降,HyI成为渗滤液溶解性有机物主要成分。紫外-可见光谱表明,Fenton法对FA去除效果较好,而对HyI氧化效果较差;傅立叶红外光谱显示,经Fenton氧化后,FA的结构发生了明显变化,而HyI则变化不明显。