厌氧折流板反应器处理有机农药废水的实验研究

介绍了采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理农药废水的实验研究情况.当进水COD负荷在2.0～4.5 kg/(m3·d),ABR反应器对COD去除率可保持在70%～80%.反应器的处理效果随温度下降而降低,当系统温度由35 ℃下降至25 ℃时,反应器的COD去除率下降30%.采用适量出水回流可提高系统的去除效率,回流比控制为50%比不回流COD平均去除率可提高近25%,回流比过高将导致系统COD去除率下降.     

对乙酰氨基苯磺酰氯生产废水的UASB处理及硫酸盐的影响

采用UASB处理以甲醇为有机溶剂的对乙酰氨基苯璜酰氯(p-ASC)生产废水。通过逐步减少HRT,考察有机负荷(OLR)从2.0 g COD/(L·d)逐步提高到24.0 g COD/(L·d)过程中反应器处理效果的变化。结果表明,在最优的OLR 7.0 g COD/(L·d)的条件下,p-ASC和COD的去除率分别能达到76%和100%。虽然进水没有硫酸盐,但是出水却有硫化物和硫酸盐的产生。进一步保持最优的OLR条件下的HRT(0.45 d)不变,逐步增加进水p-ASC浓度到1 100 mg/L,产甲烷菌没有发现受到抑制。持续增加进水硫酸盐浓度到3 000 mg/L,发现硫酸盐还原菌没有受到抑制,但是产甲烷菌却受到抑制,最后减少硫酸盐浓度到1 000 mg/L,厌氧系统在1周后几乎完全恢复。     

牛粪工业化厌氧发酵生产工艺实验研究

针对牛粪的厌氧发酵设计了一套工业化试验装置,该装置是由降流式厌氧滤器(AF)和升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)有机结合的新型动态序批式厌氧发酵系统,在此装置上对影响系统效果的进料浓度、日进料量和污泥回流量 3 个主要参数安排了二次正交同归试验研究,以产气量和 COD 去除率为目标甬数进行了分析,结果表明,系统整体产气效率较高,处理牛粪的产气率最高可达 2.3 L/(L·d),污泥回流量对产气效果的影响明显.在本实验设计的范围内,进料浓度在8.9%,日进料量在 7.2 L/d(相当于 0.15 L/(L·d)),污泥回流比在 25%时产气效果最佳,而进料浓度在 7.6%,日进料量在 6.8 L/d(相当于 0.142 L/(L·d)),污泥回流比大约在 25%时 COD 去除效果最佳.     

微电场-零价铁-UBF提高有机硫对位酯生产废水同步产甲烷反硝化效能

有机硫化合物对位酯生产废水具有COD高、含硫酸盐和有机硫高以及碳硫比低的特点,针对单一厌氧反应器在处理废水时只能在较低COD容积负荷(OLR)下运行的问题,在提高有机硫对位脂生产废水产甲烷反硝化效能的基础上,采用微电场-零价铁联合方式处理该类废水。实验结果表明:OLR(以COD计)为6.67 g·(L·d)-1,进水COD为20 000 mg·L-1时,复合床的COD去除率为70%,产甲烷率为1.41 L·(L·d)-1,反硝化率为87%,对位脂降解率为74%;在COD/TSO24-(总硫酸盐)为1.57时,COD去除率、产甲烷率和反硝化率可分别能稳定在60%、 1.18 L·(L·d)-1和79%;在COD/TSO24-为0.88时,产甲烷菌受到中等程度的抑制;当COD/TSO24-恢复为1.57时,厌氧系统在7 d后恢复,说明联合系统有很强的恢复能力。综合上述结果,与单一的UBF处理相比,采用微电场-零价铁能显著提高UBF的运行负荷和同步产甲烷反硝化能力,同时也能使反应器承受更低的碳硫比。     

有机负荷对ABR处理疫病动物尸骸废水的产酸及产甲烷特性影响

采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理疫病动物尸骸废水,研究了不同进水有机负荷对其产酸及产甲烷特性的影响。结果表明,进水有机负荷由0.9 g/(L·d)升至8.1 g/(L·d)时,COD最终去除率达87%以上;负荷进一步提高至11.9 g/(L·d)时,各格室中最终VFAs积累总量分别达到4 320、3 420和2 510 mg/L,COD去除率降至61%。反应器内主要产酸类型为乙酸型,其次为丙酸和丁酸,随着负荷的提高,逐渐出现少量异戊酸、戊酸、己酸和异己酸。乙酸平均百分含量随负荷的升高而降低,丙酸和丁酸则反之。当进水负荷为4.6 g/(L·d),3个格室甲烷产率分别达到最大值:0.33、0.32和0.33 L/g。当负荷高于8.1 g/(L·d)时,总VFAs、丙酸和丁酸的积累成为厌氧产甲烷过程的抑制因素。     

餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化最优有机负荷及失稳指标

为探究餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化最佳有机负荷及失稳预警指标,在(36±1)?C单相连续搅拌条件下进行有机负荷(OLR)梯度实验。通过理论及数学分析确定90%含水率餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化的最佳OLR和失稳指标。当OLR(以VS计)为2.94 g·(L·d)-1时,挥发性固体去除率、甲烷产率、容积沼气产率分别为78%、0.58 L·g-1VS、2.99 L·(L·d)-1,此时厌氧反应器达到最佳运行状态。一定浓度的游离氨(FAN)会抑制微生物活性,触发挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)的积累,造成容积沼气产率降低,第36天,当OLR增至3.21 g·(L·d)-1时,FAN浓度升至区域峰值207 mg·L-1,但随后骤降35.9%(39 d),分别造成VFA和挥发性脂肪酸浓度与碳酸氢盐碱度的比值(VFA/TA)从第37天的1 897 mg·L-1、0.22升高至第47天的4 755 mg·L-1、0.73,系统进入抑制稳定状态,最终导致容积沼气产率从第47天的2.66 L·(L·d)-1降至第48天的1.88 L·(L·d)-1,系统恶化。协同分析表明,当VFA和VFA/TA分别达到2 500 mg·L-1和0.35并出现持续上升的现象时,能提前7~8 d对90%含水率餐厨垃圾湿式厌氧消化系统的失稳提出预警。     

HRT对固定床厌氧反应器运行效果的影响

为了考察水力停留时间(HRT)对炭纤维载体固定床厌氧反应器运行效果的影响,在进水COD分别为20 000~25 000 mg/L和40 000~45 000 mg/L2个浓度范围下,研究了不同HRT对反应器运行效果的影响。结果表明,通过HRT的调整,在达到相同有机负荷(OLR)下,进水COD为20 000~25 000 mg/L的COD去除率和产气量,明显比进水COD为40 000~45 000 mg/L的运行效果好;进水COD为20 000~25 000 mg/L,HRT为14 h,相应的OLR为41.09 kgCOD/(m3.d)时,COD去除率仍然维持在68%以上,沼气容积产气率达到14.55 m3/(m3.d)。炭纤维载体固定床厌氧反应器具有较高的COD去除率、产气效率以及抵抗低pH、高负荷冲击的能力,运行过程中没有发生反应器堵塞的现象。     

ANAMMOX与反硝化协同作用及氮素负荷研究

向成功启动并稳定运行630 d后的UASB生物膜反应器系统连续添加有机物,分析其对厌氧氨氧化反应脱氮效果的影响,并进行氮素浓度负荷试验.在厌氧氨氧化反应器系统中连续投加有机COD(葡萄糖),系统运行稳定,有机COD(葡萄糖)存在对系统去除氮素能力影响不大,有机COD去除率达到92.0%,仅用23 d,在同一反应器系统中成功实现了厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同作用脱氮.氮素浓度负荷试验阶段,进水氨氮(NH 4-N)、亚硝氮(NO-2-N)以及总氮(TN)浓度负荷分别从0.063 kg/(m3·d)和0.063 kg/(m3·d)和0.126 kg/(m3·d)提升到了0.239 kg/(m3·d)、0.315 kg/(m3·d)和0.554 kg/(m3·d),相应去除率分别为84.0%、93.0%和85.0%,厌氧氨氧化工艺的UASB生物膜反应器对氮素浓度负荷仍有很大提升空间.     

有机负荷影响好氧颗粒污泥特性的研究

好氧颗粒污泥形成后,逐步提高进水有机负荷(OLR)至好氧颗粒污泥解体,分析OLR对系统运行特性、污泥表面特性及胞外蛋白和多糖的影响.进水OLR在4～8 g/(L·d)、污泥负荷(SLR)稳定在0.42～0.77 g/(g·d)、污泥龄为17.8～60.0 d时,好氧颗粒污泥系统处于最优运行阶段.好氧颗粒污泥形成后,随着进水OLR的提高,十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)能够直观地反映出胞外蛋白分泌量逐渐减少,而多糖分泌量呈相反趋势,导致蛋白/多糖(PN/PS,质量比)值从4.8降至0.9左右.当进水OLR从4 g/(L·d)增至12 g/(L·d)时,污泥表面相对疏水性从75.8%降至38.5%,这可能与胞外蛋白分泌量减少及多糖分泌量增加有关.PN/PS值的降低可能是好氧颗粒污泥在高OLR下解体的内在原因.因此,微生物分泌的胞外多聚物(EPS)中较高的PN/PS值利于好氧颗粒污泥的长期稳定运行.     

推流式反应器厌氧消化浮萍和猪粪混合物

使用带隔板的推流式反应器(体积约为4 m3),对浮萍与猪粪(干重比1:1,湿重比7:1)的混合物、猪粪进行为期50 d的中温厌氧消化产气性能比较研究,结果表明,在有机负荷为3.5 g(VS)/(L·d)时,浮萍与猪粪(干重比1:1,湿重比7:1)混合物的VS产气率为0.31 L/g,COD转化率为63.2％,反应器容积产气率为1.00 m3/(m3·d);猪粪的VS产气率为0.28 L/g,COD转化率为57.1％,反应器容积产气率为0.71m3/(m3·d).进料COD和SS的平均浓度分别为19.19 g/L和14.28 g/L,推流式反应器对其平均去除率分别为59.7％和68.7％.由此说明,带隔板的推流式厌氧反应器对浮萍和猪粪的混合物有较好的厌氧消化能力,浮萍与猪粪混合物的厌氧消化性能优于猪粪.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.