北京城市道路积尘中多环芳烃的分布特征

从2006年4月至2007年7月,对北京市不同类型道路的路面积尘进行了16个月的连续采样和分析,结果显示,交通道路路面积尘的3种粒径中∑16PAHs范围为123.71～18489.5ng/g,其16个月的几何均值为2378.28～4834.68ng/g,其中以3、4环为主。冬春季路面积尘中的多环芳烃含量高于夏秋季;交通道路路面积尘中的多环芳烃含量均比对照点高,不同类型的道路也呈现出差异,在同一条道路的机动车道、自行车道和人行道也表现出显著的差异。     

黔南州土壤中多环芳烃的污染现状及来源分析

采集贵州省黔南州12个县、市的表层(0～10 cm)土壤样品99个,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对优先控制的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定量分析,探讨了表层土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况及来源.结果表明,16种PAHs均有不同程度检出,12个县市土壤中∑PAHs平均含量在42.4～163.1 ng·g-1之间,含量最高的是都匀市,最低的是惠水县,全州平均值为68.7ng·g-1.通过与国内外土壤中PAHs含量的对比,研究区的土壤受到一定程度的PAHs污染,含量处于较低水平,各地污染程度有一定差距.在组成上,4环以上PAHs所占比例较高.根据2～3环和4～6环PAHs含量所占比例及菲(Phe)/蒽(Ant)、荧蒽(Flua)/芘(Pyr)比值,可以推断全州范围内PAHs主要来自工业燃煤、生活用煤的不完全燃烧和汽车尾气的污染等,污染水平与地区生产、生活方式密切相关.通过以上研究结果,可初步了解黔南州土壤中PAHs的污染现状,为以后土壤污染防治提供参考.     

汕头经济特区土壤中优控多环芳烃的分布

运用气相色谱-质谱方法对汕头经济特区131个土样中的美国EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定性、定量测定,讨论了PAHs的分布特征。结果表明,该区表层土壤中优控PAHs的总质量分数范围从22.1 ng/g到1256.9 ng/g之间,平均质量分数为(317.3210.2) ng/g。其分布随采样点的位置不同而有显著变化:工业区附近多环芳烃的质量分数最高,城市中心次之,郊区最低。大多数样点中?PAHs质量分数和单种PAH质量分数都呈现w(5~20 cm)> w(0~5 cm)>w(20~40 cm)>w(40~100 cm)的垂直分布规律。该区土壤PAHs以3环和4环化合物为主,单种PAH以萘、菲和苯并[b]萤蒽为主。     

北京城市道路积尘多环芳烃的粒度分布特征及其影响因素

对北京城市不同道路类型的道路积尘进行了为期16个月的采样,分别分析了道路尘的粒径、多环芳烃及TOC.道路积尘的粒径呈三峰态分布,<75 μm部分的颗粒所占体积最大,>214 μm部分颗粒所占体积最小.>214 μm这部分颗粒中的多环芳烃质量分数最低,<75μm和75～214μm这两部分颗粒中多环芳烃的质量分数没有显著差异,但由于<75μm部分颗粒所占的体积和质量比例最大,这部分颗粒的多环芳烃累积量所占比例最高.不同道路的积尘粒径存在差异,海淀路和成府路机动车道的积尘颗粒相比自行车道和人行道的颗粒更粗.由于粒径分布的差异和多环芳烃质量分数的差异,不同类型道路的多环芳烃累积量的粒径分布呈现差异.多环芳烃质量分数和累积量的粒度分布也呈现季节差异,冬春季<75 μm颗粒中的多环芳烃质量分数最高,多环芳烃的累积量所占比例也较夏秋季高.在三个粒级中,TOC与多环芳烃质量分数均呈现显著的正相关.高比例的细颗粒及细颗粒中的多环芳烃使得道路积尘再悬浮进入大气以及随湿沉降进入地表径流的环境风险加大.     

泉州湾表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量分布特征及污染来源

采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)方法,对泉州湾表层沉积物中16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定量分析,采用LMW/HMW、BaA/(BaA+Chr)、InP/(InP+BgP)、Ppi等特定比值对PAHs来源进行分析.结果表明,沉积物中PAHs的总含量在182.8-721.1ng·g-1之间,以3-5环为主;P...     

长江流域表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征及来源解析

长江流域沉积物多环芳烃分析表明,多环芳烃浓度总和(不包括苝)约为10.31~1 239 ng·g-1,与国内外其他区域相比,整体处于一个低至中等程度的污染水平。长江自上游至下游,沉积物中多环芳烃含量呈上升趋势,与沿途各省多环芳烃的排放状况相吻合。扬州(YZ)和湘江(XJ)采样点沉积物中多环芳烃含量最高,污染最严重。根据多环芳烃的比值特征,长江流域沉积物中多环芳烃主要受以煤、木材、油类的燃烧影响较大,还有部分来自油类的泄漏,极少量来自自然成因。     

深圳表层土壤中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源

2007年1月采集深圳市36个土壤,采用气相色谱-质谱仪对其中的16种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析.结果表明:16种PAHs的含量范围在67.77137.0 ng · g-1之间,平均值为664.7 ng · g-1,其中苯并[b]荧蒽的含量最高,致癌性PAHs占总量的51.9﹪.PAHs在深圳不同土地利用类型的土壤中的含量由高到低的次序为:菜园地,城区,果园地,林地.PAHs主要来源于燃烧来源,果园地、林地中的PAHs主要来源于长距离的大气迁移,部分城区土壤指示有石油来源.深圳市19.4﹪的土壤属重污染,重污染的土壤主要分布在菜园地和城区两类土壤中,城区表层土壤PAHs含量较国外其他城市低.结果对于认识PAHs在深圳土壤中的分布规律和环境迁移、以及如何控制PAHs污染具有重要的意义.     

黄浦江表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

利用GC/MS对黄浦江8个断面表层沉积物中的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.沉积物中PAHs总量为0.244—2.805μg·g-1,从上游到下游呈升高趋势,工业污染和城市活动是黄浦江水环境中多环芳烃的重要来源.苏州河对黄浦江下游水环境中的多环芳烃具有较大的输入贡献.特征化合物指数分析表明,黄浦江沉积物中的多环芳烃主要来自于化石燃料的不完全燃烧,中下游显示一定的混合来源特征.相关性分析表明,总有机碳是影响沉积物中多环芳烃分布的重要因素.     

北京地区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源分析

根据北京地区不同环境功能区62个样品的分析结果,讨论了研究区表层土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及污染源类型。结果表明：（1）研究区表层土壤中检测到的多环芳烃主要包括萘、苊、菲、惹烯、三芴、荧蒽、芘、、苯并蒽、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[e]芘、苯并[a]芘、苝、二苯并[a,h]蒽、茚并[1,2,3–cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝及其同系物;（2）不同环境功能区表层土壤中多环芳烃的组成及质量分数均存在一定的差别,16种优先控制的多环芳烃质量分数为175.1~10 344 ng.g-1,其中城市中心区表层土壤中多环芳烃的质量分数最高,交通干线附近、工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较高,林地、果园和农田表层土壤中PAHs的质量分数较低;（3）表层土壤中PAHs既有来源于石油源,也有来源于化石燃料燃烧产物的,但不同功能区二者贡献存在差别,其中农业用地（林地、果园、农田）中PAHs主要来源于石油源（或部分来源于土壤母岩中的有机质）,城区、交通干线附近及工矿企业附近表层土壤中PAHs污染源以化石燃料燃烧产物输入为主。     

长江重庆段表层水体中多环芳烃的分布及来源分析

采集了长江重庆段干流以及重要支流共7个断面的表层水样,采用液相色谱法分析15种优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs).结果表明,水体中总PAHs浓度范围为6.44—109.39 ng·L-1,平均值为41.83 ng·L-1.在5个断面水体中检出苯并(a)芘,浓度为0.05—1.32 ng·L-1,低于我国地表水标准限值(2.8 ng·L-1).长江重庆段的PAHs浓度水平低于大部分国内其他河流,与国外一些河流的浓度水平相当.PAHs组成以中低环PAHs(3环和4环)为主,平均比例分别为55.7%和38.8%,高环PAHs(5环和6环)含量较低,分别占3.6%和1.9%.示踪PAHs比值法结果显示长江重庆段表层水体PAHs主要来源于石化产品的泄漏污染.     

钢铁工业区周边农业土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)残留及评价

对某大型矿业企业周边农业土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)残留量进行了调查。结果表明,PAHs总残留量范围为312. 2~27 580. 9ng·g-1,且以4环以上多环芳烃组分为主。所有土样中均检出PAHs,单一污染物以芘、艹屈、荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、蒽、菲、苯并[a]蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、茚并[1,2,3 cd]芘、苯并[g,h,i]苝为主。PAHs残留量与有机质含量相关性较好。不同样区土壤PAHs残留量受常年风向影响明显。以加拿大农业区域土壤PAHs的治理标准值为指标,用内梅罗综合指数法进行评价表明,研究区农业土壤达重污染水平的占37%,中度污染的占19%,轻污染的占25%,另有13%的采样点污染程度处于警戒限,仅有6%的采样点尚处于安全级。     

固定化毛霉对工业和农田污染土壤中多环芳烃的降解和生物有效性评价

为了探讨微生物修复不同类型多环芳烃污染土壤的可行性,应用固定化毛霉对多环芳烃污染工业土壤及农田土壤进行微生物修复,用羟丙基-β-环糊精(HPCD)提取模拟评价多环芳烃的微生物可利用性,并分析多环芳烃微生物降解和生物可利用性的相关关系.焦化厂污染土壤中多环芳烃的30 d降解率为77.6%,沈抚灌区污染土壤中多环芳烃的30 d降解率为54.2%,焦化厂土壤和污灌区农田土壤中多环芳烃降解差异明显.焦化厂土壤和污灌区土壤中多环芳烃的30 d降解量和多环芳烃的环糊精可提取量具有相关性,各环数多环芳烃的环糊精可提取量变化解释了焦化厂和污灌区土壤中多环芳烃降解的差异机制,说明可用环糊精提取量预测微生物降解土壤多环芳烃的情况.     

土壤与沉积物对多环芳烃类有机物的吸附作用

吸附作用是疏水性有机物在土壤和沉积物环境中的重要迁移转化行为之一。多环芳烃是环境中一种重要的疏水性有机污染物。文章着重阐述了多环芳烃类有机物在土壤和沉积物中有机质和粘土矿物吸附机理，指出土壤、沉积物有机质的结构异质性是导致非线形吸附的重要原因；分析了影响多环芳烃吸附过程的诸多因素，并提出该研究领域存在的问题以及今后发展的方向。     

Removal of high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from contaminated soil by biodiesel

Solubilizing experiments were carried out to evaluate the ability of biodiesel to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from highly contaminated manufactured gas plant (MGP) and PAHs spiked soils with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and tween 80 as comparisons. Biodiesel displayed the highest solubilities of phenanthrene (420.7 mg·L^-1), pyrene (541.0 mg·L^-1), and benzo(a)pyrene (436.3 mg·L^-1). These corresponded to several fold increases relative to 10% HPCD and tween 80. Biodiesel showed a good efficiency for PAH removal from the spiked and MGP soils for both low molecular weight and high molecular weight PAHs at high concentrations. Biodiesel was the best agent for PAH removal from the spiked soils as compared with HPCD and tween 80; as over 77.9% of individual PAH were removed by biodiesel. Tween 80 also showed comparable capability with biodiesel for PAH solubilization at a concentration of 10% for the spiked soils. Biodiesel solubilized a wider range of PAHs as compared to HPCD and tween 80 for the MPG soils. At PAH concentrations of 229.6 and 996.9 mg·kg^-1, biodiesel showed obvious advantage over the 10% HPCD and tween 80, because it removed higher than 80% of total PAH. In this study, a significant difference between PAH removals from the spiked and field MGP soils was observed; PAH removals from the MGP soil by HPCD and tween 80 were much lower than those from the spiked soil. These results demonstrate that the potential for utilizing biodiesel for remediation of highly PAH-contaminated soil has been established.     

改进的QuEChERS-高效液相色谱法测定水产品中16种多环芳烃

采用改进的QuEChERS,对水产样品进行提取、净化,用高效液相色谱仪-荧光/紫外检测器串联检测,建立了同时测定水产品中16种多环芳烃的高效液相色谱分析方法.样品经乙腈提取,Florisil+C18小柱净化,Waters PAH色谱柱分离,以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,外标法定量.本方法中,16种多环芳烃在各自相应浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数不低于0.999,检出限为0.1—3.6μg·kg-1.采用该方法在鲤鱼、对虾和牡蛎中进行加标回收实验,回收率在75.0%—118.2%范围内,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.6%—13.7%.应用本方法对环渤海湾的水产样品进行了调查分析,发现部分样品中含有PAHs,含量为2.11—147μg·kg-1,为下一步开展相关风险评估工作打下了良好工作基础.     

Isolation and identification of fungi tolerant to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and coal tar from different habitats in Lithuania

A group of 36 fungal strains, belonging to the Lithuanian mycobiota, was collected and isolated from different locations, habitats, and matrices, including creosote-treated wood in storage yards for crosstie wastes. The eight most perspective strains selected according to preliminary assessment of tolerance to coal tar were subsequently identified combining taxonomical evaluation and molecular techniques. The tolerance of the eight identified fungal species (five basidiomycetes and three ascomycetes) to the presence of various concentrations of coal tar, and for the four most perspective fungal strains (Pleurotus sp., Schizophyllum sp., Irpex lacteus, Bjerkandera adusta) to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was evaluated. The ligninolytic enzymatic activity assay of the isolated strains resulted in a good correspondence between the tolerance to pollutants and the capability to produce ligninolytic enzymes indicating that this group of white-rot fungi is perspective for further investigation and eventual usage for mycoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons polluted substrates.     

Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of a mangrove forest affected by forest fire

Surface soils affected by forest fires from Igbanko mangrove forest in Nigeria were analyzed for 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The total PAHs concentrations in the soils ranged from 63 to 188?µg?kg^?1 dry weight (average: 108?µg?kg^?1). The three predominant PAHs in the soils were naphthalene (Na), fluoranthene (Flu), and benzo(b)fluoranthene (BbF). Compared to the control sample (19?µg?kg^?1), elevated PAHs concentrations were observed in the soils, an indication of some level of PAHs contamination. PAHs source diagnostic ratios of Flu/(Flu?+?Pyr) and Ant/(Ant?+?Phe) indicated that the PAHs have a pyrogenic origin which may have resulted from combustion of grass, wood, or coal. An assessment based on Canadian soil quality guidelines indicated that the studied locations do not pose any serious adverse risk on human health.     

Analyses of PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and mutagenicity in raw and chlorinated water

Both raw water and chlorinated drinking water samples were collected from and the Liu‐Du water treatment plant in northern Taiwan from October 1990 to April 1992. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenicity in these water samples were analyzed by GC/MS and Ames test. The Mutagenicity/DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) ratio in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 with or without S9 mixture increased, even higher than 2, following the sequence of unit process. It was observed that the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was highly related to most of PAHs in the raw water; while the mutagenicity with TA98 (S9+) was only correlated with DbA and BghiPr in the treated water. It could be expected that the mutagenicity level was controlled by other predominant components after the raw water was treated, for example, the chlorination process.     

Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Datuo karst Tiankeng of South China

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in surface soils of Datuo karst Tiankeng (large sinkholes) in South China with the use of a gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) system. This paper provides data on the levels and distribution of PAHs from the top to the bottom of the Datuo karst Tiankeng. The results showed that the sum of the 16 EPA priority PAHs from the sampled locations from top to bottom had a relative increment in PAHs concentration. summation operatorPAHs ranged from 16.93 ng/g to 68.07 ng/g with a mean concentration of 42.15 ng/g. The correlated results showed the bottom of the large sinkhole, which accounts for the higher concentrations, probably acts like a trap for the PAHs. Thus, the low evaporation rate at the bottom may play a key role in controlling the high concentration of PAHs at the bottom.