久效磷对扁藻的生理效应

运用急性毒性实验和生化分析方法对久效磷胁迫下扁藻细胞的生理变化进行了研究，结果表明：（１）久效磷对扁藻生长有较强的抑制作用。其７２ｈ半抑制剂量为１．４６ｍｇ／Ｌ；（２）久效磷胁迫下，扁藻细胞的３种大分子物质－－蛋白质、ＤＮＡ和ＲＮＡ的含量降低；（２）久效磷引起扁藻叶绿素ａ的降解和光合速率的下降，这说明久效磷处理抑制了扁藻的生理代谢。     

锌对金鱼的急性毒性及在体内的积累和分布

介绍了锌对实验室常用金鱼的急性毒性，并探讨了鱼体内锌的积累和分布。试验结果表明，锌对金钱的安全浓度是〈６．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，锌对金鱼的急性毒性，其２４、４８、７２、９６ｈ的ＬＣ５０值分别为８４．４、５２．３、４２．２、３９．５ｍｇ／Ｌ锌在金鱼体内不同组织中的积累程度不同，其顺序为，内脏（除肝）鳃，肌内。     

曝气生物滤池处理啤酒废水的研究

曝气物滤池使用了新型的粒状填料,能同时发挥生物降解,过滤和吸附等多种功能。实验结果表明：曝气生物滤池处理啤酒废水效果较好,当ＣＯＤ容积负荷为１０ｋｇ／（ｍ＾３．ｄ）时,在０．８ｍ／ｈ、１．４ｍ／ｈ和２．５ｍ／ｈ３种不同水力负荷下ＣＯＤ的出水度分别在５９ｍｇ／Ｌ、８２ｍｇ／Ｌ和５１ｍｇ／Ｌ以下;     

味精浓度水稀释液厌氧消化—SBR工艺处理

采用ＵＢＦ－ＳＢＲ工艺处理味精浓度水稀释液，ＵＢＦ段的进水ＣＯＤｃｒ１８９００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ，有机容积负荷率９．４５ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ）／ｍ＾３．ｄ时，ＣＯＤｃｒ平均去除率为８４．５％，ＳＢＲ段的进水ＣＯＤｃｒ２９５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ１６７８ｍｇ／Ｌ，曝气６５ｈ，ＤＯ为４～４．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，停曝气时ＤＯ在０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＮＨ３－Ｎ的平均去除率分别为９２％和９９．４     

水解（酸化）－缺氧－好氧固定床生物膜系统处理焦化废水的试验研究

用内填ＹＤＴ弹性立体填料的水解（酸化）－缺氧－好氧固定床生物膜系统处理焦化废水。结果表明：当进水ＣＯＤ和ＮＨ３－Ｎ浓度分别为１０６５ｍｇ／Ｌ和２５３ｍｇ／Ｌ，系统水力停留时间（ＨＲＴ）为３３．５ｈ，混合液回流比为３．６时，出水ＣＯＤ约为１８０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ为５ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＣＯＤ和ＮＨ３－Ｎ的去除率分别达８３％和９８％。     

硝化细菌在氨氮深度处理中的应用研究

通过使用硝化细菌增养液挂膜，用生物接触氧化法对生活污水处理厂出水以及富营养化河水中的氨氮进行了处理。试验结果表明：在很短的水力停留时间条件下（１ｈ），污水厂出水经处理后ＮＨ３－Ｎ全部达标并小于８ｍｇ／Ｌ，其去除率达７０％；ＮＯ＾－２－Ｎ小于４ｍｇ／Ｌ。富营养化河水在ＨＲＴ为１．２ｈ时，出水ＮＨ３－Ｎ与ＮＯ＾－２均小于１ｍｇ／Ｌ。试验出水中的氮主要以ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ的形式存在。     

组合式间歇曝气系统处理城市污水试验研究

组合式间歇曝气系统（ＰＩＡＳ）〔１〕是一种连续进、出水，间歇曝气、不外加碳源的脱氮活性污泥一池处理工艺。本系统较佳运行条件是：污泥负荷０１～０２５ｋｇＢＯＤ５／（ｋｇＭＬＳＳ·ｄ），污泥浓度５～８ｇ／Ｌ，泥龄３０ｄ，水力停留时间３～５ｈ，ＤＯ２～３ｍｇ／Ｌ，水温２２～２８℃，曝气时间１５～４ｈ，停曝时间１５～３０ｈ。在此条件下，当进水ＣＯＤ浓度１４０～４６４ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３Ｎ２３～４８ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＴＮ３４～５２ｍｇ／Ｌ，出水全面达到二级处理厂的一级排放标准。总氮去除平均达８１％。此外，该系统比传统的二级处理节省运行能耗２４％左右，同时试验结果表明该系统剩余污泥量极小。     

高含硫味精废水处理的研究

采用吹脱－混凝－厌氧消化－两段ＳＢＲ－絮凝沉淀工艺处理味精废水，试验结果表明，当进水ＣＯＤ为２２３５１ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＳＯ＾２－４５１００００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ７５７１ｍｇ／Ｌ、色度（倍）３９０６和ＰＨ１．３时，出水ＣＯＤ９９ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＳＯ＾２－４９５ｍｇ／Ｌ、ＮＨ３－Ｎｌｍｇ／Ｌ色度１６和ＰＨ６．５，其水质均达到ＧＢ８９７８－１９９６规定的一级排放标准。     

曝气生物滤池处理生活污水试验

曝气生物滤池具有体积小、处理效率高等特点。研究结果表明,曝气生物滤池处理生活污水在０．５３ｍ／ｈ的水力负荷下,ＢＯＤ５、ＣＯＤ、ＳＳ、ＮＨ４－Ｎ和ＴＮ的平均去除率９５．３％、９２．６％、９６．７％、９１．８５％和８５．１％,平均出水浓度分别为３．０ｍｇ／Ｌ、１２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ、２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ、１．７ｍｇ／Ｌ和４．３ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

柠檬酸废水的厌氧－兼氧－好氧处理

采用厌氧－兼氧－好氧工艺处理柠檬酸废水。管道厌氧消化器在进水ＰＨ３．４４～４．３８．ＣＯＤ１４１８７．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，处理水量为２００ｔ／ｄ，有机负荷率７．０９ｋｇＣＯＤ／（ｍ３·ｄ）条件下，出水ＰＨ７．０～７．５，ＣＯＤ去除率为用８１．１％，产气率为０．４３ｍ３／ｋｇＣＯＤ。兼氧－好氧处理进水ｐＨ３．２～４．６，ＣＯＤ１９２９ｍｇ，／Ｌ．处理水量１０８０ｔ／ｄ，停留时间为兼氧６ｈ、好氧１３ｈ，出水ｐＨ７．４～８．１，ＣＯＤ１０７．６ｍｇ／Ｌ，达到ＧＢ８９７８－８８二级标准。     

十种有机磷农药对扁藻的毒性

报告了十种有机磷农药对扁藻生长的半数抑制浓度ＥＣ５０值，依其毒性大小分：辛硫磷为剧毒；甲基异柳磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷为高毒；敌敌畏、氯化乐果、甲胺磷（江苏）、果保灵、甲胺磷（山东）为中等毒性；久效磷、杀灭毙为低毒，并初步探讨了有机磷农药结构和对微藻毒性大小的关系。     

辛硫磷降解菌XSP-1的分离、鉴定及其降解特性研究

从农药厂污泥中分离到1株能以辛硫磷为唯一碳源生长的细菌, 命名为XSP-1.根据其生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析, 将该菌株初步鉴定为戴尔福特菌属(Delftia sp.). 该菌株能在7 h内完全降解100　mg/L的辛硫磷. XSP-1降解辛硫磷的最适pH为7.0, 最适温度为35℃, 降解速率与初始接种量呈正相关, 该菌株对甲基对硫磷、毒死蜱、杀螟硫磷也有较好的降解能力. 根据已报道有机磷农药降解基因mpd的保守序列设计引物, 未从该菌株中扩增到目标条带, 但是该菌株是否带有新的有机磷农药降解基因仍需要进一步研究.     

采用Caco-2和PC12细胞检测有机磷农药的细胞毒性

建立了采用哺乳动物细胞系Caco-2和PC12细胞检测有机磷农药细胞毒性的新方法.10μmol/L甲基对硫磷、敌敌畏、氧乐果、辛硫磷处理经过单层培养的Caco-2细胞,随着农药处理时间的延长,Caco-2细胞跨上皮细胞电阻抗值逐渐降低,处理60min时,辛硫磷和甲基对硫磷对Caco-2细胞具有明显的透过性,约是正常组的15倍,4种农药对Caco-2细胞透过性由大到小的顺序为:甲基对硫磷,辛硫磷,敌敌畏,氧乐果;001μmol/L的甲基对硫磷和辛硫磷使PC12细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶活性迅速降低,随着处理浓度的增加酶活性降低不明显;而小于10μmol/L的氧乐果和敌敌畏呈现渐进降低的趋势,当浓度大于10μmol/L时酶活性降低比较显著.      

接种AM真菌对胡萝卜生长和辛硫磷残留的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了接种AM(arbuscular mycorrhiza)真菌对灭菌土壤中胡萝卜生长及其辛硫磷残留的影响.试验设置不施加、低(200 mg.L-1)、中(400 mg.L-1)、高(800 mg.L-1)等4个辛硫磷施用量水平,以及Glomus intraradices BEG 141(141)和Glomus mosseae BEG 167(167)和不接AM真菌的对照(CK)等3个接种处理.播种5个月后收获植株.辛硫磷在收获前14 d以灌根的方式施加.结果表明,尽管菌根侵染率在高辛硫磷施用量时有所降低,但均超过70%.辛硫磷施用量高低对于胡萝卜产量和地上部鲜重没有显著影响;在所有辛硫磷水平下,接种AM真菌均显著增加了胡萝卜产量和地上部鲜重.胡萝卜中辛硫磷残留随农药施用量增加而升高,接种AM真菌显著降低了胡萝卜根和地上部辛硫磷残留.无论在促生效应还是在降低辛硫磷残留方面,141菌剂要优于167菌剂.研究结果显示了AM真菌用于胡萝卜生产和降低农药残留的潜力.     

Environmental behaviors of phoxim with two formulations in bamboo forest under soil surface mulching

Phoxim (emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and granules (G)) has been widely used in bamboo forests. The persistence and magnitude of phoxim residues in the crop and soil must be investigated to ensure human and environmental safety. The environmental behaviors of the two formulations were investigated in a bamboo forest under soil surface mulching conditions (CP) and non-covered cultivation conditions (NCP). The half-lives of phoxim in soil under the two conditions in soil were 4.1–6.2 days (EC) and 31.5–49.5 days (G), respectively. Phoxim in EC could be leached from the topsoil into the subsoil. A minimized leaching effect was observed for G under NCP. Inversely, an enhanced leaching effect was observed for G under CP. The G formulation resulted in more parent compound (in bamboo shoots) and metabolite (in soil) residues of phoxim than in the case of EC, especially under CP conditions. In addition, the intensity and duration of the formulation effect on soil pH adjustment from G were more obvious than that from EC. Results showed that the environmental behaviors (distribution, degradation, residue) of phoxim in the bamboo forest were significantly influenced by the type of formulation. The prolongation effect from phoxim G might cause persistence and long-term environmental risk. However, bamboo shoot consumption could be considered relatively safe after applying the recommended dose of the two phoxim formulations.     

Biodegradation of phenol and m-cresol by mutated Candida tropicalis

The phenol and m-cresol biodegradations were studied using the mutant strain CTM 2 obtained by the He-Ne laser irradiation on wild-type Candida tropicalis. The results showed that C. tropicalis exhibited the increased capacity of phenolic compounds degradation after laser irradiation. It could degrade 2600 mg/L phenol and 300 mg/L m-cresol by 5% inoculum concentration, respectively. In the dual-substrate biodegradation system, 0–500 mg/L phenol could accelerate m-cresol biodegradation, and 300 mg/L m-cresol could be completely utilized within 46 hr at the presence of 350 mg/L phenol. Besides, the maximum biodegradation of m-cresol could reach 350 mg/L with 80 mg/L phenol within 61 hr. Obviously, phenol, as a growth substrate, could promote CTM 2 to degrade m-cresol, and was always preferentially utilized as carbon source. Comparatively, low-concentration m-cresol could result in a great inhibition on phenol degradation. In addition, the kinetic behaviors of cell growth and substrate biodegradation were described by kinetic model proposed in our laboratory.     

Biodegradation of phenol and /w-cresol by mutated Candida tropicalis

The phenol and m-cresol biodegradations were studied using the mutant strain CTM 2 obtained by the He-Ne laser irradiation on wild-type Candida tropicalis. The results showed that C. tropicalis exhibited the increased capacity of phenolic compounds degradation after laser irradiation. It could degrade 2600 mg/L phenol and 300 mg/L m-cresol by 5% inoculum concentration, respectively. In the dual-substrate biodegradation system, 0-500 mg/L phenol could accelerate m-cresol biodegradation, and 300 mg/L m-cresol could be completely utilized within 46 hr at the presence of 350 mg/L phenol. Besides, the maximum biodegradation of m-cresol could reach 350 mg/L with 80 mg/L phenol within 61 hr. Obviously, phenol, as a growth substrate, could promote CTM 2 to degrade m-cresol, and was always preferentially utilized as carbon source. Comparatively, low-concentration m-cresol could result in a great inhibition on phenol degradation. In addition, the kinetic behaviors of cell growth and substrate biodegradation were described by kinetic model proposed in our laboratory.     

突发性水体敌百虫污染的应急处理研究

文章模拟突发有机磷农药敌百虫污染,采用粉末活性炭吸附法和混凝沉淀法进行应急处理研究。试验结果标明:粉末活性炭吸附法适合处理低浓度水样,对0.5 mg/L的敌百虫溶液,活性炭投加量为47.608 mg/L(20℃,240 min)、78.421 mg/L(30℃,240 min)和138.207 mg/L(40℃,240 min),处理后的水样中敌百虫浓度均低于生活饮用水卫生标准中规定的0.05 mg/L。混凝沉淀法处理5 mg/L的敌百虫水样,投加混凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)160 mg/L、助凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)4 mg/L时,水中敌百虫剩余浓度低于生活饮用水卫生标准中规定的0.05 mg/L。     

曝气生物填料塔降解低浓度对氯苯酚废水研究

针对珠江三角洲地区化工厂排出的低浓度对氯苯酚废水,研究了曝气生物填料塔对对氯苯酚的降解,并对降解效果的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:初始浓度、溶解氧含量、停留时间和葡萄糖浓度等因素对降解效果影响显著;初始浓度<31mg/L,经过80h,对氯苯酚废水都可降至0.894mg/L以下,满足国家污水综合排放标准(1mg/L);对氯苯酚废水的适宜降解条件为:溶解氧质量含量为5～6.5mg/L、水力停留时间为5h、葡萄糖浓度为800mg/L。     

小球藻对新杀虫剂HNPC-A9908的富集与降解

HNPC-A9908[O-(3-苯氧苄基)-2-甲硫基-1-(4-氯苯基)丙基酮肟醚]是国家南方农药创制中心湖南基地研制成功的具有自主知识产权的一种新型杀虫剂.作者研究了蛋白核小球藻对HNPC-A9908的富集与降解.结果表明,蛋白核小球藻具有降解HNPC-A9908的能力,在20,100,400mg/L的浓度下,5d内HNPC-A9908的降解率分别为90.50%、66.02%和43.19%,日平均降解速率分别为3.60,13.20,34.55mg/L,其降解动力学方程可用二级反应动力学方程很好地拟合,拟合度达到83%以上.此外,蛋白核小球藻对HNPC-A9908也具有一定的富集能力,当浓度为20,100,400mg/L时达到最大富集的时间分别为24,48,48h,富集量分别为11.58,15.15,16.42mg/gFW,此后随时间的延长而逐步降低.