螯合剂-大白菜修复电子垃圾拆解场地土壤中锌与磷酸酶活性的研究

采用盆栽培养试验研究了在螯合剂作用下,大白菜对电子垃圾拆解场地重金属污染土壤中锌(Zn)的修复,以及不同螯合剂对土壤中Zn形态和磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明:随着螯合剂EDTA、草酸和EDDS浓度的增大,其对土壤中Zn的去除率大小表现为EDDSEDTA草酸;当螯合剂为EDDS且浓度为5mmol/kg时,土壤中Zn的去除率达到最大值66.97%,但由于EDDS浓度升高后会导致植物死亡,因此EDDS的最佳浓度应为3mmol/kg;当螯合剂为EDTA且浓度为3.11mmol/kg时,土壤中磷酸酶活性达到最大,是原始土壤的2.173倍;在草酸、EDTA和EDDS 3种螯合剂作用下,与原始土壤相比土壤中可交换态Zn的含量明显增大,其他形态Zn的含量均有不同程度的降低,而且螯合剂EDDS对土壤中Zn形态的影响较其他螯合剂显著。     

生物螯合剂EDDS与非生物螯合剂EDTA联合施用下植物提取土壤重金属及潜在环境风险

本文通过盆栽试验研究单一螯合剂EDTA、EDDS以及复合螯合剂的不同EDTA/EDDS配比对玉米和油菜作物重金属Pb、Cu、Cd的富集程度,并且通过淋滤实验分析各种螯合剂处理的土壤淋滤液重金属含量和土壤营养元素流失情况。结果表明:螯合剂的存在明显增加了植物重金属Pb、Cu、Cd的富集系数。植物重金属Pb富集系数在添加复合螯合剂配比3(EDTA/EDDS=1:2)时,达到最高;重金属Cu富集系数在添加复合螯合剂配比2(EDTA/EDDS=2:1)时,达到最高7.3;重金属Cd富集系数在添加单一螯合剂EDTA时达最高。土壤重金属淋滤液浓度在添加复合螯合剂不同EDTA/EDDS配比时比单一施用螯合剂要低。玉米组淋滤液中TN平均浓度高低依次为EDTA > EDDS > 配比3 > 配比1 > 配比2。油菜组淋滤液中TN平均浓度高低依次为EDTA > EDDS > 配比1 > 配比2 > 配比3。玉米组TP平均流失浓度高于空白对照组TP平均流失浓度72%,油菜组TP平均流失浓度高于空白对照组TP平均流失浓度54%。     

螯合剂对用芥菜型油菜修复镉污染土壤镉形态转化的影响

采用盆栽实验研究了不同浓度的三种螯合剂对用芥菜型油菜修复镉污染土壤的强化作用,比较了草酸、EDTA和EDDS对土壤中镉总量去除的影响,并采用Tessier连续提取法研究了各处理土壤中镉形态.结果表明,螯合剂的强化顺序为:EDTA＞＞EDDS＞草酸,EDTA的最佳浓度为3 mmol/kg,去除率可达74.58％;只有EDTA能显著活化土壤中镉,改变土壤中Cd的形态分布,提高Cd的生物活性,从而促进植物对镉的吸收.     

螯合剂添加对蜈蚣草修复砷污染土壤效果的影响分析

用盆栽试验的方法,研究了3种可生物降解螯合剂谷氨酸二乙酸四钠（GLDA）、甲基甘氨酸二乙酸（MGDA）、乙二胺二琥珀酸（EDDS）和1种传统螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）,在不同浓度（0,1.25,2.50,5.00,10.00 mmol/kg）下对蜈蚣草吸收土壤中As的影响。研究表明:4种螯合剂在1.25 mmol/kg时均能显著提高蜈蚣草生物量。EDDS在10 mmol/kg时根际土壤生物有效态As的含量最高,较空白组CK提高了69.2%。GLDA在10.00 mmol/kg时根际土壤As较原土壤降低了28.84%。浓度为5.00 mmol/kg的EDDS处理的蜈蚣草对As的富集系数BCF最高,为7.99,是CK的1.70倍。综合蜈蚣草生物量和对As的BCF值来看,5.00 mmol/kg MGDA地上部分对As积累量最大,其值为2648.65 μg/pot,较CK提高了65.92%。已被广泛应用于修复土壤Cd和Zn领域的新型螯合剂GLDA和MGDA在修复土壤As污染同样具有明显的潜力。     

绿化植物废弃物强化草坪修复石油烃污染土壤研究

该文以黄棕壤自制的石油烃(TPH)污染土壤为研究对象,进行了绿化植物废弃物添加量强化狗牙根、黑麦草、高羊茅修复TPH的研究。研究结果表明:绿化植物废弃物和种植植物相结合更有利于TPH污染土壤的修复,不同植物遵循以下顺序:高羊茅黑麦草狗牙根,且添加10%绿化植物废弃物时,TPH污染土壤的修复效果最好;随着培养时间的增加,TPH降解菌具有先增加后降低的趋势,且该变化趋势不受绿化植物废弃物添加量的影响;TPH降解菌数量和草坪植物生物量是影响TPH污染土壤修复效果的主要因素。     

螯合剂复配对实际重金属污染土壤洗脱效率影响及形态变化特征

乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)是土壤重金属污染洗涤修复中最常用的洗涤剂,然而其难降解性会对环境产生不利影响.而污染场地重金属形态分布对其环境风险至关重要.以某化工场地多种重金属污染土壤为对象,为减少EDTA用量,开展室内振荡实验考察EDTA与EDDS复配对As、Cd、Cu及Pb的洗脱效果和最佳复配比条件下洗涤前后重金属形态变化.结果表明在最优洗脱条件下,As、Cd和Pb去除率在EDTA∶EDDS=7∶3时达到最高,分别为12.67%、38.71%和31.09%;Cu在复配比为9∶1时可达16.91%.洗涤后,As的铁锰氧化态含量升高,会增加一定的环境风险;Cd的形态分布大体与原土一致;Cu和Pb的洗脱主要来自铁锰氧化态,其中Pb的铁锰氧化态洗脱量最大,而有机结合态所占百分比降幅最显著.复配体系不仅对4种重金属的洗脱率有一定提升,洗涤后重金属有效态比例也有所降低,对土壤重金属污染的修复具有指导意义.     

螯合剂和泥炭对苎麻吸收土壤镉的影响

通过生物盆栽试验研究了施用螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)与泥炭对强化苎麻修复重金属镉污染土壤的作用.结果表明,施加泥炭能改善土壤的理化性质,增加苎麻的生物产量,泥炭单施、螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)和泥炭的组合措施的相对产量分别为1.23、1.13和1.41,因此泥炭和柠檬酸配施处理更有利于植物生长.就植物吸收镉能力来说,螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)和泥炭的配施处理能更好地促进苎麻对镉的吸收,其土壤交换态镉所占镉形态质量分数为61.6%和58.3%,具有强化植物修复的效果.螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)和泥炭2种组合方式的地上部富集系数分别为1.33和1.32,大于单施(EDTA、柠檬酸和泥炭)处理1.11、1.11和1.05,具有较好的富集效应,同时螯合剂(EDTA、柠檬酸)和泥炭的组合处理对土壤镉的净化率分别达到了1.13%和1.22%,而柠檬酸和泥炭配施具有较大的生物量,使植株总镉量略高于EDTA与泥炭的组合处理,因而更有利于镉污染土壤的修复.因此,利用螯合剂和泥炭的组合修复措施对强化苎麻修复镉污染土壤能取得更佳的效果.     

可生物降解螯合剂GLDA诱导东南景天修复重金属污染土壤的研究

化学强化的植物提取技术可以有效地去除污染土壤的重金属.用盆栽试验的方法,研究了可生物降解螯合剂谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸(GLDA)不同用量或者与乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、柠檬酸复配使用对超富集植物东南景天吸收土壤重金属Cd、Zn和Pb的影响.结果表明,施用GLDA提高了东南景天对土壤Cd和Zn的提取效率,GLDA用量为2.5 mmol·kg-1时东南景天对Cd和Zn的提取量最高,分别是对照的2.5倍和2.6倍.螯合剂的总用量为5 mmol·kg-1时,EDTA、柠檬酸分别与GLDA复配,未能进一步促进东南景天对土壤Cd和Zn的提取.上述结果表明,可生物降解螯合剂GLDA在诱导植物修复重金属污染土壤特别是Cd和Zn污染土壤具有明显潜力.     

EDTA调控下灯心草和龙须草对铅锌尾矿污染土壤的修复潜力

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同质量摩尔浓度EDTA(b(EDTA))调控下灯心草和龙须草对铅锌尾矿污染土壤的修复潜力.结果表明:当b(EDTA)为0.125～2.000 mmol/kg时能显著促进生长在铅锌尾矿污染土壤中灯心草和龙须草地上部生物量的增产,分别在0.500和1.000 mmol/kg时达到最大值.EDTA对2种草地上部生物量的影响大于地下部,分别通过影响株高和分蘖数实现,且对灯心草的影响程度大于龙须草.添加EDTA可以显著提高2种草对各重金属的富集能力,尤其以Pb, Cu最为明显.同时发现,EDTA对植物积累重金属能力的促进作用存在植物种类和重金属元素种类之间的差异.灯心草和龙须草分别在重金属积累、转运和生物量上存在优势,在EDTA调控下将2种植物合理搭配种植在铅锌尾矿污染土壤中能取得良好的重金属去除效果.      

生物可降解的螯合剂EDDS提取城市污泥中Cu，Zn，Pb和Cd

研究了生物可降解的螯合剂EDDS对城市污泥中的Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb的提取效应.EDDS提取动力学研究表明,Cu,Zn,Cd和Pb达到最大提取量的时间分别为12,24,36和36 h.EDDS提取液pH效应研究表明,pH对4种重金属元素的释放没有显著的影响.4种重金属元素的EDDS提取率:Cu为23%～39%,Zn为41%～42%,Cd为18%～24%,Pb为24%～44%.对比EDDS和EDTA对重金属的提取率:Cu为EDDS＞EDTA;Zn为EDDS≈EDTA;Cd和Pb为EDTA＞EDDS.提取之后,用BCR连续提取法研究污泥中残留的重金属元素的形态分布表明,酸溶/可交换态、可还原态和可氧化态金属浓度明显降低.综合考虑运行成本、提取率和城市污泥资源化利用价值,建议EDDS提取城市污泥条件为pH中性、提取时间24 h,从而可以有效地降低城市污泥中有效态重金属元素含量.     

Selection of appropriate organic additives for enhancing Zn and Cd phytoextraction by hyperaccumulators

Chelant-enhanced phytoextraction is one of the most promising technologies to remove heavy metals from soil. The key of the technology is to choose suitable additives in combination with a suitable plant. In the present study, laboratory batch experiment of metal solubilization, cress seeds germination were undertaken to investigate the metal-mobilizing capability and the phytotoxicity of organic additives, including ethylene diamine triacetic acid （EDTA）, citric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, glutamine and monosodium glutamate waste liquid （MGWL） from food industry. Experiments in pots were carried out to study the effects of the additives on Zn and Cd phytoextraction. Furthermore, a leaching experiment with lysimeter was performed to evaluate the environmental risks of additive-induced leaching to underground water. The results showed that EDTA had a strong mobilizing ability for Zn and Cd, followed by mixed reagent （MR） and MGWL. MGWL and acetic acid at 5 mmol equivalent per liter resulted in seed germination index less than 2%. Experiments in pots verified the phytotoxicity of acetic acid and MGWL. Addition of the mixed reagent at 6--10 mmol/kg significantly increased Zn phytoextraction by Thlaspi caerulescens. The same for EDTA and the mixed reagent at 10 mmol/kg by Sedum dfredii. But only mixed reagents could significantly increase Cd phytoextraction by the studied hyperaccumulators. This suggested that the strong chelant was not always the good agent to enhance phytoextraction. S. alfredii combined with 2--10 mmol/kg soil MR was preferred for phytoremediation of Cd/Zn contaminated soils in southern China, this could result in high phytoextraction of Cd/Zn and reduce the leaching risk to underground water than EDTA assisted phytoextration.     

几种修复措施对Cd淋失及土壤剖面运移影响

采集典型Cd超标稻田土壤开展室外盆栽实验,选取石灰、生物炭、苎麻、苎麻+有机酸EDTA添加强化富集植物等当前具有大田推广潜力的重金属超标土壤修复措施为研究对象,分析降雨、土壤双重酸性环境不同修复措施下土壤剖面有效态Cd含量变化及其径流流失特征.结果表明,生物炭(2%质量分数添加量)相比其他处理可显著提高土壤p H,苎麻添加EDTA则明显降低了土壤p H.同次降雨事件中,苎麻处理所产生的径流水样中水溶态Cd质量浓度显著高于水稻降雨排水,水稻生物炭添加处理径流水Cd质量浓度明显低于石灰添加及其他各处理,苎麻添加EDTA后径流水Cd质量浓度比苎麻显著升高,石灰处理(0.3%质量分数添加量)对土壤p H、径流水Cd质量浓度影响不明显.实验周期内,径流水Cd的质量浓度呈现春季高于夏季的特征.生物炭添加可显著降低0~20 cm土层有效态Cd含量且具一定持续效应,EDTA添加则显著提高了0~20cm土层有效态Cd的含量,而添加一段时间后含量则明显降低,但20~40 cm土层有效态Cd含量则略高于其他处理,具有一定的次表层土壤Cd活化效应.综上,生物炭等碱性固化材料添加修复措施可降低Cd污染土壤对地表受纳水体、土壤剖面下移的污染风险,而有机酸强化植物修复技术对地表水、深层土壤Cd污染风险较大,因此有机酸强化植物修复措施在大田推广时应充分考虑重金属的二次污染风险.     

EDDS对土壤铜镉有效性及蓖麻吸收转运的影响

为探究螯合剂对植物吸收重金属的影响,以蓖麻（Ricinus communis L.）为供试植物,通过土培和盆栽试验,研究不同含量乙二胺二琥珀酸（EDDS）对土壤中铜镉形态和植物吸收、转运的影响.结果表明,EDDS显著增加了土壤有效态铜和镉含量,培养15 d时,增幅分别为43.01%~103.55%和51.78%~69.43%,同时促进了可还原态铜向弱酸提取态转化,增加了土壤铜的移动性.EDDS促进了蓖麻对铜的吸收、转运与富集.EDDS 2.5和EDDS 5.0处理时,地上部铜含量是对照的4.88倍和16.65倍（P< 0.05）,根部是对照的2.89倍和3.60倍（P<0.05）,铜转运系数显著提高了72.73%和381.82%.EDDS 5.0处理时,蓖麻地上部和根部的铜提取量分别是对照处理的14.08倍和2.16倍,总铜提取量是对照处理的4.70倍（P< 0.05）.此外,EDDS显著增加了蓖麻镉含量,EDDS 2.5处理时,地上部和根部分别增加了15.15%和57.42%,蓖麻总镉提取量显著提高了13.44%.综上可知,EDDS能增加土壤铜镉的有效性,促进蓖麻对铜镉的吸收,提高蓖麻的修复效率,其中5.0 mmol·kg^-1 EDDS更有利于蓖麻对铜的提取,而2.5 mmol·kg^-1 EDDS处理对镉的提取有较高的增加效果.     

Extraction of heavy metals from e-waste contaminated soils using EDDS

Environmental contamination due to uncontrolled e-waste recycling activities is drawing increasing attention in the world. Extraction of these metals with biodegradable chelant [S,S]-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) and the factors influencing extraction efficacy were investigated in the present study. Results showed that the addition of EDDS at low pH (5.5) produced higher metal extraction than that at high pH (8.0) solution. Metal speciation analysis indicated that Cu was completely complexed with EDDS at different pH conditions with various amounts of EDDS applied. For Pb and Zn, at low EDDS dose of 0.304 mol/kg soil, they were present as Pb- and Zn-EDDS. However, at high EDDS dose of 1.26 mol/kg soil, most of Pb was bound with dissolved organic matter. Ca and Al were found to be strong competitors for trace metals to EDDS at low application dose and low pH condition.     

EDDS强化Fe0-Al0体系降解废水中4-氯酚的性能和机理

采用乙二胺二琥珀酸（EDDS）强化Fe⁰-Al⁰体系还原水溶液中的O₂产生H₂O₂和·OH等活性氧（ROS）的绿色高级氧化工艺,以4-氯酚（4-CP）模拟废水为研究对象,考察了溶液的初始pH值、铁铝的质量比、EDDS投加量和4-CP的初始浓度等因素对4-CP降解的影响.采用电子自旋共振（ESR）法、苯甲酸捕捉法以及4-CP的降解产物等证实了ROS的产生及4-CP的降解机制.结果表明：EDDS强化Fe⁰-Al⁰/O₂体系对4-CP的去除率随溶液初始pH的升高而降低,但在pH=2.5～9范围内,始终具有较好的4-CP去除率;随Fe⁰：Al⁰质量比增加4-CP的去除率先增大后减小,最佳质量比为4：1;随EDDS投加量和4-CP初始浓度增加,4-CP的去除率增大;EDDS可使体系的高级氧化能力提高9倍,在初始pH=2.5、Fe⁰=8g/L、Al⁰=2g/L、EDDS=1.5mmol/L条件下,反应3h后100mg/L 4-CP的去除率和脱氯率均达到近100%..     

Humification characterization of biochar and its potential as a composting amendment

Biochar has received increasing attention due to its applications as a soil amendment. Here, the chemical properties of solid and water-extractable fractions of four biochar samples were investigated. The results showed that wood biochar and bamboo biochar samples were 60%–80% more hydrophobic than those of rice husk biochar and rice husk ash. In addition, the acidity was 3.88 mmol/g from the total functional groups and 1.03 mmol/g from the carboxyl groups/lactones/phenols found in the wood biochar sample, which were about 1.5 times greater than those of the bamboo biochar sample. These functional groups could be used to determine the sorptive capacity of biochar for ionic solutes and water content and to increase the degradation of compost organics. The wood biochar sample was found to have the most humification materials(fulvic acid-like material + humic acid-like material) in the water-extractable fraction, which was 3–10 times higher than that in the rice husk biochar and rice husk ash; humified materials were not detected in the bamboo biochar sample. Humification materials in biochar may be involved in increasing the proportion of humic acid-like materials in humic-like substances within the compost product. Wood biochar had better hydrophobic, sorptive, aromatic, and humification properties compared to other biochars, suggesting that it may be used in composting in order to exert its effect as both a bulking agent and a composting amendment during the solid waste composting process.