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Following the severe flood events of 1998 and 2000, the United Kingdom's Environment Agency prioritised the need to increase public flood risk awareness. Drawing on data collected during research undertaken for the Environment Agency, this paper contributes to understanding of one aspect of flood awareness: people's recognition that their property is in an area that is potentially at risk of flooding. Quantitative analyses indicate that class is the most influential factor in predicting flood risk awareness, followed by flood experience and length of time in residence. There are also significant area differences. Our qualitative work explores how those defined as 'at risk' account for their lack of awareness or concern about their risk status. We conclude that the problem is often not simply a lack of awareness, but rather, assessments of local risk based on experience that underestimate the impact of rare or extreme events. We underline the importance of engaging with local perspectives on risk and making local people part of 'awareness-raising' processes. 相似文献
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1999年梅雨期间,浙北的杭嘉湖地区和新安江流域发生了百年未遇的洪灾-“99630”特大洪水。这次洪水的降雨、水位都超过历史记录。在特大灾害面前,各级防汛部门精心调度,正确指挥,各地发扬风格,团结抗洪,各类水利工程充分发挥了防洪减灾作用。 相似文献
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借助分形与混沌理论,对1978-2004年湖北省洪涝灾害成灾面积时间序列进行了分析,重构了其嵌入相空间序列,计算了其关联维数和饱和嵌入维数,确定了模拟相应动力系统所需的基本变量数目;同时,通过计算Kolmogorov熵,得出了对该洪涝灾害时间序列进行预测预报的时间尺度.最后,基于R/S分形分析,对湖北省未来洪涝灾害成灾面积的发展趋势作了预测,对该省洪涝灾害成灾面积可能呈现增大趋势的原因进行了分析,并提出了相应的对策.研究表明,该方法是一种有效的研究洪涝灾害时间序列分形特征的方法,能够客观、合理地反映洪涝灾害系统的分形特征,能为建立洪涝灾害成灾面积时间序列预报模型提供基础信息. 相似文献
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"03.8"渭河下游特大洪涝灾害的"三情"分析 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
应用渭河流域各气象站及下游重灾区华县水文站的资料,对2003年渭河下游特大洪灾的雨情、水情及灾情进行了分析.阐述了大气环流背景,从降水的时间分布、大降水的落区和分类,总结了特大洪灾的降水特点;从洪水的水位、流量、过程线及与历史洪灾过程的对比分析,得出"03.8"洪水具有"峰次多、水位高、历时长、总量大"之特征;通过洪水前后卫星遥感监测图像的对比分析,清楚地看出渭河主河道明显加宽了3~8倍,造成直接经济损失高达40多亿元;经过以上分析,还揭示了本次洪灾形成的主要原因,从而提出了有关治理渭河、减少洪灾的发展对策. 相似文献
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防洪减灾观念的理论进展--灾害双重属性概念及其科学哲学基础 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4
提出灾害的双重属性概念,是国际减灾十年活动中的重要理论进展之一,已被国家防洪减灾主管部门所采纳,被认为是防洪减灾方针转变的理论基础.作者总结了多年来的研究心得,论述了灾害双重属性概念的实质,以及它和工程与非工程相结合的减灾措施之异同.论述了这个科学概念系来源于我国传统治水理念和西方现代防洪减灾思想,并阐述了这一概念的科学和哲学基础. 相似文献
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Neighbourhood parks may serve as a coping resource in post-disaster communities, yet little is known about the impact of large-scale disasters on park use. The objective of this study is to explore the impact of Hurricane Katrina (August 2005) on park use by visitors from flooded areas of New Orleans, Louisiana, compared to visitors from non-flooded areas. In 2006 and 2007, following Hurricane Katrina, 201 adults who visited 27 New Orleans parks were interviewed. Visitors from flooded neighbourhoods used their parks less often and were less likely to engage in animal interaction than visitors from non-flooded neighbourhoods. They placed more importance on escape and physically-active motivations than visitors from non-flooded areas. Social reasons were also more important to visitors from flooded areas, but these differences disappeared after adjusting for race. Neighbourhood parks are a community asset that may play a role in the post-disaster recovery process by providing opportunities for escape and physical activity. 相似文献
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中国是洪水灾害发生频繁的国家之一,研究水灾脆弱性对中国的灾害风险管理有着极为重要的意义。但是,合理评估脆弱性尤其是社会脆弱性却面临着极大的挑战。利用Hoovering改进模式,选择湘江流域的长沙地区为研究区,对研究区内的家户进行了社会脆弱性评价。结果表明,长沙市区的5个区内,高脆弱性家户最多的是天心区,最少的是雨花区。而就社区而言,高脆弱性家户最多的足裕南街街道和桔子洲街道。该结果反映了长沙不同行政区、社区社会脆弱性的差别,可供确定受援地区和受援人群及开展援助活动,乃至灾后日常风险管理参考。 相似文献
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洞庭湖区农业水旱灾害演变特征及影响因素——60年来的灾情诊断 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以洞庭湖区1950-2009年的灾情?雨情和水情等资料为依据,运用灾害系统理论与方法,分析了湖区农业水旱灾害的演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明:在水旱灾害时间序列中,其演变特征表现为:⑴具有明显的频发性,不同等级的旱灾在1950-1999年间为间歇发生,但2000年以来为连年发生,不同等级的水灾年年发生;⑵水旱承灾体受灾率?成灾率异常指数的演变具有高位波动性,其中以水灾波动幅度最大;⑶水旱灾害损失演变的总体趋势表现为:水灾损失减少,旱灾损失稍有增加;⑷三峡水库运行以来,毁灭性的洪溃决堤灾害得到有效控制,但涝渍灾害仍然频发,夏秋连旱灾害年年发生。水旱灾害的这些演变特征即是洞庭湖流域降水量年际、年内分配不均,河?湖?库蓄水量年际年内变化大,以及湖区各个阶段对防洪?排涝?抗旱等水利设施建设投资力度的差异等因素综合作用的结果。 相似文献
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GIS and local knowledge in disaster management: a case study of flood risk mapping in Viet Nam 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Linking community knowledge with modern techniques to record and analyse risk related data is one way of engaging and mobilising community capacity. This paper discusses the use of the Geographic Information System (GIS) at the local level and the need for integrating modern technology and indigenous knowledge into disaster management. It suggests a way to mobilise available human and technical resources in order to strengthen a good partnership between local communities and local and national institutions. The paper also analyses the current vulnerability of two communes by correlating hazard risk and loss/damage caused by disasters and the contribution that domestic risk maps in the community can make to reduce this risk. The disadvantages, advantages and lessons learned from the GIS flood risk mapping project are presented through the case study of the Quang Tho Commune in Thua Thien Hue province, central Viet Nam. 相似文献
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福建省近50年旱涝时空特征演变——基于标准化降水指数分析 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
旱涝灾害是影响我国的主要气象灾害之一。利用福建省60个气象站1960-2006年逐月降水观测资料,采用标准化降水指数(SPI)、M ann-Kendall检验、正交经验分解函数和旋转经验正交分解函数等方法,分析了近50年福建省旱涝时空变化的特征。结果表明:(1)福建省近50年总体上向涝的趋势发展,SPI指数在20世纪60年代先升后降,至70年代中后期开始上升,80年代初发生短暂下降,此后持续上升,上升趋势一直持续到21世纪。(2)旱涝呈现阶段性变化,1960-1972年、2000-2005年为干旱发生频繁的阶段;20世纪70年代中后期、90年代则为雨涝频繁的阶段。(3)根据旱涝特征差异,福建省可划分为闽东南沿海、闽北、闽东与闽西等4大区域,4个区域总体上与全省具有相对一致的旱涝趋势,但在某些时段南北方向上的不同区域之间存在差异。(4)福建省20世纪70年代中期和2000年以后旱涝变率最大,20世纪80年代初变率最小,且4个区域也表现出类似的特征。 相似文献
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《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(1):16-37
This paper reviews climate change impacts and the existing disaster risk management system in Japan and offers the results of a structured questionnaire survey of the community leaders and disaster risk management personnel of Saijo city of Japan that assesses their perceptions about dealing with the extreme disasters by the existing disaster risk management systems. This study was inspired by the record number of typhoon landfall that has surprised the local government and communities in 2004. While unearthing the hidden vulnerabilities in cities like Saijo, this event has loosened the confidence of local communities on the disaster risk management systems. From the study, we conclude that the existing disaster risk management systems need further fillip and that the proactive community involvement in disaster risk management is still in nascent stages. Associating with the scientific community, involving the local communities (including the elderly), enhancing the redundancy in disaster risk management systems, inculcating strategic thinking and micro-level planning, conducting vulnerability assessments by considering the special circumstances including resource constraints of small cities and better policy coordination across the administrative hierarchy are some important considerations for dealing with the uncertainty brought by the extreme events. 相似文献
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中国水灾社会脆弱性评估方法的改进与应用--以长沙地区为例 总被引:17,自引:2,他引:17
中国是洪水灾害发生频繁的国家之一,研究水灾脆弱性对中国的灾害风险管理有重要的意义.但是,合理评估脆弱性尤其是社会脆弱性却面临着极大的挑战.论文对评估社会脆弱性指数的研究现状进行了分析,指出了传统评估方法存在的问题,并尝试改进Hoovering评估模式.选择湘江流域的长沙地区为研究区,应用改进模型对研究区进行了社会脆弱性指数的评估.结果表明,长沙地区社会脆弱性从1980年至2000年基本处于下降趋势,但是在2002年和2003年增长迅速.2003年,长沙5区4县中社会脆弱性指数最大的是开福区,其次是长沙县,而宁乡县的社会脆弱性指数最低. 相似文献
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梁建文 《防灾减灾工程学报》2013,(3):241-245,262
供水管网运行状态的准确把握,对供水管网的健康监测与诊断至关重要,而监测点压力是管网运行状态最重要的标志之一。提出用于供水管网监测点压力在线预测的EMD(经验模态分解)与自回归模型相结合的方法,并对EMD组合模态所蕴含的物理意义进行了阐述。通过一实际供水管网中某监测点压力的在线预测与实际监测值的比较,验证了方法的有效性,此方法可提高城市供水管网健康的在线监测与诊断的效率。 相似文献
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避洪耐涝生态农业的发展方向与思路——洞庭湖退田还湖区案例研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在退田还湖区发展避洪耐涝生态农业,是提高移民收入、脱贫致富奔小康、提高移民安置质量和拓展安置容量的重要途径。根据洞庭湖区的农业优势和退田还湖区发展高效生态农业的基础和条件,将其发展的总体方向确定为实现避洪耐涝高效特色生态农业产业化。其基本思路是:(1)双退垸行洪区面对洪水渍水重点发展耐涝性强的水生蔬菜、水生饲料及特种名优渔类产业;(2)单退垸区避开洪水重点发展粮油、林草、畜牧业等主导产业;面对洪水、渍水发展耐涝性强的水禽和特种水产养殖业;(3)蓄洪垸区避开特大洪水大力发展粮食、经济作物,突出发展草食牧畜业,积极发展水禽和特种渔类养殖业。通过发展差异性的避洪耐涝生态农业,建设具有支柱产业链特色的粮油生产基地、畜禽生产基地、林木、蔬菜生产基地,特种水产养殖基地,最终实现高效生态农业产业化。 相似文献