强化混凝与Fenton试剂氧化处理含聚采油废水的中试研究

采用强化混凝加Fenton试剂氧化技术组合工艺研究其对含聚采油废水的处理效果。分别考察了混凝反应pH及混凝药剂投加浓度和Fenton试剂氧化反应中H2O2以及Fe2+的投加浓度对含聚采油废水处理效果的影响。试验结果表明,在最佳反应条件下,废水的COD达到48 mg/L,SS达到9 mg/L,色度达到16倍,能够达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准。强化混凝加Fenton试剂氧化技术组合工艺对含聚采油废水具有良好的处理效果。     

Fenton试剂催化氧化--混凝法处理焦化废水的实验研究

用Fenton试剂结合自制聚硅硫酸铝对焦化废水进行了催化氧化—混凝试验研究 ,选择了最佳的工作条件。结果表明 ,经氧化—混凝处理后废水的COD从 1 1 73mg/L降至 38.2mg/L ,去除率达 96 .7%。研究中还发现 ,Fenton试剂具有将废水的 pH值调节为 2 .5～ 3的特性 ,为该工艺实际处理焦化废水提供了科学依据     

Fenton氧化深度处理维生素B_(12)废水的研究

以维生素B12废水经"厌氧-A/O"工艺处理后的出水为研究对象,考察了Fenton试剂氧化法深度处理该废水的效果和影响因素。结果表明,Fenton试剂氧化法处理该废水具有良好的净化效果,在进水pH值为7.5,ρ(COD)为118mg/L的条件下,出水ρ(COD)为41 mg/L,COD去除率可达65.2%。优化确定的最佳操作参数为:H2O2投加量为1.8ml/L,H2O2/Fe2+为5∶1,反应时间为80 min,废水pH值为3.5,反应温度为40℃。     

活性污泥-Fenton法处理精细化工废水研究

某精细化工废水ρ(COD)高达4000 mg/L以上,对此废水进行处理试验,结果表明:利用活性污泥生物氧化与Fenton氧化组合工艺,活性污泥处理时间为7 d,反应温度为25℃;Fenton试剂投加浓度为500 mg/L,反应时间为2 h。通过活性污泥-Fenton法,能够有效去除该废水的COD,去除率可达97%以上,该方案处理后废水达到排放标准。     

Fenton试剂加硫酸处理高浓度含酚废水的研究

研究了硫酸、Fenton试剂对酚的催化降解作用，证实了硫酸与Fenton试剂对酚的催化降解具有协同作用。H_2SO_4－Fenton试剂对高浓度含酚废水的处理结果说明，在Fenton试剂中加入硫酸可大大增加其对酚的降解能力。与单独的Fenton试剂法比较，当H_2O_2∶COD（重量比）＜0．8时，本法对COD≥14000mg／L含酚废水COD去除率可提高40％以上，对高浓度含酚废水具有很好的处理效果。     

微电解/Fenton法预处理炼油碱渣的实验

采用铁碳微电解/Fenton试剂组合工艺对炼油碱渣废水混凝沉淀处理后出水,进行降解研究。实验结果表明:pH值为3,废水与铁碳填料的体积比为2∶1,微电解反应时间2 h,曝气的条件下,废水的处理效果最好,COD的去除率超过42.5%。Fenton试剂处理微电解反应出水的最佳操作条件是:pH值在2～3之间、反应时间2.5 h、Fe2+浓度为800 mg/L左右、H2O2浓度为0.25 mol/L,在此条件下,Fenton试剂处理微电解处理后的炼油碱渣废水COD平均去除率为63.8%以上,微电解/Fenton工艺对COD的总去除率在79.2%左右,可生化性由0.16提高到0.56。     

高级氧化处理苯酚废水的研究

采用Fenton试剂和O3对COD为950mg/L的苯酚废水进行化学氧化处理,通过实验确定各自最佳的运行参数。Fenton:n(H2O2)=36mmol/L,n(H2O2):n(Fe2+)=3,pH为3,反应时间为2h,COD去除率为90%;O3:投加量为1200mg/L,pH为11时COD的去除率为60%,两种氧化技术都有较好的处理效果。     

抗生素化学合成生产废水可生化性改善试验研究

采用水解酸化与Fenton试剂分别处理高浓度抗生素化学合成废水的厌氧出水,并采用MBR验证其生化性的改善。试验表明:在废水ρ(COD)平均为4 084 mg/L时,水解酸化COD去除率平均为26.2%,ρ(BOD5)/ρ(COD)从0.23提高到0.31,但无法保证MBR出水ρ(COD)<120 mg/L。Fenton试剂反应条件为:ρ(H2O2)=5 000 mg/L,ρ(Fe2+)=4 000 mg/L,pH=7,反应时间1 h,COD去除率达50%。混合废水经MBR处理后,出水ρ(COD)平均为98.4 mg/L,可稳定达《制药工业水污染物排放标准》。     

自催化氧化还原技术处理PCB络合废水试验研究

针对PCB络合废水络合铜浓度高、COD难达标、可生化性差等特点,在研究铜对铁碳微电解和Fenton氧化的催化作用的基础上,采用催化铁内电解-Fenton催化氧化联合自催化氧化还原技术对PCB络合废水进行处理,并通过混凝实验进一步去除废水中污染物。零价铁可置换出络合铜中的铜,单质铜与零价铁可形成Fe-Cu催化还原体系,对Fenton氧化也具有催化作用,可有效提高废水的处理效果。通过单因素实验确定各工艺最佳反应条件,实验结果表明,催化铁内电解最佳工艺条件为:p H=2,反应时间为60 min,铁屑投加量为5 g/L;Fenton催化氧化最佳工艺条件为:p H=3,反应时间为60 min,H2O2投加量为15 m L/L;混凝实验PAM最佳投加量为10 mg/L。最佳工艺条件下废水COD和总铜去除率分别可达到94.5%和98.8%,B/C由0.12提高到0.32,废水可生化性得到显著提高,为后续处理创造了条件。     

太阳光Fenton氧化对含酚废水生物降解影响研究

研究了太阳光Fenton氧化预处理对含酚废水生物降解性的影响及太阳光Fenton氧化-生化法联合工艺对煤气含酚废水的处理效果。结果表明,煤气含酚废水和模拟含酚废水的生物降解性均较差,太阳光Fenton氧化预处理可明显提高含酚废水的生物降解性,随着H2O2投加量的增加,废水的BOD5/COD比值逐渐增大,生物降解性明显增强。煤气含酚废水直接进行生化处理的COD和挥发酚去除率均较低。当太阳光Fenton氧化过程H2O2用量为22.5%理论投加量时,采用太阳光Fenton氧化-生化法联合工艺可使煤气含酚废水的COD由1357mg/L降低至104mg/L,挥发酚由198.2mg/L降低至0.47mg/L,COD和挥发酚均达到国家二级排放标准。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.