菲与吡啶在沉积物及粘土矿物上的吸附行为

研究了菲和吡啶在天然沉积物及粘土矿物(高岭土、蒙脱土)上的吸附行为.结果表明,含有天然有机质的沉积物对菲的吸附最为显著,而高岭土和蒙脱土对菲也能发生一定程度的吸附.菲在3种吸附剂上的吸附行为比较符合线性模型,Kd分别为594.7L·kg-1(沉积物),405.OL·kg-1(高岭土)和286.7L·kg-1(蒙脱土).吡啶在3种吸附剂上吸附的Kd明显低于菲,在沉积物、高岭土和蒙脱土颗粒上分别为1.18,9.03和0.94 L·kg-1.CEC较大的沉积物和蒙脱土上吡啶的吸附量更低,这可能是背景溶液中Na+向此两种吸附剂表面大量聚集所致.总体上溶液pH值对于菲在3种吸附剂上的吸附影响较小,而对于吡啶而言,酸性和碱性条件均较中性条件更有利于其在粘土矿物上的吸附,其在沉积物上的吸附则随溶液pH值的增大而降低.     

富营养化水体中微囊藻细胞碎屑对氨氮的吸附特性

以微囊藻细胞碎屑作为水体有机质颗粒悬浮物的代表,模拟研究了有机质颗粒悬浮物对无机氮的吸附行为及吸附特性.实验表明,细胞碎屑颗粒对氨氮的吸附在30min内即可接近吸附平衡,吸附符合Henry吸附模式,在吸附剂浓度为10mg·l-1,氨氮初始浓度为1.0mg·l-1,pH7.0的实验条件下,吸附分配系数高达30426L·kg-1.碎屑浓度、pH值和盐度对吸附具有一定的影响.     

精喹禾灵在高岭土和蒙脱石中的吸附行为

采用批量平衡实验,研究了精喹禾灵在蒙脱石和高岭土中的吸附行为及作用机理.结果表明,精喹禾灵在这两种供试黏土矿物中的吸附过程分为快速吸附、慢速吸附和吸附平衡3个阶段,吸附平衡时间都约为12 h;Langmuir模型能较好地描述其在两种供试黏土矿物中的吸附行为;蒙脱石和高岭土对精喹禾灵的最大吸附容量的关系为蒙脱石>高岭土;傅立叶变换红外光谱以及X-射线衍射分析显示,在吸附过程中精喹禾灵分子进入了蒙脱石层间,而未进入到高岭土层间;蒙脱石主要是通过其层间结构对精喹禾灵进行吸附,而高岭土则主要是通过硅氧外表面发生吸附,其吸附作用力主要是氢键.     

蒙脱石、铁氧化物及其复合体对水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附效果

利用蒙脱石、FeCl_3·6H_2O制备出改性蒙脱石复合体,并对蒙脱石、铁氧化物及其改性复合体吸附水中As(Ⅲ)的效能进行对比试验。结果表明:这3者对水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附动力学均符合Lagergren速度模型,且均属于Freundlich等温吸附。复合体的沉降效率明显优于其他2种吸附剂,且对含As(Ⅲ)溶液的pH值具有很好调节能力。SO_4~(2-)和Mg~(2+)浓度对As(Ⅲ)的去除基本无影响,Ca~(2+)能促进As(Ⅲ)的吸附,NO_3~-、PO_4~(3-)与As(Ⅲ)存在较强的竞争吸附。     

天然有机质模型化合物在无机矿物表面的吸附

天然有机质(NOM)在全球碳循环中扮演重要角色,而无机矿物对有机碳稳定具有重要作用.本实验以Fe2O3(纳米和微米颗粒)和高岭土为吸附剂,探讨复杂多组分NOM模型化合物(单宁酸、没食子酸、富马酸钠和油酸钠)在无机矿物表面的吸附稳定机理.结果表明,4种不同性质的模型化合物在矿物表面均呈现明显的非线性吸附.纳米氧化铁较大的比表面积能够提供更多的吸附位点,有利于其对模型化合物的吸附,但是其比表面积的有效性最低,显示其极大的吸附潜力.不管是芳香性还是脂肪性化学物质,大分子模型化合物的吸附显著高于小分子模型化合物,说明NOM的模型化合物中大分子组分更倾向于吸附在无机矿物表面,这一现象提示NOM在无机矿物表面发生选择性吸附时,有可能优先吸附大分子组分.     

菲在不同地质吸附剂上吸附/解吸的研究

研究了菲在不同土壤和沉积物等天然地质吸附剂上的吸附/解吸行为.结果表明,菲在四种天然地质吸附剂上的吸附和解吸都能较快达到稳态.菲的吸附符合线性吸附等温线,说明菲的吸附是分配作用占主导,吸附系数Kd在24.1-187.5 L·kg-1之间.连续解吸实验表明,菲在天然地质吸附剂上的解吸存在不同程度的滞后现象,吸附剂的有机碳含量和菲的加入浓度是影响菲解吸率和滞后程度的重要因素.当菲加入浓度分别为1mg·1-1和2mg·1-1时,在有机碳含量为2.82%的榆林县土壤上的解吸滞后系数为1.61和0.67;而2mg·1-1的菲在有机碳含量为0.69%的泰达河岸土上的滞后系数为-0.06,吸附几乎完全可逆.     

包气带不同深度土壤对甲苯和三氯乙烯的吸附研究

采用批实验研究了华北平原地下水中检出率较高的三氯乙烯和甲苯在沿污水河包气带不同深度土壤中的吸附情况。从3个地点分析结果来看,其中有机碳（OC）的质量分数均较低（最高为1.01%）。在河床和近河处土壤对甲苯和三氯乙烯的吸附总体上呈现出浅部土壤吸附性强的特点。在实验浓度范围内,土壤中无机矿物对有机污染物（特别是三氯乙烯）的表面吸附扮演了重要角色。土壤对甲苯的吸附表现出了强烈的非线性,而对三氯乙烯的吸附表现出了良好的线性关系。甲苯的吸附与土壤有机碳质量分数的关系要比三氯乙烯更密切,这说明了吸附作用过程与有机化合物的分子结构、疏水性等方面的性质也有关系。     

除草剂苯噻草胺在土壤中的吸附

对除草剂苯噻草胺在6种不同土壤中的吸附行为进行了研究。结果表明,土壤对苯噻草胺有较强的吸附性。在试验浓度范围内,苯噻草胺的土壤吸附行为可用线性吸附模型表征。土壤有机质是影响苯噻草胺吸附行为的重要因素,其吸附系数有随土壤有机质含量增高而增大的趋势。通过在线性吸附系数（Kd)和土壤有机质含量（OM％）之间构建的回归方程：Kd=2.6120 OM% 1.0746,可以预测苯噻草胺的Kd值,其预测的可靠性通过蒙特卡洛模拟得以检验。     

腐殖酸对U(Ⅵ)的吸附机理研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了腐殖酸(HA)对U(Ⅵ)的吸附特征,考查了腐殖酸在不同试验条件对U(Ⅵ)吸附的影响.试验结果表明:吸附过程在1.5 h后达到动态平衡;最佳吸附剂用量为2.0 g·L~(-1);随着U(Ⅵ)的初始浓度增大,腐殖酸对U(Ⅵ)的吸附效果不断降低,最大K_d值在铀的初始浓度为20 mg·L~(-1)时获得;溶液中Ca~(2+)、CO■对U(Ⅵ)的吸附有很强的的抑制作用,影响程度随着离子浓度的增加而增大;腐殖酸对U(Ⅵ)吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程和准二级动力学模型.     

乙醇影响下汽油污染物在不同形态土壤有机质上的吸附

为客观评价乙醇对不同形态土壤有机质吸附汽油污染物的影响,本文通过序批实验研究了乙醇影响下苯和甲苯在腐殖酸和黑炭上的吸附,结果表明,腐殖酸以"软碳"为主,苯和甲苯在其上的吸附表现为线性分配,而黑炭以"硬碳"为主,苯和甲苯在其上的吸附为非线性吸附;苯和甲苯在黑炭上的吸附能力要比在腐殖酸上的吸附能力高一至两个数量级.乙醇具有共溶剂效应,随着溶液中乙醇体积分数(fc)的增加,苯和甲苯的溶解度呈线性增加,在有机质上的吸附能力则逐渐减弱.此外,通过共溶剂模型以及对溶液浓度标准化(Ce/Sw)后的数据进行分析,推断乙醇还可能使有机质结构发生了一定程度的溶胀.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.