水中苯酚和三氯乙烯在改性蒙脱土上单层和多层吸附及吸附模型的应用

研究了将单层Langmuir模型(MLM)和Freundlich经验模型(EFM)应用于单层或多层溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTAB)-蒙脱土对单溶质水溶液中溶质苯酚或三氯乙烯的吸附作用.MLM和EFM中各溶质的参数由单溶质吸附等温线拟合算出,并应用于双溶质吸附模型中.应用基于单溶质MLM的Langmuir扩展模型(ELM)和基于单溶质EFM的理想溶液吸附理论(IAST)预测了CTAB-蒙脱土对苯酚和三氯乙烯双溶质系统的吸附作用.结果表明,描述单溶质在CTAB-蒙脱土上的吸附作用时,EFM要好于MLM;描述双溶质在CTAB-蒙脱土上的吸附作用时,IAST要好于ELM。     

土壤对三氯乙烯的吸附行为及其影响因素

基于静态吸附实验对土壤吸附三氯乙烯的影响因素进行研究,通过利用有机质含量为0.96%的土样及经375℃、600℃、次氯酸钠和联合氧化方法(600℃+次氯酸钠)处理后的土样为吸附剂,考察了各种土样吸附TCE的吸附动力学和吸附热力学,以及土壤中有机质含量、软碳、硬碳、矿物质、TCE初始浓度和钙离子强度对吸附作用的影响.结果表明,土壤对TCE的吸附分为快速吸附、慢速吸附和平衡3个阶段,并在30 h左右达到吸附平衡,且吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程(R²>98%);Freundlich模型能较好地拟合TCE在土壤中的吸附等温曲线(R²>93%);土壤对TCE的吸附以物理吸附为主,其中吸附贡献主要为硬碳(>60%);TCE浓度的升高可以增加矿物质的吸附贡献率;离子强度的增加显著降低了土壤各组分对TCE的吸附.     

包气带不同深度土壤对甲苯和三氯乙烯的吸附研究

采用批实验研究了华北平原地下水中检出率较高的三氯乙烯和甲苯在沿污水河包气带不同深度土壤中的吸附情况。从3个地点分析结果来看,其中有机碳（OC）的质量分数均较低（最高为1.01%）。在河床和近河处土壤对甲苯和三氯乙烯的吸附总体上呈现出浅部土壤吸附性强的特点。在实验浓度范围内,土壤中无机矿物对有机污染物（特别是三氯乙烯）的表面吸附扮演了重要角色。土壤对甲苯的吸附表现出了强烈的非线性,而对三氯乙烯的吸附表现出了良好的线性关系。甲苯的吸附与土壤有机碳质量分数的关系要比三氯乙烯更密切,这说明了吸附作用过程与有机化合物的分子结构、疏水性等方面的性质也有关系。     

四环素在光催化剂TiO_2上的吸附研究

选取四环素作为代表抗生素,考察了溶液的pH值、离子强度（二价阳离子Ca2＋和Mg2＋）、腐殖酸3种环境因子对四环素在光催化剂二氧化钛（TiO2）上吸附的影响.结果表明,在3个不同pH（pH3、6和9）条件下的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,拟合的相关系数R2均大于0.999;四环素在TiO2上的吸附量在p...     

黄铁矿对水体中腐殖酸的吸附特性

选择富里酸(fulvic acid,FA)和胡敏酸(humilic acid,HA)作为吸附对象,通过铁矿物吸附筛选实验,以黄铁矿(pyrite)为吸附剂研究其对水体中两种典型腐殖酸(humic acid)的吸附特性.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、红外光谱(IR)、纳米粒度及电位(Zeta)分析仪和比表面仪(BET)对黄铁矿进行组成及结构表征.考察了腐殖酸溶液p H、离子强度和温度等条件对黄铁矿吸附的影响.结果表明,黄铁矿是层状结构,吸附腐殖酸后,在黄铁矿表面形成了大小均匀的分子簇,且黄铁矿晶粒尺寸减小了约10 nm;黄铁矿对FA、HA的最大吸附量分别为11.8 mg·g-1和13.1 mg·g-1.随着p H增加,黄铁矿对腐殖酸的吸附量均表现为先增大后减小;离子强度(NaCl)对吸附的影响较小;随着温度升高,其吸附量不断增大.两种腐殖酸吸附数据与Langmuir吸附模型拟合良好且其吸附动力学规律均符合二级动力学模型,热力学研究表明,黄铁矿吸附两种腐殖酸均属于自发进行的吸热反应.     

菲在不同地质吸附剂上吸附/解吸的研究

研究了菲在不同土壤和沉积物等天然地质吸附剂上的吸附/解吸行为.结果表明,菲在四种天然地质吸附剂上的吸附和解吸都能较快达到稳态.菲的吸附符合线性吸附等温线,说明菲的吸附是分配作用占主导,吸附系数Kd在24.1-187.5 L·kg-1之间.连续解吸实验表明,菲在天然地质吸附剂上的解吸存在不同程度的滞后现象,吸附剂的有机碳含量和菲的加入浓度是影响菲解吸率和滞后程度的重要因素.当菲加入浓度分别为1mg·1-1和2mg·1-1时,在有机碳含量为2.82%的榆林县土壤上的解吸滞后系数为1.61和0.67;而2mg·1-1的菲在有机碳含量为0.69%的泰达河岸土上的滞后系数为-0.06,吸附几乎完全可逆.     

2,4-D对铜在蒙脱石上吸附与释放的影响

研究了在2，4-D的影响下，Cu^2 在蒙脱石上的吸附与脱附行为．结果表明．有2，4-D存在时，Cu^2 在蒙脱石上的吸附低于单纯Cu^2 的吸附，而当蒙脱石先吸附2,4-D后再吸附Cu^2 (连续吸附)时，Cu^2 的吸附比二者同时存在时(同时吸附)的效果好，表明两种吸附质间存在竞争吸附．研究还表明，所有的吸附过程都符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型．在有2，4-D同时存在时，Cu^2 的脱附最大，可达30％；而单纯Cu^2 在蒙脱石上的吸附似乎是不可逆的，脱附百分比最小。     

采用XPS研究镉在蒙脱石表面的吸附机理

采用XPS方法,通过对比吸附镉前后蒙脱石表面元素结合能的变化,对镉在蒙脱石界面吸附机理进行研究.结果表明,吸附镉离子后电子由镉离子向氧、铁、硅原子转移,Al基本没有参与配位.除表面配位的化学吸附作用外,镉离子还通过与蒙脱石层间阳离子进行交换吸附而进入蒙脱石的层间.     

分子结构在腐殖酸对菲吸附行为中的影响

用连续碱提取具有不同结构组成特征的腐殖酸级分,考察了分子结构在腐殖酸对菲吸附行为中的影响,结果表明：随着腐殖酸中元素碳、表观分子量以及脂肪碳含量的增加,腐殖酸对菲的吸附能力和吸附的非线性特征都呈增强趋势;相反,随着腐殖酸中元素氧和芳香碳含量的增加,腐殖酸对菲的吸附能力和吸附的非线性都逐渐减弱,这主要与结构中极性官能团所连位置有关．     

酸性紫色土腐殖酸对毒死蜱的水解和吸附作用

土壤组分与农药的环境化学行为之间存在着密切的关系。腐殖酸是土壤有机质的重要成分,由于其复杂的结构和所含的多种功能基团,对各种污染物具有强烈的吸持作用,从而对农药的环境行为产生重要影响。采用平衡振荡法研究酸性紫色土腐殖酸对毒死蜱水解的影响和毒死蜱在酸性紫色土腐殖酸上吸附的影响因素。结果表明,酸性紫色土腐殖酸可促进毒死蜱水解,腐殖酸质量浓度从0mg·L-1增大到360mg·L-1时,毒死蜱的水解速率常数k增大了2倍。毒死蜱在腐殖酸上的吸附行为均可用Linear方程和Freundlich方程来描述,拟合效果均达到显著水平;试验条件下温度为15℃时的吸附量最大,随着试验温度的升高吸附量呈现出先降低后增大的趋势;pH减小,吸附能力增大;离子强度对吸附影响不明显;腐殖酸添加量增大,单位质量腐殖酸的吸附量减小。     

The role of soil humic and fulvic acid in the sorption of endosulfan (alpha and beta)

The sorption behaviour of alpha- and beta-endosulfan in soil organic matter was investigated using standard soil humic acid (HA) and soil fulvic acid (FA) with a modified solubility enhancement method and a dialysis bag technique. For HA, all the experiments were conducted at an ionic strength of 0.001 mol/L, in both the presence and absence of calcium and at an ionic strength of 0.01 mol/L. For FA, the experiments were conducted at two ionic strengths: 0.001 mol/L (with calcium) and 0.01 mol/L. This study is the first to describe the striking differences in the sorption behaviours of the two stereoisomers of endosulfan in HA and in FA. The sorption coefficients of alpha-endosulfan in HA and FA were significantly higher than those of beta-endosulfan. Beta-endosulfan has comparable sorption coefficients (1.5–5.4 L/g) in HA and in FA. Ionic strength and the presence of calcium have no significant effect on the sorption of beta-endosulfan in HA. However, calcium can significantly (p=0.01) enhance the solubility of alpha-endosulfan in HA. Changes in ionic strength by one order of magnitude also affect the solubility of alpha-endosulfan in HA. The sorption coefficients of alpha-endosulfan in HA (10–36 L/g) were greater than those in FA (9–14 L/g). The chirality of the alpha-isomer was hypothesised to be the primary reason behind its higher sorption in soil organic matter relative to the beta-isomer. In the presence of dissolved HA and FA found in natural soil environments, solubility of endosulfan can be increased by five times than the aqueous solubility of endosulfan without HA and FA.     

精喹禾灵在高岭土和蒙脱石中的吸附行为

采用批量平衡实验,研究了精喹禾灵在蒙脱石和高岭土中的吸附行为及作用机理.结果表明,精喹禾灵在这两种供试黏土矿物中的吸附过程分为快速吸附、慢速吸附和吸附平衡3个阶段,吸附平衡时间都约为12 h;Langmuir模型能较好地描述其在两种供试黏土矿物中的吸附行为;蒙脱石和高岭土对精喹禾灵的最大吸附容量的关系为蒙脱石>高岭土;傅立叶变换红外光谱以及X-射线衍射分析显示,在吸附过程中精喹禾灵分子进入了蒙脱石层间,而未进入到高岭土层间;蒙脱石主要是通过其层间结构对精喹禾灵进行吸附,而高岭土则主要是通过硅氧外表面发生吸附,其吸附作用力主要是氢键.     

雄烯二酮在我国典型土壤中的吸附特性

采用批吸附室内模拟实验研究了雄烯二酮在我国红壤、潮土、黑土3种典型土壤中的吸附特征,以及牛粪溶解态有机质(DOM)对土壤吸附雄烯二酮的影响。结果表明,雄烯二酮在土壤中吸附动力学符合Elovch方程(R20.89),热力学特征可通过Freundlich等温吸附方程(R20.83)描述,土壤对雄烯二酮的吸附呈非线性吸附特征,其中潮土吸附等温线的非线性最强(n=0.37);吸附系数K f介于6.0~20.2,并与有机质含量呈显著正相关(p0.05)。雄烯二酮浓度较低时,共存牛粪DOM抑制其在土壤表面的吸附作用。研究认为,有机质是土壤吸附雄烯二酮的主要组分,共存牛粪DOM可促进雄烯二酮向地表水和地下水的迁移。     

The influences of different organic fractions in refuse on the sorption and bioavailability of dibutyl phthalate

The structure and composition of the organic matter in landfilled refuse might have an influence on the migration and transformation of dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Humic acid (HA) and humin (HU) were separated from aged-refuse to determine the influences of different organic fractions in the refuse on the sorption and bioavailability of DBP. The sorption kinetics and isotherms for the sorption of DBP to HA, HU, and whole refuse were determined. The results showed that the sorption constants (K) and nonlinearities decreased in the order HU?>?whole refuse?>?HA. The HA had lower K values than did the other refuse fractions, and it retarded the biodegradation of DBP over a short degradation period (48?h). Increasing the amount of HA present caused the amount of DBP that was biodegraded to decrease significantly, 81.3% of the DBP sorbed to HA being degraded in the original experiments after 48?h but 21.8% of the DBP being degraded when three times as much HA was used. Similar results were not observed when the amount of HU used was changed. These findings suggest that HA plays an important role in the biodegradation of DBP adsorbed by refuse.     

环丙氨嗪在Aldrich胡敏酸中吸附-解吸特征的研究

采用批平衡法,研究了不同温度下环丙氨嗪在Aldrich胡敏酸中的吸附与解吸特征。结果表明：环丙氨嗪吸附和解吸过程都包含极快速、快速和缓慢阶段。伪二级动力学方程能较好地描述不同温度下环丙氨嗪的吸附动力学特性,表明吸附速率决定于胡敏酸表面吸附位点的可用度,而不是溶液中环丙氨嗪的浓度。环丙氨嗪在极快速吸附阶段的吸附速率随温度的升高而增大,但平衡时的吸附量却随温度的增加而降低。吸附等温线和解吸曲线符合Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程。环丙氨嗪在胡敏酸上的解吸速率小于吸附速率,表明存在滞后效应。吸附焓变、熵变和自由能都为负值,表明环丙氨嗪在胡敏酸上的吸附是一个自发、熵减小的放热过程。-Go〈40 kJ.mol^-1表明环丙氨嗪在胡敏酸表面以物理吸附为主。     

Sorption and desorption of pymetrozine on six Chinese soils

Pymetrozine is a selective insecticide with a unique chemical structure and mode to control hemipteran and homopteran. While pymetrozine has brought great benefits to crop production by killing insects, its residues in soil may have a detrimental effect on environment. Therefore, it is of great importance to investigate its behaviors in soil. In this study, the sorption and desorption of pymetrozine on six Chinese soils were investigated using a batch equilibrium approach to understand its mobile behavior in the soils. Both sorption and desorption isotherms of pymetrozine were in good agreement with the Freundlich model. The sorption coefficient K_F varied between 3.37 and 58.32 mL∙g⁻¹ and the sorption isotherms were nonlinear, with 1/n ranging from 0.57 to 0.91. A regression equation was proposed to predict the sorption of pymetrozine on six different soil samples: log K_F = 4.3708 − 4.5709 × log (pH in 0.01mol·L⁻¹ CaCl₂) + 0.4700 × log OC% + 0.0057 × sand (%) + 0.0022 × CEC(clay), with R² = 0.9982. The organic carbon content of soil positively affected the sorption of pymetrozine, but soil pH had a negative effect on the sorption. Additionally, effects of CaCl₂ concentration, soil to solution ratio and pesticide form were investigated. The sorption was promoted with an increase in soil to solution ratio and a decrease in CaCl₂ concentration. The possible variation of the five formulated products of pymetrozine was also investigated.