德国推进可再生能源良治研究

德国在可再生能源(RES)领域的先锋作用体现于它在风力发电和光伏发电装机能力的世界领先地位中,而且德国的生物燃料生产位居欧洲第一,安装的太阳能集热面积也很可观.这些成功不单是因为德国的自然资源基础优厚,而主要是创新的国家扶持政策的成果.来自欧洲和国际承诺的压力也对德国在可再生能源方面的成功做出了贡献.分析了德国可再生能源发展成功的原因,包括国家推广手段和扶持项目的优惠设计元素、欧洲和国际上对其政策的影响、技术和公众态度等环境条件的影响.另外进一步描述了其他欧洲国家可再生能源成功发展的驱动力,并探讨了德国可再生能源成功的驱动因素对于中国的适用性.     

可再生能源产业全球升温

6月1日,“2004全球可再生能源大会”在德国波恩开幕。适逢全球能源供应紧张,国际石油价格在每桶40美元上下的高位上运行近一年,故此次大会格外引人注目。除来自100多个国家的3000多名代表和观察员参加了这次全球可再生能源盛会外,德国总理施罗德亲临大会现场,英国首相布莱尔通过电视向大会讲话,美国能源部的高官也出席了会议。     

德国城市生活垃圾管理现状及启示

德国是城市生活垃圾管理最为成功的国家之一.从德国垃圾处理的发展过程、法律法规框架、管理体系、管理措施及实施成果等方面介绍了德国城市生活垃圾的管理现状,从而为解决我国现有的城市垃圾管理问题提供管理思路和方法.     

全新的安全观念

德国人制造的机械安全可靠,经久耐用,在世界上享有盛誉.下面讲述的这个真实故事,充分说明了这一点. 欧盟各成员国联手合作,成功研制出一种大型新客机,然后被送往各成员国进行试飞.试飞是飞机制造过程中最重要的阶段之一,安全问题比以往任何时候都显得更加重要.     

海外媒体瞩目两会环境保护又成焦点

编者按十一届全国人大一次会议和全国政协十一届一次会议分别于5月5日和5日在北京召开,世界主流媒体对此高度关注,纷纷进行跟踪报道.在两会的众多热点中,环境保护成为热点中的焦点,格外受到国外媒体大众的关注.本刊特摘录国外媒体关于环境保护的相关报道和评论,以飨读者.     

对我国媒体事故类报道的新闻框架分析——以“11·22黄岛爆炸事故”为例

重大突发事故往往会成为当时的舆论热点,媒体对事故的报道如果成功,可以很好地引导舆论,疏导民众情绪。如果报道不成功,则不利于对事态的控制,容易激起民怨,甚至引发群体事件。所以,事故类新闻报道是媒体实践中必须要紧抓不放的课题。2013年11月22日青岛黄岛区发生输油管道爆炸事故,我国媒体对这起事故高度关注,形成了全国性的舆论态势。本文以CNKI中国重要报纸全文数据库中收录的关于此次事故的报道为研究对象,运用框架理论对事故发生后一周内的新闻进行三个层级的结构分析,探讨我国媒体在事故类报道中的特点和问题。     

德国城市生活垃圾管理政策分析

德国在垃圾立法、经济刺激等方面有其独到之处,是城市生活垃圾管理最为成功的国家之一。本文通过对德国垃圾管理体制系统的介绍,分析其成功之处与不足,以期对我国的城市垃圾管理体制改革提供有效的管理思路和方法。     

磁悬浮，一磁牵引“绿”龙飞？

国家计委主任曾培炎在今年`两会'记者招待会上,宣布北京与上海之间将建一条高速铁路.这条高速线有可能用轮轨技术(比如类似于日本的新干线),也可能采用目前世界上最先进的磁悬浮技术,目前尚在讨论中.而在此前后,上海也公布将兴建浦东磁悬浮列车工程.对此,海外媒体惊呼：`中国有可能率先进入磁悬浮时代!' 然而,恰在这当口,拥有世界上最先进的磁悬浮运载技术的德国却宣布,其酝酿了10年之久的汉堡至柏林的磁悬浮列车线工程被否决,十年相思却无奈下马.一时间,似乎离我们只有`盈盈一水间'的磁悬浮在国内已闹得沸沸扬扬.磁悬浮到底是个什么东西?中…     

2014年社交媒体的四大问题和预测

2013年12月31日消息,据国外媒体报道,社交媒体在过去一年发展迅猛。Twitter成功IPO、Tumblr销售额更是高达十亿美元：“阅后即焚”的照片分享应用Snapchat也在这一年崛起,社会营销进入日常生活的节奏进一步集成。但是,社交媒体的历史仍然短暂到令人咋舌,Facebook创建迄今还不到10年。2014年,社交媒体很可能会出现更多的重大变化,以下为福布斯总结的四大问题以及预测。     

新型地下水及设施的污染控制技术

利用核辐射法治理生物堵塞地下水井，在众多有希望的辐射净水技术中被证明是成功的和具有明显经济的工艺方法，描述了此项技术在德国，捷克，美国和俄国的应用和获得的经验。利用核辐射水力屏障法成功地就地净化了被氰化物污染的地下水，使出水中的氰化物浓度降低了一数量极。     

Autopoiesis: a review and a reappraisal

The aim of the paper is to review critically the notion of autopoiesis as presented by Maturana and Varela. In particular, recognizing that there are difficulties in obtaining a complete and clear picture from the primary literature, an effort is made to present a coherent view--also based on many years of personal contact with Francisco Varela. The paper begins with a few historical notes to highlight the cultural background from which the notion of autopoiesis arose. The basic principles of autopoiesis as a theory of cellular life are then described, emphasizing also what autopoiesis is not: not an abstract theory, not a concept of artificial life, not a theory about the origin of life--but rather a pragmatic blueprint of life based on cellular life. It shown how this view leads to a conceptually clear definition of minimal life and to a logical link with related notions, such as self-organization, emergence, biological autonomy, auto-referentiality, and interactions with the environment. The perturbations brought about by the environment are seen as changes selected and triggered by the inner organization of the living. These selective coupling interactions impart meaning to the minimal life and are thus defined by Maturana and Varela with the arguable term of "cognition". This particular view on the mutual interactions between living organism and environment leads these authors to the notion of "enaction", and to the surprising view that autopoiesis and cognition are two complementary, and in a way equivalent, aspects of life. It is then shown how cognition, so defined, permits us to build a bridge between biology and cognitive science. Autopoiesis also allows one to conceive chemical models of minimal cellular life that can be implemented experimentally. The corresponding work on "chemical autopoiesis" is then reviewed. The surprising impact of autopoiesis in the social sciences ("social autopoiesis") is also briefly discussed. This review also comments on why the theory of autopoiesis had, and still has, a difficult time being accepted into the mainstream of life-science research. Finally, it is pointed out that the new interest in system biology and complexity theories may lead to a reappraisal of autopoiesis and related notions, as outlined also by other authors, such as Tibor Ganti and Stuart Kauffmann.     

公众环境意识与可持续发展关系初探

目前,国内存在的各种环境问题,归根到底是由于发展战略的不同所致,人们开始重新去认识和评价传统发展战略的局限性,标志着人类文明即将步入一个被称之"环境文明"新的历史时代.历史文化传统和经济发展水平决定公众环境意识,公众的环境意识直接影响可持续发展战略的实施,如何增强,提出决策和建议,通过大力开展环境宣传教育,提高公众环境意识,可持续发展,实现可持续发展的战略.     

Self-Injection of a Dipteran Parasitoid into a Spider

 A host invasion strategy hitherto unknown from other insect parasitoids was observed in the dipteran Acrocera orbicula (Fabricius) (Diptera: Acroceridae) parasitizing the wolf spider, Pardosa prativaga (L. Koch) (Araneida: Lycosidae). In laboratory experiments the free-living first instar acrocerid larvae attached themselves firmly to the spiders' integument by the mouthparts, cutting a tiny hole through the integument. No first instar larvae invaded the host. A week later the parasitoids molted, and a small, flexible, and glabrous second instar larva left each of the attached first instar exuviae and invaded the host through the attachment hole of the first instar larva. The novel host invasion pattern observed may reduce physical damage to the host in the initial phase of endoparasitism, enhancing parasitoid survival. Received: 14 April 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 2 July 1999     

建设宁静家园 营造和谐环境——厦门市思明区创建“安静居住小区”的做法和体会

创建安静居住小区,是以营造安静和谐的宜居生活环境为目标,通过强化噪声监管、开展宣传教育等方式,改善城区声环境质量,提高居民环保意识,提高城市文明水平的一种有效方式.2009年以来,厦门市思明全区开展创建“安静居住小区”工作.目前,25个创建小区中共有24个通过验收达标.“安静居住小区”创建以来,小区居民对居住环境质量的满意率达到97％,小区噪声污染得到有效治理,居民的环保意识得到极大提高.     

Attributes of a hopper-predator community in a rice field

A hopper-predator community in an experimental rice field was observed weekly with regard to information content (H′), formation of a geometric series or the grade of orderly distribution of component taxa (R²), and clumping index (I). These community attributes changed with time in close association with one another, and attained the highest values around the heading time of the rice. Significant correlations were found between the density of prey and that of predators when a certain time-lag was assumed for the increase of predators.     

建设绿色重庆构建和谐社会

"十一五"是我国经济社会发展的重要战略机遇期,也是环境保护工作极具挑战的时期.我们将以党的十六届五中全会精神为指针,以建设"绿色重庆"为目标,以"预防为主、综合治理,不欠新账、多还旧账,创新机制、强化监管,突出重点、分类指导,典型示范、带动全面"为基本原则,发展循环经济,解决突出问题,改善环境质量,建立工作机制,努力构建环境友好型社会.     

When a year takes 18 months: evidence for a strong circannual clock in a shorebird

During the last three of 20 years kept as a pet, a red knot (Calidris canutus) went through two complete 'circannual' cycles of body mass and plumage. With a record cycle length of 18 months, this individual shorebird provides evidence for an exceptionally strong circannual clock system. The absence of synchronisation to outdoor but visible periodic cues suggests that the constant, socially-induced, day-night environment was of overriding importance. So far, only for songbirds is there firm experimental evidence that annual cycles are orchestrated by an endogenous circannual clock system. In constant environments the circannual cycles of these passerines tend to have periods that are shorter, rather than longer, than a year.     

Performance of a novel vertical-flow settler: a comparative study

By increasing particle concentration and G value （root-mean-square velocity gradient） to enhance flocculation, a novel vertical-flow settler was designed to increase sedimentation effectiveness, and to simultaneously improve operational stabilization. Due to the gradual decrease in upward flow-rate of raw water, a floes blanket would form and suspend in the middle section of the settler, not at the bottom as in a conventional clarifier. Enough large floes, resulted from flocculation or fltration, would continuously settle out of the floes blanket, and simultaneously, the floes in raw water or those forming above the blanket would ceaselessly enter the floes blanket. As a result, the floes concentration in the blanket could keep a dynamic balance. The hydrodynamic shear in the blanket was improved by flow separation, which was induced by the abrupt change in flow channel. Due to the floes blanket and improved hydrodynamic shear, flocculation would be enhanced, which was helpful for removing fine particles in raw water. A comparative study showed that the novel vertical-flow settler had a much better performance in the removal of the particles in raw water than a conventional one, when they treated kaolin suspensions of different concentrations （500, 100 and 50 mg/L, respectively） coagulated by polyaluminum chloride（PAC1） at the up-flow rates of 1 and 2 mm/s, respectively.