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1.
R. Wassmann H. U. Neue M. C. R. Alberto R. S. Lantin C. Bueno D. Llenaresas J. R. M. Arah H. Papen W. Seiler H. Rennenberg 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1996,42(1-2):163-173
Measurements of methane emission rates and concentrations in the soil were made during four growing seasons at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, on plots receiving different levels of organic input. Fluxes were measured using the automated closed chambers system (total emission) and small chambers installed between plants (water surface flux). Concentrations of methane in the soil were measured by collecting soil cores including the gas phase (soil-entrapped methane) and by sampling soil solution in situ (dissolved methane). There was much variability between seasons, but total fluxes from plots receiving high organic inputs (16–24 g CH4 m–2) always exceeded those from the low input plots (3–9 g CH4 m–2). The fraction of the total emission emerging from the surface water (presumably dominated by ebullition) was greater during the first part of the season, and greater from the high organic input plots (35–62%) than from the low input plots (15–23%). Concentrations of dissolved and entrapped methane in the low organic input plots increased gradually throughout the season; in the high input plots there was an early-season peak which was also seen in emissions. On both treatments, periods of high methane concentrations in the soil coincided with high rates of water surface flux whereas low concentrations of methane were generally associated with low flux rates. 相似文献
2.
Mohammed F. M. Abushammala Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri Rahmah Elfithri 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(12):9967-9978
Methane (CH4) emissions and oxidation were measured at the Air Hitam sanitary landfill in Malaysia and were modeled using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change waste model to estimate the CH4 generation rate constant, k. The emissions were measured at several locations using a fabricated static flux chamber. A combination of gas concentrations in soil profiles and surface CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at four monitoring locations were used to estimate the CH4 oxidation capacity. The temporal variations in CH4 and CO2 emissions were also investigated in this study. Geospatial means using point kriging and inverse distance weight (IDW), as well as arithmetic and geometric means, were used to estimate total CH4 emissions. The point kriging, IDW, and arithmetic means were almost identical and were two times higher than the geometric mean. The CH4 emission geospatial means estimated using the kriging and IDW methods were 30.81 and 30.49 g m?2 day?1, respectively. The total CH4 emissions from the studied area were 53.8 kg day?1. The mean of the CH4 oxidation capacity was 27.5 %. The estimated value of k is 0.138 year?1. Special consideration must be given to the CH4 oxidation in the wet tropical climate for enhancing CH4 emission reduction. 相似文献
3.
Empirical gas emission and oxidation measurement at cover soil of dumping site: example from Malaysia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mohammed F. M. Abushammala Noor Ezlin Ahmad Basri Hassan Basri Abdul Amir H. Kadhum Ahmed Hussein El-Shafie 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(6):4919-4932
Methane (CH4) is one of the most relevant greenhouse gases and it has a global warming potential 25 times greater than that of carbon dioxide (CO2), risking human health and the environment. Microbial CH4 oxidation in landfill cover soils may constitute a means of controlling CH4 emissions. The study was intended to quantify CH4 and CO2 emissions rates at the Sungai Sedu open dumping landfill during the dry season, characterize their spatial and temporal variations, and measure the CH4 oxidation associated with the landfill cover soil using a homemade static flux chamber. Concentrations of the gases were analyzed by a Micro-GC CP-4900. Two methods, kriging values and inverse distance weighting (IDW), were found almost identical. The findings of the proposed method show that the ratio of CH4 to CO2 emissions was 25.4 %, indicating higher CO2 emissions than CH4 emissions. Also, the average CH4 oxidation in the landfill cover soil was 52.5 %. The CH4 and CO2 emissions did not show fixed-pattern temporal variation based on daytime measurements. Statistically, a negative relationship was found between CH4 emissions and oxidation (R 2?=?0.46). It can be concluded that the variation in the CH4 oxidation was mainly attributed to the properties of the landfill cover soil. 相似文献
4.
采用LGR-密闭式动态通量箱法对城市绿地生态系统温室气体(CO2、CH4)通量的日变化、季节变化特征及其影响因子等进行了较为系统的研究。城市绿地花草CO2通量有明显的日变化和季节变化特征,白天通量值为负,是CO2的净吸收汇;夜晚为正值,是CO2的净释放源;7:00左右由源转为汇,17:00左右由汇转为源,不同花卉24 h总通量有正负2种结果。冬季草坪作为源的时间延长,而作为汇的时间缩短。光强和温度是影响CO2通量日变化和季节变化的主要因素。城市绿地CH4通量较小,不足以对温室气体总量产生显著影响。从减少温室气体排放的角度对城市绿地花草的选择提出了建议。 相似文献
5.
Bhanarkar AD Srivastava A Joseph AE Kumar R 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,109(1-3):73-80
Air pollution in the workplace environment due to industrial operation have been found to cause serious occupational health
hazard. Similarly, heat stress is still most neglected occupational hazard in the tropical and subtropical countries like
India. The hot climate augments the heat exposure close to sources like furnaces. In this study an attempt is made to assess
air pollution and heat exposure levels to workers in the workplace environment in glass manufacturing unit located in the
State of Gujarat, India. Samples for workplace air quality were collected for SPM, SO2, NO2 and CO2 at eight locations. Results of workplace air quality showed 8-hourly average concentrations of SPM: 165–9118 μg/m3, SO2: 6–9 μg/m3 and NO2: 5–42 μg/m3, which were below the threshold limit values of workplace environment. The level of CO2 in workplace air of the plant was found to be in the range 827–2886 μg/m3, which was below TLV but much higher than the normal concentration for CO2 in the air (585 mg/m3). Indoor heat exposure was studied near the furnace and at various locations in an industrial complex for glass manufacturing.
The heat exposure parameters including the air temperature, the wet bulb temperature, and the globe parameters were measured.
The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), an indicator of heat, exceeded ACGIH TLVs limits most of the time at all the locations
in workplace areas. The recommended duration of work and rest have also been estimated. 相似文献
6.
Hydrogeochemical characterization of contaminated groundwater in Patancheru industrial area,southern India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The groundwater is one of the most contaminated natural resources in Patancheru industrial area due to unplanned and haphazard
industrial growth and urbanization without following basic pollution control norms. The rapid industrialization initiated
in early 1970 has started showing up its after effects few years later in the form of physiochemical contamination of the
both surface and groundwater bodies of the area. It has resulted in local people being deprived of safe drinking water, plant
and aquatic life has severely affected, and situation is deteriorating over the years in the area in spite of some preventive
and remedial measures being initiated. The focus of the present study is to understand the chemical characteristics of groundwater
and geochemical processes the contaminant water is undergoing which are normally imprinted in its ionic assemblages. The water
samples collected in pre- and post-monsoon seasons from forty two groundwater and four surface water sources were analyzed
for major constituents such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, CO3−, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, and F−, and selected samples were tested for ten important trace metals like Fe, Pb, Bi, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd. Na+ among cations and Cl− among anions dominate the water in both the seasons where as Ca2+, HCO3−, and Cl− show significant reduction in their ionic strength in post-monsoon. The groundwater in general is of mixed type, but most
of it belong to Na+–Cl−, Na+–HCO3−, Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3−, and Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl− facies. The Na+ and Ca2+ are in the transitional state with Na+ replacing Ca2+ and HCO3−–Cl− due to physiochemical changes in the aquifer system. The evaluation of hydrochemistry through various ionic indices, ratios,
and plots suggest that silicate–carbonate weathering, ion exchange, dissolution, and evaporation processes are responsible
for origin of the present chemical status of the groundwater which is also controlled by the contamination from extraneous
sources that could have accelerated the dissolution processes. Gibbs plots authenticate that the evolution of water chemistry
is influenced by interaction of percolating water with aquifer matrix apart from anthropogenic enrichment of elements which
get over concentrated due to evaporation. 相似文献
7.
对国家大气背景监测福建武夷山站2014—2018年的主要温室气体监测数据进行分析,探讨华东森林及高山背景区域大气中CO_2和CH_4浓度的变化特征。结果表明:华东森林及高山区域CO_2背景浓度为414.1×10~(-6)(摩尔分数,下同),5年间呈逐年上升趋势; CH_4背景浓度为1 977×10~(-9),2014—2016年呈逐年上升趋势,2016—2018年保持稳定;两者均具有较明显的季节和月变化特征,CO_2还具有较明显的日变化特征,但季节变化幅度、月平均浓度振幅和日变化幅度均较小,具有区域背景特征。 相似文献
8.
A time series study was conducted to ascertain the effect of barometric pressure on the variability of CH4 and CO2 concentrations in a closed landfill site. An in situ data of methane/carbon dioxide concentrations and environmental parameters were collected by means of an in-borehole gas monitor, the GasClam (Ion Science, UK). Linear regression analysis was used to determine the strength of the correlation between ground-gas concentrations and barometric pressure. The result shows CH4 and CO2 concentrations to be variable with weak negative correlations of 0.2691 and 0.2773, respectively, with barometric pressure over the entire monitoring period. Although the R 2 was slightly improved by considering their concentration over single periods of rising and falling pressure, single periods of rising pressure and single periods of falling pressure, their correlations remained insignificant at 95 % confidence level. The result revealed that atmospheric pressure—the acclaimed major control on the variability of ground-gas concentration—is not always so. A case was made for the determination of other possible controls such as changes in temperature, soil permeability, landfill water depth, season, and geology of the borehole and also how much of control each factor would have on the variability/migration of CH4 and CO2 concentrations from the studied landfill. 相似文献
9.
The breakdown of low digestible components present in food during passage through the human and animal gastro-intestinal (GI) tract is performed by the highly diverse microbial community present in this ecosystem. Fermentation of these substances yields, besides CO2 and volatile fatty acids, H2, which is used as a substrate by three different H2-consuming bacteria. Sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) use H2 to reduce SO
inf4
sup2-
to H2S, hydrogenotrophic methane-producing bacteria (MPB) use H2 to reduce CO2 to CH4 and reductive acetogens (RAC) use H2 to reduce CO2 to CH3COOH. A competition between these three bacterial groups exists for the common H2 substrate. This results generally in the dominance of one group above the other two. 相似文献
10.
Frank Golley Sanne Bakker Toshihide Hamazaki 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1992,22(2):117-122
CO2 flux of a deciduous forest and an old-field surface, and the ecotone between these two typical southern U.S. ecological communities, was studied in July, 1989. Rates of CO2 flux were greatest in the old field and least in the forest plots. The ecotone showed the greatest variation in CO2 flux. These differences appear to be due to differences in soil surface temperature, the old field being more exposed to direct solar radiation. The ecotonal community represents a landscape property which should be considered in studies of the transfer of carbon across the soil-atmosphere boundary. 相似文献
11.
Recep Kulcu Kamil Ekinci Fatih Evrendilek Can Ertekin 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,167(1-4):545-558
This study quantified spatiotemporal patterns of CH4 and N2O emissions from livestock and poultry production in Turkey between 1961 and 2007. CH4(enteric) (from enteric fermentation), CH4(manure) (from manure management), and N2O(AWM) (from animal waste management) emissions in Turkey were estimated at 1,164, 216, and 55 Gg in 1961 and decreased to 844, 187, and 39 Gg in 2007, contributing a share of roughly 2% to the global livestock-related CH4 emissions and %1.5 to the global N2O(AWM) emissions, respectively. Total CO2-eq emissions were estimated at 50.7 Tg in 1961 and declined from a maximum value of 60.7 Tg in 1982 to a minimum value of 34.5 Tg in 2003, with a mean emission rate of 48 Tg year???1 due to a significant reduction in the number of ruminant livestock. The highest mean share of emissions belonged to West Black Sea (14% and 16%) for CH4(enteric) and CH4(manure) and to North East Anatolia (12% and %13) for N2O(AWM) and total CO2-eq emissions, respectively. The highest emission density was 1.7 Mg km???2 year???1 for CH4(enteric), 0.3 Mg km???2 year???1 for CH4(manure), and 0.07 Mg km???2 year???1 for the total CO2-eq emissions in the West and North East Anatolia regions and 0.09 Mg km???2 year???1 for N2O(AWM) in the East Marmara region. Temporal and spatial variations in CH4(enteric), CH4(manure), and N2O(AWM) emissions in Turkey were estimated using regression models and ordinary kriging at a 500-m resolution, respectively. 相似文献
12.
Spatio-temporal variations of carbon dioxide and its gross emission regulated by artificial operation in a typical hydropower reservoir in China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Zhe Li Zengyu Zhang Yan Xiao Jinsong Guo Shengjun Wu Jing Liu 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2014,186(5):3023-3039
Supersaturation and excess emission of greenhouse gases in freshwater reservoirs have received a great deal of attention in recent years. Although impoundment of reservoirs has been shown to contribute to the net emission of greenhouse gases, reservoir age, geographical distribution, submerged soil type and artificial regulation also have a great impact on their emissions. To examine how large scale reservoir operation impact the water column CO2 and its air–water interface flux, a field study was conducted in 2010 to evaluate potential ecological processes that regulate the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the water column in the Pengxi River backwater area (PBA), a typical tributary in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Measurements of total alkalinity (TA), pH and water temperature were applied to compute the pCO2. And this approach was also validated by calculation of pCO2 from the dissolved inorganic carbon data of samples. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to determine how the dynamics of the water pCO2 were related to the available variables. The estimated pCO2 in our sample ranged from 26 to 4,087 μatm in the surface water. During low water operation from July to early September, there was an obvious pCO2 stratification, and pCO2 in the surface was almost unsaturated. This phenomenon was also observed in the spring bloom during discharge period. Conversely, there was no significant pCO2 stratification and the entire water column was supersaturated during high water operation from November to the following February. Significant correlation was observed between the magnitude of pCO2, DO and chlorophyll a, suggesting that phytoplankton dynamics regulate pCO2 in the PBA. The average areal rate of CO2 emissions from the Pengxi River ranged from 18.06 to 48.09 mmol m?2 day?1, with an estimated gross CO2 emission from the water surface of 14–37 t day?1 in this area in 2010. Photosynthesis and respiration rates by phytoplankton might be the dominant processes that regulated pCO2 in the water column. We conclude that pCO2 values in the surface water of Pengxi River could be regarded as potential sources of CO2 to the atmosphere were smaller or similar to those that have been reported for many other reservoirs to date. 相似文献
13.
The purpose of this study was to predict quantitative changes in evaporation from bare soils in the Mediterranean climate
region of Turkey in response to the projections of a regional climate model developed in Japan (hereafter RCM). Daily RCM
data for the estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET
r) and soil evaporation were obtained for the periods of 1994–2003 and 2070–2079. Potential evaporation (E
p) from bare soils was calculated using the Penman–Monteith equation with a surface resistance of zero. Simulation of actual
soil evaporation (E
a) was carried out using Aydin model (Aydin et al., Ecological Modelling 182:91–105, 2005) combined with Aydin and Uygur (2006,
A model for estimating soil water potential of bare fields. In Proceedings of the 18th International Soil Meeting (ISM) on Soils Sustaining Life on Earth, Managing Soil and Technology,
Sanliurfa, 477–480pp.) model of predicting soil water potential at the top surface layer of a bare soil, after performances of Aydin
model (R
2 = 94.0%) and Aydin and Uygur model (R
2 = 97.6) were tested. The latter model is based on the relations among potential soil evaporation, hydraulic diffusivity,
and soil wetness, with some simplified assumptions. Input parameters of the model are simple and easily obtainable such as
climatic parameters used to compute the potential soil evaporation, average diffusivity for the drying soil, and volumetric
water content at field capacity. The combination of Aydin and Aydin and Uygur models appeared to be useful in estimating water
potential of soils and E
a from bare soils, with only a few parameters. Unlike ET
r and E
p projected to increase by 92 and 69 mm (equivalent to 8.0 and 7.3% increases) due to the elevated evaporative demand of the
atmosphere, respectively, E
a from bare soils is projected to reduce by 50 mm (equivalent to a 16.5% decrease) in response to a decrease in rainfall by
46% in the Mediterranean region of Turkey by the 2070s predicted by RCM, and consequently, to decreased soil wetness in the
future. 相似文献
14.
B. C. Nguyen J. P. Putaud N. Mihalopoulos B. Bonsang C. Doan 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1994,31(1-2):131-137
Atmospheric samples collected during rice straw burning at four different locations in Viet-Nam during the dry (March 1992, February 1993) and wet season (August 1992) were analysed for CO2, CO, and CH4. The emission ratios relative to CO2 for CO and CH4 for rice straw burning during the dry season were comparable to those observed on samples collected during burning of savanna in Africa or forest in the USA. During the wet season, however the emission ratios for CO and CH4 relative to CO2 were 3 to 10 times higher. With these emission ratios and estimates of rice production from Southeastern Asia, we estimated that burning of rice straw emits annually about 2.2 Tmol of CO (26 TgC) and 0.2 Tmol of CH4 (2.4 TgC) to the atmosphere. Taking into account these new results, CO and CH4 fluxes from biomass burning could be reevaluated by 5–21% and 5–24%, respectively, in respect with previous estimates of these gas emissions from all biomass burning activities. 相似文献
15.
Nagpur City located in semiarid area of central India is a fast-growing industrial centre. In recent years, rapid development
has created an increased demand for drinking water, which is increasingly being fulfilled by groundwater abstraction. The
present study was undertaken to assess major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater to understand geochemical evolution of groundwater
and water quality for promoting sustainable development and effective management of groundwater resources. A total of 47 water
samples were collected from shallow aquifer of selected parts of the city and the water chemistry of various ions viz. Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Na + , K + , CO3 2-_{3}^{\ \, 2-}, HCO3 -_{3}^{\ \, -}, Cl − , SO4 2-_{4}^{\ \,2-} and NO3 -_{3}^{\ \,-} are carried out. The chemical relationships in Piper diagram identify Ca–HCO3–Cl and mixed Ca–Na–HCO3–Cl as most prevalent water types. Alkaline earth exceeds alkalis and weak acids exceed strong acids. Ionic ratios and Gibb’s
diagram suggest that silicate rock weathering and anthropogenic activities are the main processes that determine the ionic
composition in the study area. The nitrate appeared as a major problem of safe drinking water in this region. We recorded
highest nitrate concentration, i.e., 411 mg/l in one of the dug well. A comparison of groundwater quality in relation to drinking
water quality standards revealed that about half of the shallow aquifer samples are not suitable for drinking. 相似文献
16.
Geels C Christensen JH Hansen AW Heinemeier J Kiilsholm S Larsen NW Larsen SE Pedersen T Sørensen LL Brandt J Frohn LM Djurhuus S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,117(1-3):387-409
As part of the Danish NEAREX project the origin and variability of anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 over the Northeast Atlantic Region (NEAR) has been studied. The project consisted of a combination of experimental and modelling
activities. Local volunteers operated CO2 sampling stations, built at University of Copenhagen, for 14C analysis at four locations (East Denmark, Shetland Isles, Faroe Isles and Iceland). The samples were only collected during
winter periods of south-easterly winds in an attempt to trace air enriched in fossil-fuel derived CO2 due to combustion of fossil fuels within European countries. In order to study the transport and concentration fields over
the region in detail, a three-dimensional Eulerian hemispheric air pollution model has been extended to include the main anthropogenic
sources for atmospheric CO2. During the project period (1998–2001) only a few episodes of transport from Central Europe towards NEAR arose, which makes
the data set for the evaluation of the method sparse. The analysed samples indicate that the signal for fossil CO2, as expected, is largest (up to 3.7±0.4% fossil CO2) at the Danish location closest to the European emissions areas and much weaker (up to ∼1.5±0.6% fossil CO2) at the most remote location. As the anthropogenic signal is weak in the clean atmosphere over NEAR these numbers will, however,
be very sensitive to the assumed background 14CO2 activity and the precision of the measurements. The model simulations include the interplay between the driving processes
from the emission into the boundary layer and the following horizontal/vertical mixing and atmospheric transport and are used
to analyse the meteorological conditions leading to the observed events of high fossil CO2 over NEAR. This information about the history of the air masses is essential if an observed signal is to be utilised for
identifying and quantifying sources for fossil CO2. 相似文献
17.
Water samples from rivers, streams, springs, and shallow wells in Alayi-Ovim area of southeast Nigeria have been analyzed
for Pb, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mg, PO4, NO3, CO3, SO4, Cl, and pH. The analyses were carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer and Hach Direct Reading Equipment. Results
of the analyses from the area conform to the WHO (1995) standards for drinking water. However, the results show relative enrichment of Ca, pH, Mg, CO3, and Cl. Low values were obtained for Fe, SO4, and NO3. While the Cl and Pb enrichment in the area north of Alayi-Ovim axis is attributed to proximity to the lead–zinc and chloride-rich
formations of the Turonian Eze-Aku and the Albian Asu River; the Ca, Mg, SO4, and CO3 enrichment in Southern part of Alayi-Ovim is due to the limestone-bearing Late Maastrichtian Nsukka Formation. Furthermore,
the very low values of less than 5 ppm for these characters in water in the central region correlate well with the relatively
clean Maastrichtian quartz arenite Ajali Sandstone Formation. The Pb–Zn and Cl incursions into the water system from the Older
Albian Asu River/Turonian Eze-Aku Formations in the northern part of Alayi-Ovim area and the leaching of Mg, and Ca into the
water system in the Maastrichtian limestone area in the south thus constitute geochemical indices for chemical pollution and
mineral exploration for brine and dolomitic limestone in the area. 相似文献
18.
Infrared spectrometry is a versatile basis to analyse greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. A multicomponent air pollution software (MAPS) was developed for retrieval of gas concentrations from radiation emission as well as absorption measurements. Concentrations of CO, CH4, N2O, and H2O as well as CO2, NO, NO2, NH3, SO2, HCl, HCHO, and the temperature of warm gases are determined on-line. The analyses of greenhouse gases in gaseous emission sources and in ambient air are performed by a mobile remote sensing system using the double-pendulum interferometer K300 of the Munich company Kayser-Threde. Passive radiation measurements are performed to retrieve CO, N2O, and H2O as well as CO2, NO, SO2, and HCl concentrations in smoke stack effluents of thermal power plants and municipal incinerators and CO and H2O as well as CO2 and NO in exhausts of aircraft engines. Open-path radiation measurements are used to determine greenhouse gas concentrations at different ambient air conditions and greenhouse gas emission rates of diffusive sources as garbage deposits, open coal mining, stock farming together with additional compounds (e.g. NH3), and from road traffic together with HCHO. Some results of measurements are shown. A future task is the verification of emission cadastres by these inspection measurements. 相似文献
19.
Bacteria transport and adhesion experiments under water-saturated and partially saturated conditions were examined over a
wide range of ionic strength, from 1 to 100 mM KCl, CaCl2, and MgCl2, and at water contents of 0.15 and 0.22 in sand columns packed with three different sands, baked, sterilized, and raw sands
in order to investigate the effects of ionic strength, water content, and porous media type on the microbial adhesion in soil
aquifer treatment (SAT). Well-characterized Escherichia coli JM109 were used as model bacterial cells in this study. Column study results showed that bacterial deposition rates increased
with increasing ionic strength and decreasing water content, and were higher in raw sand columns than those in other sand
columns. The Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory was applied to experimental results in order to consider the interaction
energies between the bacterial cells and collector grains; results revealed that a considerable amount of bacterial cells
was weakly deposited onto the solid surfaces in secondary minimum. 相似文献
20.
Geological CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is among the main near-term contenders for addressing the problem of global climate change. Even
in a baseline scenario, with no comprehensive international climate policy, a moderate level of CCS technology is expected
to be deployed, given the economic benefits associated with enhanced oil and gas recovery. With stringent climate change control,
CCS technologies will probably be installed on an industrial scale. Geologically stored CO2, however, may leak back to the atmosphere, which could render CCS ineffective as climate change reduction option. This article
presents a long-term energy scenario study for Europe, in which we assess the significance for climate policy making of leakage
of CO2 artificially stored in underground geological formations. A detailed sensitivity analysis is performed for the CO2 leakage rate with the bottom-up energy systems model MARKAL, enriched for this purpose with a large set of CO2 capture technologies (in the power sector, industry, and for the production of hydrogen) and storage options (among which
enhanced oil and gas recovery, enhanced coal bed methane recovery, depleted fossil fuel fields, and aquifers). Through a series
of model runs, we confirm that a leakage rate of 0.1%/year seems acceptable for CCS to constitute a meaningful climate change
mitigation option, whereas one of 1%/year is not. CCS is essentially no option to achieve CO2 emission reductions when the leakage rate is as high as 1%/year, so more reductions need to be achieved through the use of
renewables or nuclear power, or in sectors like industry and transport. We calculate that under strict climate control policy,
the cumulative captured and geologically stored CO2 by 2100 in the electricity sector, when the leakage rate is 0.1%/year, amounts to about 45,000 MtCO2. Only a little over 10,000 MtCO2 cumulative power-generation-related emissions are captured and stored underground by the end of the century when the leakage
rate is 1%/year. Overall marginal CO2 abatement costs increase from a few €/tCO2 today to well over 150 €/tCO2 in 2100, under an atmospheric CO2 concentration constraint of 550 ppmv. Carbon costs in 2100 turn out to be about 40 €/tCO2 higher when the annual leakage rate is 1%/year in comparison to when there is no CO2 leakage. Irrespective of whether CCS deployment is affected by gradual CO2 seepage, the annual welfare loss in Europe induced by the implementation of policies preventing “dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system” (under our assumption, implying a climate stabilisation target of 550 ppmv CO2 concentration) remains below 0.5% of GDP during the entire century.
相似文献
Koen SmekensEmail: |