钢铁企业低碳技术评价选择与应用

钢铁行业作为最大的工业CO₂排放源之一,已成为我国实现“双碳”目标的重要领域,而低碳技术在其中起基础性和导向性作用. 本文在综合国内外低碳技术的基础上,先梳理并形成初步的钢铁行业低碳技术清单,然后通过参考相关技术评价文献、温室气体排放核算方法与报告指南,经过实地调研及Delphi法咨询专家意见构建钢铁企业低碳技术评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法确定各项指标权重,评价了湖南省钢铁企业已应用的13项低碳技术,从多角度揭示了低碳技术选择的优先排序,为钢铁企业低碳技术选择提供参考. 结果表明:若只评价碳减排效果,焦炉上升管荒煤气余热利用技术、废钢循环利用技术、富含一氧化碳的气态二次能源综合利用技术、加热炉黑体强化辐射节能技术得分较高;若只评价技术投资成本、成熟度和普适性,得分较高的是余热余压利用等节能技术. 从综合评价来看,高炉煤气余压透平发电装置、废钢循环利用技术得分较高,分别为83.129、82.982分,智能化炼钢技术、富含一氧化碳的气态二次能源综合利用得分较低,分别为74.040、72.991分,处于中等水平的技术属于余热余压利用等节能技术.      

Eco-efficiency and industrial symbiosis – a counterfactual analysis of a mining community

Complex utilization, a production model analogous to those described by industrial symbiosis, was planned at the Russian Kola Science Center in mid-1980. The model integrates the waste streams of mining industries in the Kola Peninsula in such a way that waste from one industrial operator becomes raw material for another. Using a counterfactual method, this article determines the eco-efficiency of the model between the years 1985 and 2005. A parallel study of the eco-efficiency of the actual system, i.e. in the absence of complex utilization, is then performed for the same time period. The study shows that complex utilization would indeed have yielded increased eco-efficiency, even though not all environmentally harmful emissions would have decreased. As a result of market collapse and the use of upstream pollution prevention together with traditional end-of-pipe technologies, however, the actual system shows net emission reductions similar to those modeled in complex utilization. It is suggested that in systems like the mining industry of the Kola Peninsula, with high production volumes and poorly developed environmental technologies, upstream pollution prevention together with traditional end-of-pipe technologies may prove more attractive than industrial symbiosis, despite the substantial increases in eco-efficiency of the latter.     

Cleaner production and industrial ecosystems, a Dutch experience

This article opens briefly with the recent discussions about the effectiveness of pollution prevention. As pollution prevention and cleaner production are important elements of industrial ecology, the different definitions and approaches of industrial ecology as a term also need clarity. The major part of this article reflects the first results of the cleaner production and industrial ecology concepts, applied in an industrial ecosystem project (INES) in the Rotterdam harbour area. In this industrial area with many refineries and (petro)chemical facilities, the possibilities for companies to reuse waste streams, by-products and energy from each other was researched. The project was initiated by an industrial association. Sixty-nine members of the industrial association joined the INES project and provided confidential information about their resources, products and waste streams to the research team. Based on this information, 15 projects were designed. The selected three projects for further feasibility studies showed the potency to reduce the use of energy, water and bio sludge significantly.     

Water conservation through energy management

The objective of this paper is the simultaneous management of two important industrial resources – energy and water. A class of industrial processes where heat transfer is accompanied by mass transfer (water evaporation and condensation) are concerned, and special attention is given to them where the transfer of heat is a limiting stage. These processes are considered not in isolation but in integration with all related processes and subsystems. More specifically, the set of processes and subsystems include cooling systems, systems of contact economizers for flue gas energy recovery, scrubbers, direct steam heaters, driers, related systems of coolers and the heat exchanger networks. The proposed preliminary design procedure is based on concepts and tools related to Pinch technology especially modified for consideration of simultaneous heat and mass transfer. The manipulated parameters include process' latent and sensible heat loads and systems' structural changes with efficiency criteria allowing sacrifice of quantity for quality of performance. Two specific procedures allow targeting of maximum flue gas energy recovery and minimum temperature of cooling water providing guidance to structural design and system operation. The application of the proposed methodology is designed to achieve water conservation through minimization of water evaporation losses. Its significance is demonstrated through three popular industrial applications (a power station, a brewery and a tissue factory).     

北京市2009-2011年垃圾渗滤液处理电能消耗特征与节能减排潜力研究

对北京市2009-2011年垃圾渗滤液处理中电能消耗进行研究,通过对现行几种渗滤液处理技术的对比和现场调查,采用逐层分析法,将电能消耗从处理设施上分为三大层次:单元-工艺-场站.结果表明,2009-2011年北京市各垃圾处理场处理渗滤液的耗电量基本不变.对于同一场站来说,生化处理单元的电能消耗一般高于其他3个单元,反渗透单元的电能消耗高于纳滤单元.填埋场和粪便消纳站中垃圾总量与渗滤液产量有很好的线性关系,且单位垃圾产生的渗滤液量为:消纳站＞填埋场;填埋场和粪便消纳站中渗滤液产量与电能消耗也有很好的线性关系,且单位渗滤液耗电量为:填埋场＞消纳站.北京市垃圾渗滤液处理全过程中节水潜力约为165.94万t·a-1(近3年北京市垃圾处理年度中水回用量均值为31.22万1·a-1),粪便消纳站存在最大节水潜力,填埋场次之,分别占总节水潜力的89.58％、6.69％.粪便消纳站单位垃圾的节水量最高,平均值为0.02575 t·t-1.     

Minimizing greenhouse gas emissions through the application of solar thermal energy in industrial processes

The analysis of industrial energy usage indicates that low temperature processes (20 ≈ 200 °C) are used in nearly all industrial sectors. In principle there is the potential to use solar thermal energy in these lower temperature processes thus, reducing the environmental impact of burning fossil fuels. Using the model of an Austrian dairy plant, this research investigated the potential for, and the economic viability of, using solar energy heat processes in industry.Some industrial sectors such as food, chemistry, plastic processing, textile industry, building materials industry and business establishments can be identified as potential sectors for the application of solar energy heat processes. When assessing the (economic) feasibility of solar thermal energy, the investigation of these industries’ energy systems has to focus on an integrated analysis of cooling and heating demands and to take into account competing technologies. Amongst these are heat integration, cogeneration, new technologies and heat pumps. Pinch analysis was used to investigate industrial energy systems and heat integration possibilities and proved to be a viable tool. Working from the basis of energy balances, Sankey diagrams, pinch analysis and environmental cost accounting, a newly developed investigation tool was applied in the case study of an Austrian dairy plant. This enabled a fast optimization of the system. Two different options for the integration of solar thermal energy into the production line were calculated, option 1 with a solar field of 1000 m² and option 2 with a solar field of 1500 m². Natural gas savings of 85,000 for option 1 and 109,000 m³/a for option 2 can be achieved, resulting in a reduction of 170 tons of CO₂ per year, or 218 tons for options 1 and 2 respectively. Based upon option 1, return on investment is realised after less than three years of implementation. This research thus, indicates promising technical and economical feasibility of using solar thermal energy for industrial processes and provides an important step towards sustainable zero emission production in industry.     

超滤技术在水处理中的应用研究

本文介绍了超滤技术和胶团强化超滤新技术,重点对超滤膜在饮用水净化、海水淡化、城市污水处理与中水回用和工业废水处理中的应用进展进行了分析,同时分析了超滤膜的发展趋势和研究方向。     

Eco-efficiency evaluation of the petroleum and petrochemical group in the map Ta Phut Industrial Estate,Thailand

Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate (MTPIE), located in Rayong province, eastern of Thailand, was developed by the state enterprise, Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand, Ministry of Industry, to serve industries that use natural gas as the main raw material development. This research presents the eco-efficiency evaluation of the petroleum and petrochemical group (PP) in the MTPIE. There are 31 factories in the PP group, which can be divided into three categories: upstream, intermediate, and downstream. The eco-efficiency values of the PP group were evaluated according to the World Business Council for Sustainable Development recommendations. The comparison of eco-efficiency values between three industrial categories in the PP group demonstrates that factories in the downstream category obtained particularly good eco-efficiency results concerning material consumption, water use, and hazardous waste generation. The eco-efficiency trends of the PP group were simply analyzed by snapshot graph. With the availability of the data on environmental indicator, the water use indicator was selected to be an example indicator for analyzing the eco-efficiency trends of the PP group. The eco-efficiency snapshot concerning the net sale and water use during the year of 2003–2005 showed that the eco-efficiency trends of the PP group in the MTPIE shifted from half eco-efficient in 2004 to fully eco-efficient in 2005. This research can provide a basic framework on eco-efficiency evaluation for the industrial sector in Thailand, which will feed into strategic development, and would enable public participation in the discussion on branch developments and contributions to national trends.     

Analysis of the sustainability of reusing industrial wastes as energy source in the industrial sector of Taiwan

The objective of this paper was to provide a preliminary analysis of energy utilization from industrial waste in Taiwan, a densely populated island country with high dependence on imported energy. The discussion thus focused on the status of industrial waste generation and its management since the year 2002. This paper also presented the updated information about the new/revised regulations concerning the governmental regulations and policies for promoting industrial waste as energy source as well as controlling the emissions of hazardous air pollutants from industrial waste-to-energy facilities. It showed that the main types of combustible waste in the industrial sector of Taiwan include pulp sludge, scrap wood, sugarcane bagasse, textile sludge and scrap plastics, which were being reused as auxiliary fuel in the utilities (e.g., boiler and incinerator). Based on their reported quantities, the energy potential and the environmental benefit of mitigating CO₂ emissions were also analyzed in the study.     

A global analysis of residential heating and cooling service demand and cost-effective energy consumption under different climate change scenarios up to 2050

Climate change and energy service demand exert influence on each other through temperature change and greenhouse gas emissions. We have consistently evaluated global residential thermal demand and energy consumption up to the year 2050 under different climate change scenarios. We first constructed energy service demand intensity (energy service demand per household) functions for each of three services (space heating, space cooling, and water heating). The space heating and cooling demand in 2050 in the world as a whole become 2.1–2.3 and 3.8–4.5 times higher than the figures for 2010, whose ranges are originated from different global warming scenarios. Cost-effective residential energy consumption to satisfy service demand until 2050 was analyzed keeping consistency among different socio-economic conditions, ambient temperature, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission pathways using a global energy assessment model. Building shell improvement and fuel fuel-type transition reduce global final energy consumption for residential thermal heating by 30% in 2050 for a 2 °C target scenario. This study demonstrates that climate change affects residential space heating and cooling demand by regions, and their desirable strategies for cost-effective energy consumption depend on the global perspectives on CO₂ emission reduction. Building shell improvement and energy efficiency improvement and fuel fuel-type transition of end-use technologies are considered to be robust measures for residential thermal demand under uncertain future CO₂ emission pathways.     

工业源VOCs治理技术效果实测评估

根据珠三角地区典型工业行业VOCs治理技术应用情况调研数据,选取6种典型治理技术开展现场测试,比较各类技术对VOCs的去除率和对VOCs物种的去除特征. 结果表明:活性炭吸附、水喷淋+活性炭吸附、活性炭吸附浓缩+催化燃烧、低温等离子体、溶液吸收、水喷淋+溶液吸收6种技术对工业VOCs去除率的范围分别为-98.1%~79.2%(负值表示可能存在活性炭脱附作用,下同)、-167.4%~57.5%、-3.8%~66.5%、34.1%~96.3%、22.8%~43.1%和2.7%~19.6%. 活性炭吸附及其组合技术对ρ(VOCs)<100 mg/m3的废气处理效果很差;而低温等离子体对ρ(VOCs)>1 000 mg/m3的废气治理效果较差. 活性炭吸附及其组合治理技术对芳香烃、酯类和醚类的去除率一般在40.0%左右;低温等离子体对除卤代烃外的其他物种去除率在28.6%~74.6%之间;溶液吸收法对醚类、芳香烃、酯类和卤代烃的去除率达33.2%~90.1%,而水喷淋+溶液吸收法对醇类、酮类和醚类的去除率可达到41.8%~98.9%. 未来应从经济、技术、监管三方面对工业VOCs治理技术进行综合评估,同时应对更多工业源的VOCs治理技术开展实测评估.      

江苏省电力发展与环境变化的灰色关联分析研究

文章以灰色关联分析的理论与方法为基础,分别将江苏全省SO2排放量、工业烟（粉）尘排放量、工业废气排放量和工业固体物产生量作为因变量参考数列,江苏省地区生产总值、发电总量、火力发电量、火力发电量占发电总量比重作为比较数列,对电力发展与环境变化进行综合分析,结果表明火力发电对环境变化影响较大.因此,积极发展新能源发电项目,扩大新能源发电比重,降低火力发电比重,构建合理的能源结构成为江苏省环境保护的重中之重.     

Gold mining in Australia: linking historical trends and environmental and resource sustainability

The mining of gold has been and continues to be an important aspect of Australian industry. Gold mining moved quickly from fossicking and alluvial sources in the 1850's to hard rock mining. This paper presents, arguably for the first time, a detailed historical compilation of Australian gold mining production data. This data is then analysed in the context of sustainability, focussing particularly on mineral resource sustainability and the broader aspects of environmental impacts now commonly reported by some mining companies in annual sustainability performance reports. The key trends which are demonstrated by the data include a long-term decline in ore grade, increased open cut mining, substantive increases in tailings and waste rock production, as well as showing the impact of new technologies and economics on available gold resources. The available environmental data on material and energy inputs to and pollutant emissions from gold production is also presented, showing a clear sensitivity to ore grade. In terms of sustainability, these relationships raise significant issues such as increasing greenhouse footprint per unit gold produced, potential impacts on energy and water consumption, as well as overall gold resource sustainability. The paper presents a unique case study of the resource and environmental sustainability of the Australian gold mining sector with major implications for sustainability policy and reporting.     

北京市生活垃圾堆肥设施耗能、排污及影响因素

对北京市5座生活垃圾堆肥设施(南宫、顺义、阿苏卫、燕山、沃绿洁)开展耗能、排污研究,实地调查获取5座设施2009—2011年的耗能、排污指标数据,并分析垃圾发酵、恶臭控制、渗滤液处理3个工艺的耗能排污特征,总结各工艺及设施层次耗能排污的影响因素. 结果表明:5座设施发酵工艺年耗水量(y,103t)与年垃圾处理量(x,103t)呈线性关系,有y=0.0551x+3.0627;隧道堆肥发酵工艺的单位(t)垃圾耗电、渗滤液及残渣产量均低于间歇式动态堆肥;隧道堆肥恶臭控制工艺耗水量占厂区总耗水量的5.92%,用电量占厂区总耗电量的23.78%;渗滤液处理工艺的耗电量与ρ(COD_Cr)呈正相关(P<0.05,R=0.981),但与渗滤液处理量相关性不强. 垃圾组成及性质、工艺差别、污染物特性影响工艺耗电量及恶臭、渗滤液产生量. 完善堆肥设施各个工艺环节并进行中水回用,有利于削减设施耗能排污.      

全球绿色低碳发展与中国发展方式转型

文章论述了近代产业革命推动人类从经典低碳经济农牧业生产,走上以化石高碳能源为基础的高碳经济和传统工业化道路,高碳经济和传统工业化道路促进了人类社会物质文明、政治文明和精神文明建设,但造成了环境污染、生态退化和气候变暖生态文明三项负效应;文章阐述了美国和前苏联建成人类第一座规模化水电站和第一座原子能电站开辟低碳能源的历史贡献,以及英国创建低碳经济、日本建设低碳社会和联合国环境署实施绿色低碳发展主题行动对全球绿色低碳发展的深刻影响,归纳了全球绿色低碳发展的基本趋势和特征,最后论述了全球绿色低碳发展对中国发展方式转型的重要启示。     

光热光电驱动的海岛型太阳能海水淡化装置研制与性能分析

针对偏远海岛淡水资源和常规能源缺乏问题,综合利用光热与光伏驱动,通过技术设计、数学计算、传热传质、模拟测试、性能分析等程序研制一种适用于海岛的太阳能海水淡化装置。并在光热模式、光热光伏模式、电加热模式下测试了装置的性能。实验结果表明:1）淡化装置在光热模式下的平均产水速率为225 mL/h,在光热光伏模式下的平均产水速率为332 mL/h,比光热模式提高了47.6%,而电加热模式平均产水速率可达到1910 mL/h,反映了中高温太阳能集热管的重要性;2）淡化装置的最佳实验条件为:蒸发舱温度为103℃,冷却水温度为41℃,环境温度为30℃,在此条件下的瞬时产水量高达2389 mL/h,各因素的影响程度顺序为蒸发舱温度>冷却水温度>环境温度;3）淡化装置在光热和光热光伏模式下的单位面积产水量分别为2172,1167 mL/（m2·d）,太阳能蒸馏过程的最小热耗为2.03 kW·h/m3。     

光固化3D打印废塑料来源、处置技术和环境影响

光固化技术因其在3D打印行业中具有打印精度高且技术成熟的优势,在工业应用和学术研究方面都受到国内外的广泛关注.随着光固化3D打印技术蓬勃发展,相应而来的废弃物（光固化3D打印废塑料）作为一种新型有机固废,其增长速度不可估量,对环境带来的影响难以预计.基于现有研究,对光固化3D打印废塑料来源、处置技术和环境影响的最新研究进展进行总结分析.结果表明,光固化3D打印废塑料为共价交联热固性塑料,具有较高的活化能,内部化学结构存在对光敏感的显色基团,其原料、形成过程和目前的处置方法均可能对环境或生物体等带来潜在危害.基于此,针对光固化3D打印废塑料未来处置方式的可能性,提出展望和建议,可为光固化3D打印产业清洁发展提供助力.     

北九州产业废物的处理

在日本,基于“有关废物处理和清理的法律”制定了废物分类、处理责任和处理基准等。北九州市是以重化学工业为中业发展起来的城市,由于其工业活动产生了大量的各种工业废物。因此北九州市制定了“工业废物处理计划”,有计划地综合性地对工业废物实施处理、资源化、减量化。为了今后全球范围的环境保护,工业废物的再利用、再资源化有待于进一步提高。现在,北九州市正围绕着这个课题进行着研究。      

Smart regulation for water innovation – the case of decentralized rainwater technology

“Lead-markets”, “environmental innovations”, and “low-carbon technologies” are some of the modern buzz-words surrounding environmental regulation. But how can governments set the stage for industrial innovation, new and improved products, and the implementation of new, cleaner processes, products and services? The article explores this question with reference to sustainable water technologies, specifically the purchase of decentralized rainwater facilities. It is more ecologically sustainable to process rainwater locally than expanding drainage into the centralized system. However, the market for decentralized water technologies is still a niche one compared to centralized infrastructure. The article therefore evaluates regulative instruments in “smart” support of decentralized technologies.     

Environmental performance optimization using process water integration and Sustainable Process Index

Water integration studies have focused on reducing the amount of water used by a process on the assumption that environmental impact is reduced through efficient water reuse. However, the environmental impact of retrofitting the water network through the installation of pumps and pipes and energy for their utilization which may even lead to a network with a higher environmental cost as measured using a more comprehensive metric, is rarely, if at all, considered. Using the Sustainable Process Index (SPI) as a means of measuring environmental impact, this study addresses the question on water integration and environmental impact and shows that there is a balance that must be struck between water savings and water network modifications.