水体中重金属镉和锌对大型蚤联合毒性效应的初步研究

为了初步探讨重金属镉(Cd)和锌(Zn)对水生生物的联合毒性效应,以大型蚤(Daphnia magna)为研究对象,以蚤体内的金属硫蛋白(MT)含量为毒性指标,研究了重金属Cd和Zn对大型蚤的联合毒性作用.结果表明:Cd和Zn单独暴露下,大型蚤体内MT含量随水体中重金属浓度升高而升高,呈幂函数关系;Cd和Zn联合暴露下,蚤体内MT含量随联合浓度的升高呈先上升后下降趋势;在较低浓度时Cd、Zn表现为协同作用,在中等浓度时表现为相加作用,在较高浓度时表现为拮抗作用;MT可作为Cd、Zn联合毒性评价的敏感指标.     

Acute and long-term effects of sucralose on the water flea Daphnia magna on mobility,survival and reproduction at different temperature regimes

Sucralose is a food additive used as a substitute for sugar. Although the risk of negative effects in organisms exposed to sucralose in the natural environment is low, it is expected that the water concentrations of sucralose will continue to increase in the near future. Temperature in the aquatic ecosystem is also expected to increase, and this needs to be considered in ecotoxicological studies. Herein, we investigated if the water flea Daphnia magna could be affected by sucralose exposure both at optimal and elevated temperatures. No increased mortality or effects on mobility and fecundity were observed after sucralose exposure at any exposure temperature during the course of the experiment. An increase in temperature to 26°С reduced the time required to produce four generations of offspring. However, this result was observed across treatments; hence speeding up of life processes was caused by an increased temperature only and not sucralose exposure. A lack of deleterious effects on the acute and chronic endpoints, even at elevated temperatures, suggests a relative robustness of this species to sucralose. However, due to the extensive use of sucralose in combination with rising water temperatures, further investigations on possible long-term effects should be studied to evaluate potential early warning signals.     

Joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate and triphenyl phosphate to Daphnia magna

In this study, the joint acute toxicity of tributyl phosphate (TBP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) was investigated using Daphnia magna as the test organism. The median lethal concentrations for TBP and TPP at 24 and 48 h were 5.48 and 0.51 mg/L, 1.17 and 0.089 mg/L, respectively. When mixed at either equal concentration or various toxic unit ratios, TBP and TPP mixtures displayed an additive toxicity after both 24- and 48-h exposure. This work suggests that the joint acute toxicity of TBP and TPP towards D. magna can be predicted by calculating the toxic units of mixtures.     

Bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated medium using Lemna minor,Daphnia magna and their consortium

Single, dual and triple mixtures of totally seven different mixture combinations of the metals Al, Ba and Fe were examined in Lemna minor (L) culture, Daphnia magna (D) culture and in a consortium culture consisting of L. minor and D. magna. In this study: (a) differences in removed metal proportions at the end of 24 and 48?h, (b) differences in removed metal amounts due to cultures, (c) differences in the removed proportions of a metal in distinct mediums and (d) removal correlation of the metals due to cultures were investigated. The study results showed that among the metals Al, Ba and Fe, Al has the most toxic effect on organisms involved in this study. Although similar toxicity results of Al and Fe on test groups were observed, Ba gave different toxicity results on test groups. An overview of the bioremediation results indicates that L. minor removes the metals Al and Fe more successfully than Ba. Different mixture combinations of metals performed dissimilar removal results in the same cultures. According to the correlations analysis for the metals Ba and Fe, a high correlation was recorded between the consortium group and test groups containing only D. magna, r?=?0.88, r?=?0.91, respectively.     

地表臭氧增加对黄花夹竹桃和芒果叶片膜脂过氧化程度和保护酶活性的影响

以黄花夹竹桃（Thevetia peruviana（Pers.）k.Schum.）和芒果（Mangifera indica L.）苗木为材料,研究4种臭氧（O3）体积分数[环境大气NF,φ（O3）=10×10-9~20×10-9;低体积分数处理E50,φ（O3）=50×10-9;中体积分数处理E100,φ（O3）=100×10-9;高体积分数处理E200,φ（O3）=200×10-9]下两种植物叶片膜脂过氧化程度、可溶性蛋白质质量分数、可溶性糖质量分数和保护酶活性的变化情况,旨在揭示地表臭氧体积分数升高条件下2种植物生理代谢活动变化机理及响应规律。结果表明：随臭氧体积分数的增加,2种植物丙二醛含量和膜透性均逐渐上升,且与臭氧体积分数呈显著正相关关系,说明两种植物膜脂过氧化程度加剧;低体积分数O3处理时两种植物可溶性蛋白质量分数均逐渐下降,高φ（O3）处理后小幅回升;黄花夹竹桃可溶性糖质量分数逐渐下降,芒果先上升后下降;2种植物的POD活性均显著上升,但上升幅度有较大差异;2种植物的CAT活性均呈先升高再降低的趋势。研究表明,不同体积分数的臭氧暴露下,黄花夹竹桃和芒果均受到不同程度的伤害,芒果对臭氧表现出较强的抗性,黄花夹竹桃对臭氧较敏感。     

纳米二氧化铈对蛋白核小球藻和大型溞的毒性及其在大型溞体内的形态转化

随着纳米技术的飞速发展,纳米材料的应用日益广泛。同时,这类具有独特物理化学特性的微小颗粒对环境和健康的影响引起了人们的关注。本工作参考国际经济合作与发展组织(OECD)化学品生态毒理测试方法,以蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和大型溞(Daphnia magna)为受试生物,研究了CeO_2纳米颗粒暴露对小球藻生长、叶绿素含量和细胞内活性氧水平以及大型溞运动能力的影响,分析了大型溞体内铈的形态。随着暴露浓度的升高和时间延长,CeO_2纳米颗粒逐渐抑制小球藻的生长,导致叶绿素水平的降低和活性氧水平升高。暴露96 h后,CeO_2纳米颗粒对小球藻生长的EC50为30.4 mg·L-1,而对大型溞活动抑制的24 h、48 h-EC50分别为430.2 mg·L-1和142.7 mg·L-1。根据中华人民共和国环境保护行业标准中的毒性分级标准,CeO_2纳米颗粒对小球藻属于中毒性物质,对大型溞属于低毒性物质。CeO_2纳米颗粒在大型溞体内主要以Ce(IV)的形式存在,约有3%转化为Ce(III)。对CeO_2纳米颗粒的水生态效应给予足够重视并深入研究其毒性作用机制。     

Effects of Matricaria chamomilla L. on lipid peroxidation,antioxidant enzyme systems,and key liver enzymes in CCl4-treated rats

In this study, we investigated the effects of Matricaria chamomilla L. extract (MCE) on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme systems, and several liver enzymes in carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-treated rats. Rats were divided into five groups. The first group (control group) was fed on standard feed. The rats in the other groups (CCl₄, MCE50, MCE100, and MCE200) were injected intraperitoneally with 0.8?mL?kg^?1 CCl₄. Moreover, rats in the MCE50, MCE100, and MCE200 groups were gavaged with 50?mg?kg^?1, 100?mg?kg^?1, and 200?mg?kg^?1 MCE, respectively. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, whole blood malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activity levels were measured after 14 days of exposure. ALT and AST in the CCl₄ group increased significantly in comparison to the control group (p?4, MCE50, MCE100, and MCE200 groups at different significance levels. In conclusion, the findings suggest that, depending on the dose administered, MCE decreases CCl₄-induced damage and consequent oxidative stress in rats; it affects the antioxidant system positively.     

Effect of latex material on antioxidant enzymes,lipid peroxidation,DNA damage,and chromosomal aberration

Cell integrity is affected by oxidative stress when the production of active oxidants overwhelms antioxidant defense mechanisms. Latex, a natural polymer obtained from Hevea brasiliensis, is used in medical industry for manufacturing surgical gloves, urinary catheters, and dental dams. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of latex material on oxidative stress by in vivo and in vitro methods. In addition, the material was screened for its ability to induce any chromosomal aberrations (CAs) by in vitro method. In vivo studies were carried out with implanted latex material onto subcutaneous tissue of various batches of experimental Wistar rats. At the end of experimental period, animals were anesthetized, blood was collected for serum analysis, and sacrificed. Liver was excised for the determination of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation (LPO). Subcutaneous tissues were obtained for the extraction of genomic DNA from implanted animals and checked for the presence of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), considered an indicator of DNA damage. Simultaneously, in vitro studies were carried out using fresh liver and subcutaneous tissue obtained from Swiss albino mice treated with physiological saline extract of latex material. For the estimation of both in vitro and in vivo oxidative stress, 10% liver homogenate was assessed for stress indicators like reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, LPO and protein content. The results of both in vivo and in vitro studies indicated that the chemical leachents from the latex material did not significantly affect LPO and the levels of antioxidant enzymes. There was also no significant increase in 8-OHdG content due to the presence of implanted latex material. Finally, the results of in vitro CA test and G banding indicated that extracts of test material did not induce any chromosomal abnormalities.     

大冶矿区土壤重金属积累对土壤酶活性的影响

大冶矿区位于湖北省的东南部,是我国的青铜之乡,长期的采矿和冶炼活动已使该矿区土地生产力和农产品品质严重下降。为了探明相关重金属的污染状况,应用野外调查与采样分析相结合的方法,研究了大冶矿区土壤酶活性和土壤中重金属的累积特性。结果表明:矿区土壤Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As全量的平均值分别是该区土壤背景值的35.1倍、16.0倍、3.0倍、29.8倍、1.1倍。不同样点土壤酶活性存在一定程度的差异。土壤重金属胁迫对土壤酶活性主要表现为抑制作用,其中对土壤重金属响应较敏感的酶为脲酶和过氧化氢酶,这两种酶与重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As的全量分别呈显著或极显著的负相关。这些研究结果对于大冶矿区土壤环境质量评价及生态修复有一定的指导意义。     

2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚对大型溞的毒性效应

以实验室培养的大型溞为受试生物,进行了2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对大型溞的48h急性毒性实验和21d慢性毒性实验,并研究了暴露在不同质量浓度和处理时间的BDE-47中,大型溞的抗氧化酶系中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)的酶活性变化。结果表明,BDE-47对大型溞的48h的半致死浓度为1.04mg·L-1,属于高毒物质;在BDE-47慢性毒性实验低浓度处理组中,大型溞的体长及繁殖能力受到了抑制,而高浓度处理组中大型溞的体长及繁殖能力上升,其中第一次产仔数和产卵总数是表征BDE-47慢性毒性的最灵敏参数。随着BDE-47浓度的增加,大型溞SOD和GST活性均呈现出低浓度诱导高浓度抑制的现象。SOD和GST均表现出一定的敏感性,但相对SOD,GST对BDE-47暴露更为敏感。     

UV-C辐射增强对绿化树种膜质过氧化及抗氧化酶的影响

采用叶片试验法研究了模拟紫外辐射(UV-C)胁迫对3种绿化树种叶片膜质过氧化及抗氧化酶产生的影响。实验结果表明:UV-C辐射处理使连翘ForsythiasuspensaVahl和垂柳Salixbabylonica叶片的叶绿素质量分数增加,但使水蜡树FraxinuschinesisRoxb.叶片的叶绿素质量分数降低。UV-C辐射处理增加连翘和垂柳叶片的SOD活性,而水蜡的SOD活性则表现为先升高随后降低的变化趋势;辐射处理对水蜡树和垂柳POD活性影响不大,但使连翘POD活性先升高随后降低;辐射处理明显降低水蜡树和连翘的CAT活性,而垂柳的则先升高后降低。辐射处理导致MDA含量增加。     

SO2胁迫对拟南芥抗氧化酶活性的影响

SO2是一种常见的全球性大气污染物,对人类健康和生态系统有严重的危害。多数植物在SO2胁迫时不能正常生长发育,因此研究SO2对植物的影响、分析植物逆境生理过程,对损伤和抗逆机理研究具有重要意义。文章以3周龄的拟南芥(Arabidopsis thalianal L.)植株为实验材料,对幼苗进行SO2(2.5、10、30mg·m-3)连续熏气,定时(8、56、104、152h)检测地上部分抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明,SO2熏气前期超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性诱导性增高,其中SOD活性增加最快,8h后即显著高于对照,并具有浓度效应,POD活性在SO2暴露8h后略有增高,56h、104h时明显增加;熏气152h后,SOD和POD活性显著降低。处理组和对照组的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和可溶性蛋白质含量在熏气前期略有增高,152h后有所降低。研究结果表明,环境中较高浓度的SO2对植物细胞具有氧化胁迫作用,并可能产生氧化损伤效应。     

硫丹对草鱼乙酰胆碱酯酶及抗氧化酶活性的影响

研究了硫丹暴露对草鱼肝脏、肌肉抗氧化酶及脑乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响。结果表明,硫丹24 h暴露可诱导草鱼脑AChE活性,当暴露时间延长或质量浓度升高时,AChE活性表现为受抑制,120 h较高质量浓度组抑制率为41.8%和56.2%,抑制率与暴露时间呈良好的线性相关。硫丹暴露24 h后,草鱼肝脏及肌肉SOD、GSH-Px活性受到显著影响,表现出先诱导后缓慢降低的趋势,120 h后SOD活性显著低于对照组水平,GSH-Px活性与对照组无显著差异。在抗氧化酶受到影响的同时,鱼体脂质过氧化LPO程度不断上升,组织MDA含量逐渐增大,96 h达到最高值。硫丹可影响草鱼AChE及抗氧化酶活性,其变化可作为生物标志物,来评价化学污染物对水生动物的生物学效应。     

模拟酸雨对木兰科树种叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响

酸雨对森林、水体和农田等生态系统造成的危害受到许多研究者的重视,并已取得一些成果,但关于木本园林植物的伤害机理及抗性机制没有得到澄清,尤其是对抗氧化系统的影响研究较少。采用盆栽法,以木兰科(Magnoliaceae)树种抗酸性强的阔瓣含笑(Michelia platypetala)和抗酸性弱的红花木莲(Manglieta insignis)为试材,研究了不同pH值模拟酸雨处理对叶片膜脂过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,随着酸雨pH值的下降,两树种叶片抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(ASA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)质量分数下降;抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性下降,而过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化趋势不一致,阔瓣含笑一直呈上升趋势,红花木莲则先上升后下降。此外,超氧阴离子(O2?·)产生速率上升,丙二醛(MDA)含量和膜透性增加;相关性分析表明,O2?·产生速率与MDA和膜透性呈显著正相关,与抗氧化酶SOD,GR和抗氧化剂ASA质量分数呈显著负相关,说明酸雨降低了植物体防御活性氧伤害有关的酶系统和非酶系统抗性能力,提高了体内活性氧含量,膜脂过氧化加剧。与红花木莲相比,阔瓣含笑具有较强的抗氧化能力。本研究结果从自由基的产生及清除的角度,探讨木本园林植物的伤害机理以及抗性机制,也为该类园林树种在江南城市中的选择提供一些科学参考依据。     

森林土壤对几种重金属污染的"记忆"效应

采用一定浓度(40～120 mg·L-1)Cd、Cr、Pb的氯化物溶液多次浇灌森林土壤,研究受以前污灌影响而导致某次污灌后土壤对重金属的吸持率下降的效应--"记忆"效应.结果表明土壤对Cr和Pb环境容量大,"记忆"效应不明显.多次浇灌CrCl3溶液后,土壤剖面20 cm以下采样点约99%的Cr被土壤吸持;3次浇灌PbCl2后各采样点Pb浓度下降率维持在85%以上,但污灌次数进一步增加,则土壤的吸持率下降.Cd的环境容量较小,增加投入会很快使土壤上层对其吸附达到饱和,吸附带随之下移,对地下水的安全构成威胁.     

三种双酰胺类杀虫剂制剂对大型溞生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探索双酰胺类杀虫剂对大型溞的慢性毒性,本文采用氟虫双酰胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺和溴氰虫酰胺3种双酰胺类杀虫剂制剂,测定其对大型溞生长发育和繁殖的影响,明确其对大型溞的慢性毒性以及大型溞对该类杀虫剂敏感的端点指标。结果表明,氟虫双酰胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺和溴氰虫酰胺3种制剂对大型溞的寿命、体长、蜕皮数、首胎时长、产胎数、单雌产溞数等端点指标具有不同程度的影响。3种杀虫剂显著减少大型溞蜕皮数的最低浓度分别为1.00×10-2mg·L~(-1)、1.00×10-4mg·L~(-1)、1.25×10-3mg·L~(-1);显著缩短寿命的最低浓度分别为5.00×10-3mg·L~(-1)、1.00×10~(-4)mg·L~(-1)和1.25×10-3mg·L~(-1);显著缩短体长的最低浓度分别为5.00×10-3mg·L~(-1)、8.00×10-4mg·L~(-1)和1.00×10~(-2)mg·L~(-1);显著减少产胎数的最低浓度分别为1.00×10-2mg·L~(-1)、4.00×10-4mg·L~(-1)和1.00×10-2mg·L~(-1);显著减少单雌产溞数的最低浓度分别为1.00×10~(-2)mg·L~(-1)、8.00×10-4mg·L~(-1)和5.00×10-3mg·L~(-1);但是,除溴氰虫酰胺外,其他2种杀虫剂制剂对首胎时长却没有显著影响。端点指标中对氟虫双酰胺的敏感性为寿命和体长蜕皮数、产胎数和单雌产溞数首胎时长;对氯虫苯甲酰胺为蜕皮数和寿命产胎数体长和单雌产溞数首胎时长;对溴氰虫酰胺为蜕皮数和寿命单雌产溞数体长、首胎时长和产胎数。研究结果说明,3种双酰胺类杀虫剂对大型溞的生长发育和繁殖具有不同程度的抑制作用,寿命是评价该类杀虫剂制剂对大型溞慢性毒性的最敏感端点指标。     

Sorption of DDTs on biofilms, suspended particles and river sediments: effects of heavy metals

The sorption by solid materials is one of the most important processes that affect the fate of hydrophobic organic pollutants in aquatic systems. Current studies focus on the sorption of hydrophobic pollutants by single natural solid material, whereas few studies compared the sorption behaviors of different solids. Furthermore, natural aquatic environment is a complex system where hydrophobic pollutants coexist with many other pollutants, but only limited studies reported the effects of coexisting components on the sorption. Here we studied the sorption of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) by three common solids in natural water, i.e., biofilms, suspended particles and sediments. The effects of typical coexisting heavy metals on the sorption were also examined. The results show that the sorption is described by a dual-mode sorption model. Compared with sediments, more DDTs were sorbed by biofilms and suspended particles. Coexisting Pb, Cd and Cu increased the sorption of DDTs on sediments while decreasing the sorption on biofilms slightly, with little effect on the sorption on suspended particles. The different sorption behaviors of the solids were mainly determined by the composition of the solids: more organics were observed in biofilms and suspended particles.     

水环境中氯丙嗪污染对鲫鱼和大型蚤的急性毒性效应

氯丙嗪作为一种镇静类兽药被广泛使用,已成为水环境中的一种新型污染物.为检验氯丙嗪对水生生物的生态毒性效应,采用实验室模拟的方法,研究了工业原料药盐酸氯丙嗪对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)和大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的急性毒性效应.结果表明:氯丙嗪对两种水生生物的毒性效应(致死率、抑制率概率单位)均与其浓度呈显著线性正相关关系(p<0.05),且毒性强度随作用时间的延长而增加;氯丙嗪对鲫鱼的24、48和96h的半致死浓度(LC50)值分别为1.11、0.43和0.32mg·L-1,通过计算求得氯丙嗪对鲫鱼的安全浓度为19.5μg·L-1;氯丙嗪对大型蚤的24h LC50值为0.65mg·L-1,24h EC50值(使50%受试大型蚤活动受抑浓度)为0.57mg·L-1;48h LC50值为0.36mg·L-1,48h EC50值为0.28mg·L-1;对鲫鱼和大型蚤而言,氯丙嗪属极高毒性物质,大型蚤对氯丙嗪的敏感性大于鲫鱼。     

城市工业用煤X荧光分析及重金属元素污染研究

燃煤是成都市重金属污染的一个重要来源,目前对成都燃煤中重金属元素含量与城市环境污染的相关性研究相对较少。文章以成都市城东工业区为研究对象,利用X荧光分析方法对煤样、煤渣、煤灰、表层土、深层土4种重金属元素进行定量分析,探讨了燃煤中重金属含量与城市土壤重金属污染的相关关系。结果表明,(1)成都市工业用煤原产地煤样重金属元素的含量不尽相同,因此,企业需合理选择煤源。(2)土壤重金属元素污染与工业用煤正相关,工业用煤中有害元素含量较高的对当地土壤的污染也比较严重,相反工业用煤中含量较少的元素在土壤中含量也较小。(3)热电厂燃煤对城市重金属污染的行为属性表现为,Pb属于直接污染大气和土壤,而Cu、Zn、Cr富集在煤渣样、煤灰样中在后期造成对城市土壤的污染。     

土壤干旱胁迫对Larrea tridentata叶片膜脂过氧化和保护酶活性的影响

Larrea tridentata是一种亚热带沙漠中常绿的含树脂的灌木,有很高的生态价值和药用价值。在不同土壤干旱胁迫条件下,测量了L.tridentata叶片具有生物学活性物质的含量变化。结果表明,随着土壤水分胁迫的加重,L.tridentata保护酶活性与MDA含量的整体趋势都是先升高,在土壤水势达到-2.415 MPa时,有所下降。L.tridentata体内重要的渗透调节物质脯氨酸的质量分数总体成上升趋势。可见,保护酶及渗透调节对L.tridentata提高自身的抗旱性有重要作用。