Single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons and cadmium on the polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube

Using the concentration gradient and combined pollutant exposure method, the single and joint effects of petroleum hydrocarbons （PHCs） and cadmium （Cd） on polychaete Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube, an ecologically keystone species in estuarine and coastal environment, have been investigated. The results indicate that the toxicity of PHCs to P. aibuhitensis is stronger than that of Cd to the organism. There are positive correlations between the mortality of worms and the exposed concentration of single Cd or PHCs in solution. Similarly, the accumulation of Cd or PHCs in worms increased with increasing Cd- or PHC-exposed concentrations. All the correlation relationships can be described using unitary quadratic equations （Y or Z = aX^2 ＋ bX ＋ c）. It is calculated, on the basis of these expressions, that the median lethal dose （LC50） ofP aibuhitensis exposed to a single Cd or PHCs is 793.4-13567.3 and 28.0-119.9 μg/L, respectively. The exposed time has some stimulative effect on the two pollutants and on the mortality of the worms. Thus, even a low concentration of a single Cd or PHCs may have strong toxic effects on the worms when the exposed time becomes longer. The accumulation of Cd or PHCs in worms differs with an increase in exposure time at the given exposed concentration of a single Cd or PHCs. Noticeably, the accumulation of PHCs in worms decreases with an increase in exposure time at the given high concentration of PHCs in solution. The joint effect of PHCs and Cd on P. aibuhitensis is very complicated and changes with the exposed concentrations of the two pollutants. At the given concentration of PHCs, the joint toxicity of the two pollutants on the worms changes from synergism to antagonism with an increase in Cd concentration. The accumulation of Cd in the worms significantly decreases with the addition of PHCs to exposure solution.     

沙蚕暴露于石油烃、Cu2+和Cd2+毒性效应及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的响应

采用浓度梯度污染暴露室内模拟方法,研究了沙蚕（Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube）暴露于不同浓度的石油烃和重金属Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺的毒性效应及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的响应.结果表明,石油烃和Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺对沙蚕均具有较强的毒性效应.暴露4 d和10 d后,石油烃LC₅₀分别为440和110 μg·L^-1,Cu²⁺分别为1 150和570 μg·L^-1,Cd²⁺分别为5 090和2 500 μg·L^-1,相应的生态毒性大小为：石油烃＞Cu²⁺＞Cd²⁺.在Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺污染暴露条件下,沙蚕体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性受到一定程度的抑制,但抑制率均低于50％.而在石油烃污染暴露条件下,沙蚕体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性受到显著抑制,最高抑制率可达90％以上;而且,其乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化与石油烃的浓度显著相关.可见,乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化可以作为生物标志物,较灵敏地反映出石油烃对沙蚕的污染效应及其毒害作用.     

四溴双酚A和镉复合污染对不同生物体的安全阈值

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia fetida）、斑马鱼（Zebrafish）作为受试生物,进行急性毒性试验,死亡率、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）为效应指标,采用基准剂量（BMD）法推导四溴双酚A （TBBPA）和镉（Cd）单一及联合暴露对不同生物体的安全阈值.结果表明,在本研究的试验剂量范围内,蚯蚓、斑马鱼TBBPA、Cd暴露剂量与死亡率、SOD、CAT活性效应指标存在明显剂量-效应关系.单一暴露下,CAT、SOD活性指标最敏感,蚯蚓和斑马鱼的TBBPA安全阈值分别为0.95,0.44mg/L,Cd安全阈值分别为71.17,0.42mg/L.联合暴露下安全阈值小于单一暴露.蚯蚓、斑马鱼TBBPA安全阈值分别为0.33,0.024mg/L,Cd为6.45,0.176mg/L.     

Combined toxicity of copper and cadmium to six rice genotypes （Oryza sativa L.）

Accumulation of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) in six rice cultivars (94D-22, 94D-54, 94D-64, Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360) was evaluated through exposure to heavy metal contamination (100 mg/kg Cu, 1.0 mg/kg Cd, and 100 mg/kg Cu + 1.0 mg/kg Cd) in a greenhouse. The dry weight of shoot and root, concentrations of Cu and Cd in plant tissues and the Cu, Cd, P, Fe concentrations in the root surface iron plaques were analyzed eight weeks later after treatment. The results indicated that the plant biomass was mainly determined by rice genotypes, not Cu and Cd content in soil. Separated treatment with Cu/Cd increased each metal level in shoot, root and iron plaques. Soil Cu enhanced Cd accumulation in tissues. In contrast, Cu concentrations in shoot and root was unaffected by soil Cd. Compared to single metal contamination, combined treatment increased Cd content by 110.6%, 77.0% and 45.2% in shoot, and by 112.7%, 51.2% and 18.4% in root for Gui630, YY-1 and KY1360, respectively. The content level of Cu or Cd in root surface iron plaques was not affected by their soil content. Cu promoted Fe accumulation in iron plaques, while Cd has no effect on P and Fe accumulation in it. The translocation of Cu and Cd from iron plaques to root and shoot was also discussed. These results might be beneficial in selecting cultivars with low heavy metal accumulation and designing strategies for soil bioremediation.     

玉米幼苗对镉、菲单一与复合污染的生理生化响应

通过室内盆栽实验研究了玉米幼苗在镉、菲污染胁迫14 d后的生理生化响应,并探讨了镉、菲单一与复合污染对玉米幼苗的毒性效应及其致毒机制.结果表明,单一镉(0～50 mg/kg)污染时,镉处理对玉米幼苗地上部分和根系生物量以及可溶性蛋白都无显著影响;随镉处理浓度的增加,玉米幼苗叶片SOD酶活性表现为先增加后降低的趋势,而P...     

泥蚶不同组织器官对重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd)的富集规律

通过室内半静态暴毒试验,研究三种重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd)的单一与联合胁迫作用下,泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)不同组织器官对重金属的富集能力、富集途径,以及两两重金属之间的交互作用。结果发现:单一胁迫条件下,泥蚶各组织器官对Cu的富集能力是鳃>内脏团>肌肉,对Pb和Cd的富集能力是鳃>肌肉>内脏团;肌肉和鳃对Pb的富集速率显著(P<0.05)高于内脏团,即泥蚶对Pb的富集可以通过鳃的呼吸作用和体表的渗透作用两条途径实现。联合胁迫条件下,Cd能够拮抗Cu的富集;一定量的Cu也能够在内脏团中发挥作用,拮抗Pb和Cd的累积;在其他各组织中累积的Cu和Cd则不影响Pb的累积,说明Cd和Cu在泥蚶体内以可溶形式存在,而Pb以不溶形式存在。重金属的富集与金属种类、金属浓度、累积途径、生物体的解毒机制等等多种因素有关。     

Soluble protein and acid phosphatase exuded by ectomycorrhizal fungi and seedlings in response to excessive Cu and Cd

Fungi and their symbionts can alleviate heavy metal stress by exuding soluble proteins and enzymes. This study examined the role of soluble protein and acid phosphatase (APase) exuded by Xerocomus chrysenteron, an ectomycorrhizal fungus, and the seedlings of its symbiont, Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis), under conditions of excessive Cu and Cd. The growth type showed that this poorly studied ectomycorrhizal fungus was capable of tolerating high concentrations of Cu, and may be useful in phytoremediation. X. chrysenteron grew well at 80 mg/L Cu, and the EC50 for Cd was 17.82 mg/L. X. chrysenteron also showed enhanced exudation of soluble protein in both isolated and inoculated cultivations under the influence of Cu and Cd. Soluble protein exudation, however, di ered under Cu and Cd stress in isolates. In mediums containing Cu, soluble protein exudation increased with concentration, but in mediums containing Cd the content of soluble protein increased to a comparable level at all concentrations. This study demonstrated that soluble protein was related to heavy metal tolerance, although the di erent ions played di erent roles. While APase activity in exudates of fungi and seedlings decreased under Cu and Cd stress in comparison to the control, the APase activity in seedlings was maintained by inoculation. Thus, X. chrysenteron facilitated the ability of plant to maintain a normal nutrient uptake, and therefore to protect it from heavy metal toxicity.     

环境毒物检测方法──细菌培养顶空气相色谱法及其应用研究

用顶空气相色谱技术测定环境毒物对大肠杆菌（Ｅ．Ｃｏｌｉ）代谢产物ＣＯ２的抑制程度,以ＩＣ５０（５０％抑制浓度）判断毒性大小,旨在探索一种快速检测环境污染物毒性的方法。本试验选择最佳条件为;细菌浓度１０９个／ｍｌ,ｐＨ值７２—７．４,顶空管气液比１：２．５,培养４ｈ,以及适宜的ＣＯ２测定色谱条件。用该方法检测８种离子毒性,ＩＣ５０值顺序为Ｈｇ２＋（０．８６×１０—６）＞Ｃｕ２＋（８．００×１０—６）＞Ｃｄ２＋（８．３９×１０－６）＞ＣＮ－（１０．２０×１０－６）＞Ｐｂ２＋（１１．２０×１０－６）＞Ｓｎ２＋（２０．１０×１０－６）＞Ｎｉ２＋（３９．７０×１０－６）;研究了Ｃｄ２＋、Ｈｇ２＋、Ｃｕ２＋、Ｚｎ２＋和ＣＮ－５种离子间联合毒性作用,大多数表现为相加作用,也有协同和拮抗作用;芳香族化合物结构活性与毒性两者间有密切关系,取代基种类和数目不同,毒性各异;探讨硝基废水处理过程中毒性随硝基苯类化合物的浓度、ＣＯＤ值降低而减弱。     

应用淡水发光菌研究二元重金属混合物的联合毒性

应用新型淡水发光菌一青海弧菌Q67(Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.nov-Q67)发光值的测定。对铜锌、铜汞、铜镉、铜镍等4种重金属混合物的联合毒性进行了评价。结果表明。铜锌混合物对Q67的联合毒性等于两者的毒性之和。作用方式表现为加和作用：铜汞、铜镉、铜镍3种混合物对Q67的联合毒性则表现为拮抗作用。     

平菇漆酶对不同重金属胁迫的响应

平菇是一种重要的白腐真菌,可以合成包括漆酶在内的多种木质素纤维素降解酶. 以平菇(ACCC 52857)为材料,通过在培养基中分别添加不同浓度的重金属离子(Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+),考察菌体生长及培养基中漆酶活性的变化情况,并利用非变性聚丙烯酰胺电泳检测不同重金属离子对平菇漆酶同工酶(Lacc2和Lacc10)活性的影响. 结果表明:在培养基中添加Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+对平菇漆酶活性均有不同程度的增强作用. 培养至第9天时,对照组漆酶活性达到最大值,为(565.6±5.2)nkat/mL;而添加重金属离子的各组漆酶活性仍在上升,Cu2+、Pb2+、Cd2+分别以终浓度为3 000、2 000、150 μmol/L时对漆酶活性的增强作用最大,培养至第20天、第15天、第17天时,漆酶活性达到最大值,分别为(8 612.1±840.0)、(2 204.0±347.0)、(2 928.0±217.7)nkat/mL. 非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳结果显示,3种重金属离子对液体培养条件下Lacc2和Lacc10这2种漆酶同工酶活性的影响不同. 培养基中较高c(Cu2+)可以显著增加Lacc10活性;随着c(Pb2+)的升高,Lacc2活性升高;随着c(Cd2+)不断增加,Lacc2活性略有降低,但Lacc10活性逐渐增加. 研究结果有助于进一步解释漆酶的生理功能和漆酶基因的表达调控机制.      

Accumulation of cadmium and copper by female Oxya chinensis(Orthopera: Acridoidea) in soil-plant-insect system

One purpose of this research is to present accumulation of cadmium （Cd） and copper （Cu） by female Oxya chinensis （Orthopera： Acridoidea） in a simulated soil-plant-insect ecosystem treated with Cd. Fourth-instar nymphs of O. chinensis had been fed on wheat （Triticurn aestivum） seedlings contaminated with Cd and Cu for one month. In the ecosystem, the Cd concentration in wheat seedlings rose greatly with the increasing of Cd in the soil, but the Cu concentration in wheat seedlings was not found elevated. There was a highly significant difference（P〈0.05） in Cd concentrations of wheat seedlings and not any significant difference（P〉0.05） in Cu concentrations of wheat seedlings. The Cd and Cu concentration in different body part-head, thorax, abdomen, and hind femur, varied under different Cd concentrations in soil. There were significant differences （P〈0.05） in the four parts of Cd and Cu accumulations with all treatments. The order of Cd accumulation was thorax 〉abdomen 〉head 〉hind femur and the Cu was abdomen 〉thorax 〉 head〉hind femur. The results indicated that Cd and Cu were accumulated from the soil to grasshoppers through the plant; that is to say, Cd and Cu in environment could be transported to animal or human via food chain.     

Variations between rice cultivars in iron and manganese plaque on roots and the relation with plant cadmium uptake

To understand certain mechanisms causing variations between rice cultivars with regard to cadmium uptake and tolerance, pot soil experiments were conducted with two rice cultivars of di erent genotypes under di erent soil Cd levels. The relationships between plant Cd uptake and iron/manganese (Fe/Mn) plaque formation on roots were investigated. The results showed that rice cultivars di ered markedly in Cd uptake and tolerance. Under soil Cd treatments, Cd concentrations and accumulations in the cultivar Shanyou 63 (the genotype indica) were significantly higher than those in the cultivar Wuyunjing 7 (the genotype japonica) (P < 0.01, or P < 0.05), and Shanyou 63 was more sensitive to Cd toxicity than Wuyunjing 7. The di erences between the rice cultivars were the largest at relatively low soil Cd level (i.e., 10 mg/kg). Fe concentrations in dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate root extracts of Shanyou 63 were generally lower than that of Wuyunjing 7, and the di erence was the most significant under the treatment of 10 mg Cd/kg soil. The results indicated that the formation of iron plaque on rice roots could act as a barrier to soil Cd toxicity, and may be a “bu er” or a “reservoir” which could reduce Cd uptake into rice roots. And the plaque may contribute, to some extent, to the genotypic di erences of rice cultivars in Cd uptake and tolerance.     

化工废水处理中关键有毒物质追踪

江苏省某化工厂废水设施的进、出水经Daphnia magna急性毒性试验，结果表明该废水在处理前、后均显示毒性。采用毒性鉴别评价(TIE，toxicity identification evaluation)的试验程序，对处理系统的进、出水进行了关键毒物的鉴别和评价。发现进水中存在的关键毒物为金属铜离子，而出水中存在的关键毒物为氨。该厂原废水毒性已基本被去除，毒性去除率为99．93％。因此，在该厂废水处理过程中金属离子尤其是铜离子已基本被去除，而氨在废水处理中的去除并不明显。     

Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Cr6+和Se4+对褶牡蛎急性毒性效应研究

金属污染对水生底栖滤食性动物的危害,一直是普遍关注的水产养殖及水产品安全性热点问题之一。本文采用半静态法研究了Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Cr6+、Se4+对褶牡蛎(Crassostrea plicatul)的急性毒性效应(LC50)。结果表明,Zn2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Cr6+、Se4+对褶牡蛎48 h- LC50分别为1447.00、28.16、12.25、1098.00、22.89 mg/L;72h- LC50分别为231.62、12.24、4.23、539.02、9.12 mg/L;96 h- LC50分别为81.84、8.83、2.59、378.06、4.10 mg/L,安全浓度(SC)分别为0.81、0.08、0.03、3.78、0.04 mg/L,五种金属对褶牡蛎的毒性依次为:Cu2+ Se4+ Cd2+ Zn2+ Cr6+,其中褶牡蛎对Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+耐受性较强,分别为渔业水质标准(GB11607-89)的17.60、37.81、8.18倍。     

土壤重金属对白菜种子发芽与根伸长抑制的生态毒性效应

测定了水溶液和4种土壤(红壤、草甸棕壤、暗棕壤和栗钙土)条件下,铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对白菜种子发芽与根伸长的抑制率,以及暗棕壤条件下重金属的复合污染效应.结果表明,同一浓度下,重金属对白菜根伸长抑制率均明显大于对种子发芽抑制率.重金属在土壤中对白菜根伸长抑制效应明显低于其在水体中的抑制效应, 这表明土壤对重金属污染有重要的缓冲作用.铜、锌、铅、镉污染对白菜根伸长抑制率与土壤有机质和土壤氮含量显著负相关;但与土壤pH和土壤钾含量的相关性不显著.铜、锌、铅、镉单一污染对白菜根伸长为刺激作用浓度下,复合污染即产生明显的协同作用,其结果使白菜根伸长的抑制效应阈值明显降低.     

DGT和传统化学法比较研究复合污染土壤中Cd的生物有效性

以小麦和玉米2种陆生植物为金属吸收材料,利用盆栽试验比较研究了新型DGT(diffusive gradients in thin films,薄膜扩散梯度技术)法与5种传统化学法评价土壤中Zn复合存在下Cd的生物有效性. 结果显示:①土壤中w(Cd)为4 mg/kg时明显抑制了2种植物的生长,与对照组相比,小麦的地上部和根系生物量分别降低了26.2%和23.4%,玉米的分别降低了23.5%和30.9%. ②Zn的添加能够减轻Cd对植物的毒害,并促进植物生长;Cd污染土壤中Zn的复合存在会抑制2种植物对Cd的吸收,并随w(Zn)的增加其抑制作用更加明显;DGT法、土壤溶液法测定的土壤溶液中ρ(Cd)和4种化学提取法(HAc、EDTA、CaCl₂和NaAc)测定的土壤中w(有效态Cd)均随w(Zn)的增加而明显降低. ③Pearson相关分析显示,2种植物体内w(Cd)与6种方法表征的土壤中w(有效态Cd)均呈显著正相关(R>0.900,P<0.01),但植物体内w(Cd)与DGT和土壤溶液法测定的土壤溶液中ρ(Cd)的R(>0.940)大于其他4种化学提取法. 可见,对于评价Cd-Zn复合污染土壤中Cd的生物有效性而言,DGT与土壤溶液法均优于传统的化学提取法.      

2种组配改良剂对稻田土壤重金属有效性的效果

为研究2种组配改良剂LS(碳酸钙+海泡石)和HZ(羟基磷灰石+沸石)对土壤重金属的生物有效性以及水稻吸收累积重金属的影响,在湘南某矿区附近污染稻田中施用了不同添加量(0,2,4,8g/kg)的两种组配改良剂,并进行了水稻种植的田间试验.结果表明,施用2~8g/kg组配改良剂LS和HZ均能使土壤pH值和CEC含量显著增加,有机质含量变化不明显,LS比HZ更能提高土壤pH值和CEC含量.施用2~8g/kg组配改良剂LS能使土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的TCLP提取态含量分别降低25.7%~52.2%、12.7%~25.7%、6.4%~17.2%和8.6%~23.4%,施用2~8g/kg HZ使土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的TCLP提取态含量分别降低57.6%~80.1%、7.0%~40.9%、2.3%~22.7%和4.5%~33.2%.两种组配改良剂能显著降低土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的生物有效性,抑制水稻植株对Pb和Cd的吸收,土壤Pb、Cd和Cu的TCLP提取态含量与水稻根系和糙米中Pb、Cd和Cu的含量之间存在显著或极显著的正相关关系,TCLP提取态含量能较好的表示重金属在土壤中的生物有效性.     

南京市绿地土壤重金属分布特征及其污染评价

为了解南京市主城区绿地土壤中重金属污染现状,分析了南京市主城区绿地表层土壤5种重金属元素(Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd)的含量状况及其空间分布特征,并利用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法及潜在生态风险指数法对重金属的污染程度及其潜在生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,南京市主城区绿地土壤中5种重金属元素的平均含量均高于南京...     

重金属离子胁迫对赤潮微藻的急性毒性

重金属污染和赤潮都是较为突出的海洋环境问题,为给相关研究提供基础试验数据,在实验室条件下研究了Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对米氏凯伦藻和微小原甲藻的急性毒性效应. 通过2种藻的EC₅₀(半数抑制浓度)比较了其敏感性差异,分析了不同浓度重金属胁迫对微藻的影响;同时,利用TEM (transmission electronic microscopy,透射电镜技术)和FCM (flow cytometry,流式细胞术)研究了重金属Cu2+的急性毒性胁迫在亚细胞水平上对米氏凯伦藻的损伤. 其中,Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+对微小原甲藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为0.514和0.276 mg/L、0.835和1.215 mg/L及4.376和7.976 mg/L;对米氏凯伦藻的48 h EC₅₀和96 h EC₅₀分别为1.881和1.881 mg/L、5.405和6.268 mg/L及13.134 和18.732 mg/L. 结果表明:2种微藻的种群相对增长率随着胁迫浓度的增加而下降,3种重金属离子的毒性表现出Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+的趋势,微小原甲藻对重金属胁迫更敏感;Cu2+胁迫可使米氏凯伦藻细胞体积增大,内容物复杂程度增高,但叶绿素a的MFI(mean fluorescence intensity,平均荧光强度)的变化不明显;Cu2+胁迫对藻膜结构的损伤较明显,但对线粒体及叶绿体的结构影响不明显.      

重金属胁迫对三角褐指藻生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

利用调制式叶绿素荧光仪研究了不同浓度的重金属Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+胁迫不同时间(24、48、72和96 h)后,三角褐指藻叶绿素荧光特性的变化情况.测定的主要参数有:光系统II(PSII)的最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、PSII的潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSII的实际光能转化效率(Yield=ΦPSII)、相对光合电子传递效率(rETR)、光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ).研究结果表明,重金属(Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+)胁迫下三角褐指藻的叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo、Yield、rETR和qP均明显降低,并且随着重金属离子浓度的增加,胁迫时间的延长,下降幅度逐步增大;NPQ先上升后下降或者逐渐上升;细胞密度和叶绿素含量也显著降低.对3种重金属离子的半抑制浓度(EC50)的计算结果表明,3种重金属毒性大小顺序为Cd2+> Cu2+> Zn2+.